Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)最新文献

{"title":"A systematic review of diffusion microstructure imaging (DMI): Current and future applications in neurology research","authors":"Sadegh Ghaderi ,&nbsp;Sana Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Farzad Fatehi","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diffusion Microstructure Imaging (DMI) has emerged as a transformative neuroimaging technique that offers unprecedented insights into brain tissue microstructure by disentangling contributions from the volumes of the intra-axonal (V-intra), extra-axonal (V-extra), and free-fluid (V-CSF) compartments. We aimed to systematically review the current applications and future directions of the DMI for neurology research. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for articles published up to May 2025. Our review synthesized narratively, DMI’s applications in neurology, and evaluated its diagnostic and prognostic potential across neurological disorders. Twenty-one studies were included. Across various studies on tumors, neurodegeneration, stroke, aging, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, and pain, DMI consistently identified microstructural alterations that could not be detected by conventional diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion kurtosis imaging. In brain tumors, the DMI demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy by distinguishing lymphoma from glioblastoma and characterizing peritumoral infiltration in glioblastoma compared to metastases. In Parkinsonian syndromes, elevated free-water fractions in the basal ganglia and cerebellopontine tracts were strongly correlated with clinical severity and enabled subtype differentiation. In cases of acute stroke and COVID-19, DMI metrics provided more sensitive mapping of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema than the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient. Normative aging studies revealed distinct patterns of tract-specific maturation and senescence. Furthermore, applications in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, epilepsy, and migraine showed DMI’s capability to detect fluid accumulation, axonal loss, and the integrity of nociceptive pathways, respectively. This review underscores that DMI demonstrates superior sensitivity compared to conventional diffusion techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment outcome and risk factors of ischemic stroke among adult patients in two selected hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","authors":"Selemon Gebrezgabiher Asgedom ,&nbsp;Dejen Tekiea Gebrewahd ,&nbsp;Milion Gebrewold Abdi ,&nbsp;Yoseph Abebe Wondie ,&nbsp;Berhanu Abebaw Mekonnen ,&nbsp;Kefyalew Taye Belete","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ischemic stroke remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a growing burden in low- and middle-income countries such as Ethiopia. Identifying risk factors, clinical profiles, and outcomes is crucial for improving stroke prevention strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective cohort study was conducted from September 2023 to December 2024 at two public hospitals in Addis Ababa. Data was collected from 219 adult ischemic stroke patients through structured interviews and detailed chart reviews. Sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of poor functional outcomes, defined as a mRS score of 3–6.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean age of patients was 61.7 years, with 61.19 % aged 60 years or older. Hypertension (61.19 %), dyslipidemia (49 %), and diabetes mellitus (46.12 %) were the most common comorbidities. A significant proportion (94.06 %) arrived at the hospital after 4.5 h of symptom onset, and none received thrombolytic therapy due to unavailability. Poor outcomes (mRS 3–6) were significantly associated with age ≥60 years (AOR = 4.8, 95 % CI:2.67–8.32, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), delayed hospital arrival (AOR = 2.92, CI:1.41–4.38, <em>p</em> = 0.03), and Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8 (AOR = 4.5, CI:2.2–9.2, <em>p</em> = 0.001), prior stroke history (AOR = 1.88, CI:1.1–3.28, <em>p</em> = 0.03), and prolonged hospital stay over seven days (AOR = 2.1, CI:1.1–4.12, <em>p</em> = 0.02). The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 20.55 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Advanced age, delayed hospital presentation, low GCS at presentation, prior stroke history, and prolonged hospital stay were independent predictors of poor outcomes among ischemic stroke patients. Strengthening early detection programs, ensuring timely hospital access, expanding thrombolytic therapy availability, and targeting modifiable risk factors are critical strategies to improve stroke outcomes in Ethiopia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144222485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the impact of low frequency vs high frequency deep brain stimulation in Patient’s with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review","authors":"Govind Singh Mann ,&nbsp;Binay K. Panjiyar ,&nbsp;MD Parbej Allam ,&nbsp;Fnu Asifa ,&nbsp;Ahsan Ullah ,&nbsp;Shivangi Jha","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) involves implanting electrodes in specific brain areas. High-frequency Stimulation (HFS) and low-frequency Stimulation (LFS) target motor and non-motor symptoms differently. DBS is crucial in Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment for managing medication-resistant symptoms and improving quality of life. This review aims to evaluate the differential impact of high-frequency and low-frequency DBS on motor symptoms in PD patients. This systematic review adheres to PRISMA guidelines and focuses on clinical studies involving human subjects.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Systematic search in electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane Collaboration Database of Randomized Trials) was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to 13th July 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 126 pooled patients from 8 RCTs, it was found that LFS significantly improved gait stability, swallowing, and verbal fluency with minimal adverse effects. Conversely, HFS was effective in reducing rigidity and tremor but was associated with potential side effects such as gait and speech impairment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This review underscores the frequency dependent effects of Subthalamic Nucleus DBS (STN-DBS) in PD. High-frequency stimulation (&gt;100 Hz) remains effective for controlling tremor and rigidity but is often associated with adverse effects. In contrast, low-frequency stimulation (≤100 Hz) shows a lower risk of these adverse effects, though it may be less effective for core motor symptoms. An optimal therapeutic window between 80 and 130 Hz may balance efficacy and tolerability. These findings support the need for individualized DBS programming and future research on adaptive stimulation technologies to optimize patient-specific outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144211989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral condition mediates the relationship between dementia risk and fractional anisotropy","authors":"Keisuke Kokubun ,&nbsp;Kiyotaka Nemoto ,&nbsp;Yoshinori Yamakawa","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the aging population advances, interest in the oral condition and dementia of the elderly is increasing day by day. As a result, there is a tendency for research showing that deterioration of oral condition is related to dementia and brain structure. However, it remains unclear what kind of changes in brain structure are brought about by deterioration of oral condition. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between dementia risk, oral condition, and brain structure using data from 137 healthy men and women collected in Japan. As a result, it was shown that oral condition is significantly correlated with dementia risk and fractional anisotropy, including the anterior limb of internal capsule, and may mediate between the two.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing adverse reactions in people living with epilepsy on levetiracetam","authors":"Luqman Ogunjimi ,&nbsp;Bamidele Osalusi ,&nbsp;Akinyinka Alabi ,&nbsp;Abdullahi Murtala ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Irokosu ,&nbsp;Aderonke Aderinola ,&nbsp;Uka Aaron ,&nbsp;Damilola Ogungbemi ,&nbsp;Bolanle Falujo ,&nbsp;Latifat Elegbede ,&nbsp;Asisat Adegoke ,&nbsp;Fedora Ojini ,&nbsp;Ayomide Oladipupo ,&nbsp;Ibironke Oyenuga ,&nbsp;Doyinsola Omilana ,&nbsp;Oluwatobiloba Oluseyije ,&nbsp;Fehintola Fatai","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with adverse drug reaction (ADR) among people with epilepsy (PWE) on Levetiracetam (LEV) monotherapy.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This descriptive, cross-sectional study, utilized a total purposive sampling method, to recruit 102 consenting participants on LEV monotherapy. Seizure classification was determined using the 2017 International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) guideline. Liverpool Adverse Events Profile (LAEP) was employed to evaluate ADR in individuals on LEV monotherapy.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>There were 44 (43 %) had ADR [single 21(20.59 %) vs multiple 23(22.55 %)], while 58 (56.86 %) had No Adverse Drug Reaction (NADR) respectively. The most common ADRs were headaches 20 (19.6 %), disturbed sleep (18.6 %), and dizziness 16 (15.7 %). Demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable among ADR, and NADR, except for marital status (p0.043), lower age at onset [23.89 ± 13.30 vs 32.32 ± 20.34 (p0.027)], and higher LAEP score [24.48 ± 5.55 vs 19.00 ± 0.00 (p &lt; 0.001)]. The parameters were also comparable in single and multiple reactions except for marital status (p0.035), and etiology (p0.012). Furthermore, lower age at onset (p0.027), and higher LAEP score (p &lt; 0.001) were identified factors associated with ADR among participants. However, none of these predicted ADR.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Nearly half of the participants had ADR, with neurological ADRs being the commonest, and 23 % of them had multiple ADRs. Furthermore, lower age at onset and higher LAEP scores were significantly associated with ADR. Healthcare providers should focus on identifying and mitigating these ADRs to improve the quality of care in PWE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemihypomimia and lingual tremor in Parkinson’s disease: A case report","authors":"Anita Senthinathan,&nbsp;Sharon Tudorovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that can cause many other non-motor and motor symptoms in addition to tremors and stiffness (Emamzadeh et al., 2018). Hemihypomimia and lingual abnormalities are rare occurrences in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The following report describes a unique case of this dual symptomology in a case of short disease duration and early onset PD. In addition, prior case reports have shown a predominantly right-sided effect (Panichelli &amp; Spitz, 2021; Ozekmekçi et al., 2007; Zingler et al., 2005). Hemihypomimia (HH) can persist for several years and is consistent with normal asymmetrical involvement of the limbs (Ozekmekçi et al., 2007). HH mostly appears in the lower portion of the right side of the face (Bologna et al., 2016). Lingual tremor and strength deficits are a rare phenomenon in PD, and the implications for speech and swallowing are important for QOL considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teriparatide in sequental treatment of osteoporosis in a patient with spinal muscular atrophy: a case report and literature review","authors":"Matej Rakusa ,&nbsp;Lea Leonardis ,&nbsp;Blaž Koritnik ,&nbsp;Andrej Janež ,&nbsp;Mojca Jensterle","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report the case of a female patient with spinal muscular atrophy type 3c, low bone mineral density and multiple fragility fractures, successfully treated with teriparatide. She sustained a vertebral fracture at age 35 years while treatment naïve, and additionally, one vertebral fracture as well as an intertrochanteric right hip fracture during the 5-year treatment with oral bisphosphonates. A sequential 2-year treatment with teriparatide followed by a one-year treatment with oral bisphosphonate risedronate resulted in an overall 11-year fracture-free period and stable bone mineral density. Teriparatide is an osteoanabolic medication that effectively reduces vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal, male and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, particularly in individuals at very high risk of fracture. In the context of neuromuscular disease, teriparatide proved effective in the treatment of osteoporosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In contrast, the data for patients with spinal muscular atrophy are lacking. Further studies are needed to assess its role in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of anti-IgLON5 antibody-associated encephalopathy after trauma","authors":"Mai Hailing ,&nbsp;Zhang Jia ,&nbsp;Zhu Rui ,&nbsp;Liang Panpan ,&nbsp;Jin Lijuan","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>This study aims to elucidate the pathogenic factors, early diagnosis, and treatment of anti-IgLON5 antibody-associated encephalopathy by examining the clinical characteristics and management of a patient following a traumatic injury and reviewing relevant literature. We analyzed the clinical data and treatment process of a patient diagnosed with anti-IgLON5 antibody-associated encephalopathy after an injury at the People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region on September 21, 2020. Clinical characteristics and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this condition were summarized.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The patient was a 68-year-old male who was admitted after sustaining multiple injuries from a car accident eight days prior and presenting with fever for two days. His medical history included clear trauma from the accident, with CT imaging revealing multiple cerebral contusions. Upon admission, his consciousness fluctuated from sleepiness to lethargy, accompanied by high fever and seizures. Follow-up CT scans showed no significant changes. We actively sought the cause of the fever and investigated potential infections while administering antiepileptic drugs, glucocorticoids, and immunosuppressants, yielding acceptable results. Immunological analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed positive anti-IgLON5 antibodies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion 1</h3><div>Confirm the established clinical and diagnostic features while emphasizing the therapeutic value of early immunotherapy. 2. Link mechanical injury to autoimmune activation and suggest trauma as a new triggering factor. 3. Highlight hippocampal MRI abnormalities as potential diagnostic clues and urge the expansion of neuroimaging protocols in suspected cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vascular leukoencephalopathy observed in a patient with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: An association not yet understood","authors":"Julie Gallien ,&nbsp;Nadia Bouhamdani ,&nbsp;Mahée Côté ,&nbsp;Dominique Bouhamdani ,&nbsp;M'Hamed Belkhodja ,&nbsp;Nicole Leblanc ,&nbsp;Ludivine Chamard-Witkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) encompasses a broad range of physical and neurological impairments resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). While the neurological consequences of FASD are well documented, its potential association with vascular leukoencephalopathy (VL) remains poorly documented and incompletely understood. This case report presents a unique case of VL documented in a 20-year-old female diagnosed with FASD at 11 years of age, offering new insights into this underrecognized and potentially emerging association. The patient had several neurological and neurodevelopmental concerns starting in infancy, which prompted a number of brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans throughout life. More recently, atypical neurological examination and comorbidities led to a referral to the neurology department to investigate a possible diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Neurological evaluation, which included ordering a new MRI and reviewing previous scans, confirmed the presence of progressive white matter lesions suggestive of VL. Despite an extensive diagnostic workup, including genetic, metabolic, and autoimmune testing, no alternative etiology was identified. The patient’s clinical history, neurodevelopmental profile, and confirmed PAE raised the possibility of VL being associated with FASD as the most plausible explanation. This case highlights the potential vascular consequences of PAE, including disrupted angiogenesis, cerebral hypoperfusion, and increased blood-brain barrier permeability, mechanisms that mirror those seen in VL. As such, it emphasizes the importance of recognizing this possible association in a clinical setting. Early neuroimaging in FASD patients may facilitate timely detection of subclinical vascular pathology, guide treatment strategies, and help mitigate long-term neurological risks. Documenting such cases is crucial to expanding clinical awareness and supporting future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring functional neurological disorder: Cultural influences and risk factors in Iranian society – A cross-sectional study","authors":"Tina Moghadam Fard ,&nbsp;Abdol-Hossein Vahabie ,&nbsp;MohammadAli Shokri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rohani ,&nbsp;Maziar Emamikhah ,&nbsp;Soode Tajik Esmaeeli ,&nbsp;Seyed Amir Hassan Habibi ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Sadat Mirfazeli","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Introduction: Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is a neuropsychiatric condition marked by disrupted brain function. It is prevalent, affecting over 10 % of neurology outpatients, and often misdiagnosed due to symptom overlap with other neurological disorders. Cultural factors significantly influence symptom expression. This study explores FND's risk factors and presentations in Iranian culture, contributing to a broader understanding of this complex disorder. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study examined 53 FND patients diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria at Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, from 2021 to 2024. Data on demographic information, medical comorbidities, psychological stressors, and clinical presentations of FND were retrospectively collected. Logistic regression explored relationships between FND presentations and other factors. Results: Almost 85 % of the participants reported experiencing at least one stressor prior to the onset of FND symptoms, with grief and familial stressor most common. Psychiatric comorbidities were reported by 75.5 %, predominantly major depressive disorder (62.3 %). Among FND presentations, sensory manifestations correlated with neurological comorbidities, while seizure presentations were linked to personality disorders and familial stressor, highlighting environmental influences on FND symptoms. Discussion: In Iranian culture, rich in trauma and unique characteristics, FND patients commonly experience major depressive disorder (MDD) as a comorbidity. Familial stressor and grief are prevalent, with familial stressor being critical due to cultural significance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}