Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)最新文献

{"title":"Vascular leukoencephalopathy observed in a patient with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: An association not yet understood","authors":"Julie Gallien ,&nbsp;Nadia Bouhamdani ,&nbsp;Mahée Côté ,&nbsp;Dominique Bouhamdani ,&nbsp;M'Hamed Belkhodja ,&nbsp;Nicole Leblanc ,&nbsp;Ludivine Chamard-Witkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) encompasses a broad range of physical and neurological impairments resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). While the neurological consequences of FASD are well documented, its potential association with vascular leukoencephalopathy (VL) remains poorly documented and incompletely understood. This case report presents a unique case of VL documented in a 20-year-old female diagnosed with FASD at 11 years of age, offering new insights into this underrecognized and potentially emerging association. The patient had several neurological and neurodevelopmental concerns starting in infancy, which prompted a number of brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans throughout life. More recently, atypical neurological examination and comorbidities led to a referral to the neurology department to investigate a possible diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Neurological evaluation, which included ordering a new MRI and reviewing previous scans, confirmed the presence of progressive white matter lesions suggestive of VL. Despite an extensive diagnostic workup, including genetic, metabolic, and autoimmune testing, no alternative etiology was identified. The patient’s clinical history, neurodevelopmental profile, and confirmed PAE raised the possibility of VL being associated with FASD as the most plausible explanation. This case highlights the potential vascular consequences of PAE, including disrupted angiogenesis, cerebral hypoperfusion, and increased blood-brain barrier permeability, mechanisms that mirror those seen in VL. As such, it emphasizes the importance of recognizing this possible association in a clinical setting. Early neuroimaging in FASD patients may facilitate timely detection of subclinical vascular pathology, guide treatment strategies, and help mitigate long-term neurological risks. Documenting such cases is crucial to expanding clinical awareness and supporting future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From transverse myelitis to Conus Medullaris Syndrome: A pediatric case report of progressive neurological complications of Ventriculus Terminalis","authors":"Reza Nejad Shahrokh Abadi ,&nbsp;Farrokh Seilanian Toosi ,&nbsp;Ahmadreza Mashreghi ,&nbsp;Mehran Beiraghi Toosi ,&nbsp;Hamid Khalesi ,&nbsp;Narges Hashemi","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute idiopathic Transverse Myelitis (TM) is a rare inflammatory spinal cord disorder distinguished with sensory deficits, autonomic dysfunction, and rapid onset muscle weakness, in the absence of direct infection, autoimmune disorders, or mass lesions. Conus Medullaris Syndrome (CMS) is another rare neurological condition affecting the distal segment of the spinal cord, seen as a rare complication of persistent cystic dilation of the Ventriculus Terminalis. In this report, we document the clinical and paraclinical findings of a seronegative patient initially presenting with TM, with incidental finding of Ventriculus Terminalis in Lumbar MRI, later complicating as CMS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A concise review of synthetic xanthone derivatives for Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Lokman Ali Ahmed ,&nbsp;Hiyashree Sharmah","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide, characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss and behavioural changes. Despite extensive research, current therapies provide only symptomatic relief, underscoring the urgent need for novel, multi-targeted treatment strategies. Among emerging therapeutic candidates, synthetic xanthone derivatives have gained attention due to their structural versatility and ability to modulate several key pathological targets associated with AD, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), amyloid-β aggregation, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of synthetic xanthone derivatives studied between 2010 and 2023, emphasizing their structure-activity relationships and molecular mechanisms of action. Unlike prior literature, which often centres on natural xanthones, this work uniquely focuses on synthetic analogues, highlighting their advantages in fine-tuning biological activity and improving drug-like properties. Substitution patterns, particularly at positions 2, 3, and 6 of the xanthone scaffold, are shown to critically influence enzyme inhibition and selectivity. While promising <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in silico</em> results have been reported, further <em>in vivo</em> studies and clinical evaluations are essential to realize their therapeutic potential. This review aims to serve as a targeted resource for medicinal chemists and neuroscientists in the ongoing pursuit of next-generation anti-Alzheimer’s agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying target regions for non-invasive brain stimulation of the language network in primary progressive aphasia: A narrative review","authors":"Sagarika Bhattacharjee ,&nbsp;Irtisha Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Rajan Kashyap ,&nbsp;Vanteemar S. Sreeraj ,&nbsp;Faheem Arshad ,&nbsp;B.K. Yamini ,&nbsp;Rose Dawn Bharath ,&nbsp;P.T. Sivakumar ,&nbsp;Ganesan Venkatsubramanian ,&nbsp;Suvarna Alladi ,&nbsp;Kenichi Oishi ,&nbsp;John E. Desmond ,&nbsp;S.H. Annabel Chen ,&nbsp;T.N. Sathyaprabha ,&nbsp;Kaviraja Udupa","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative condition characterized by loss of language function. The present review discusses that Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) holds the potential to benefit these patients by inducing neuroplasticity in language networks. Studies have also shown that neuroplasticity in the language networks is accompanied by behavioural gains irrespective of the degree of regional atrophy in PPA patients. However, the generalizability of NIBS in remediating speech deficits is currently restricted by inter-individual variability, lack of consistency, and understanding of the underlying improvement mechanism. Here, we highlight the organization of language networks in PPA patients by consolidating anatomical, functional, and tractography-based imaging studies. These imaging and brain-computer interface studies point out functional segregation of language processing in dorsal and ventral pathways that brace with the regional atrophy pattern seen in PPA patients. The dorsal pathway involved in the sequential processing of phonetics and syntax encompasses the neuronal network around the left posterior temporal-parietal region and inferior frontal gyrus. The ventral pathway is involved in the amalgamation of sensory input into semantics around the left middle and inferior temporal lobes, including the polar cortices. A separate speech production network is identified around the left inferior frontal gyrus and motor cortices dedicated to integrated motor articulation. Thus, the present review suggests selectively stimulating brain regions within these different speech processing networks to address specific speech deficits seen in PPA patients to maximize the benefits of functionality-specific NIBS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic investigation of 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide, a myeloperoxidase inhibitor for alleviating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and functional disabilities in a rat model of traumatic brain injury","authors":"Nikhil Bhavsar,&nbsp;Bhagawati Saxena","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><div>Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a key enzyme secreted from neutrophil azurophilic granules in traumatic brain injury (TBI). 4-Aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (4ABAH) inhibits MPO irreversibly. This study examines 4ABAH's effect on weight drop-induced TBI in rats.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>4ABAH (40 mg/kg, <em>b.i.d., i.p.</em>) post-treatment for one (acute) and five days (repeated) was evaluated against weight drop-induced TBI in Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition to the histopathological and behavioural studies (beam walking test, rearing test, actophotometer and Y-Maze test), biochemical makers such as brain oedema, MPO activity, malondialdehyde, nitrite, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels in brain tissue were also estimated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings demonstrated that locomotor function and short-term memory of rats were impaired one day and five days after TBI. The findings also revealed increased brain oedema, MPO activity, malondialdehyde, and nitrite levels, as well as decreased catalase and glutathione levels in rats subjected to trauma. Acute post-treatment with 4ABAH mitigated TBI-induced alteration of locomotor activity in the beam walking test and cylinder test as well as malondialdehyde, nitrite, and reduced glutathione levels in the brain of the rats. However, acute treatment did not alleviate TBI-induced brain oedema, altered histological examinations, MPO activity, catalase levels, and rats' performance in the actophotometer or Y-maze. On the other hand, repeated post-treatment with 4ABAH ameliorated the histopathological, neurochemical, and behavioural consequences of trauma.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Traumatised animals recovered partially after acute 4ABAH post-treatment; however, repeated post-treatment improved trauma outcomes significantly. Therefore, MPO may be a promising therapeutic target for TBI therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teriparatide in sequental treatment of osteoporosis in a patient with spinal muscular atrophy: a case report and literature review","authors":"Matej Rakusa ,&nbsp;Lea Leonardis ,&nbsp;Blaž Koritnik ,&nbsp;Andrej Janež ,&nbsp;Mojca Jensterle","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report the case of a female patient with spinal muscular atrophy type 3c, low bone mineral density and multiple fragility fractures, successfully treated with teriparatide. She sustained a vertebral fracture at age 35 years while treatment naïve, and additionally, one vertebral fracture as well as an intertrochanteric right hip fracture during the 5-year treatment with oral bisphosphonates. A sequential 2-year treatment with teriparatide followed by a one-year treatment with oral bisphosphonate risedronate resulted in an overall 11-year fracture-free period and stable bone mineral density. Teriparatide is an osteoanabolic medication that effectively reduces vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal, male and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, particularly in individuals at very high risk of fracture. In the context of neuromuscular disease, teriparatide proved effective in the treatment of osteoporosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In contrast, the data for patients with spinal muscular atrophy are lacking. Further studies are needed to assess its role in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus caused by intracranial Nocardia infection: a case report and review of the literature","authors":"Shuang-Qi Gao ,&nbsp;Jian-Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Ying Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Nocardia</em> infections typically occur in the lungs and skin, with pulmonary involvement being the most common. However, dissemination to other body parts, including the central nervous system (CNS), is not uncommon. <em>Nocardia</em> is generally considered an opportunistic pathogen, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals. Nevertheless, it can also infect immunocompetent individuals. In this study, we present a case of an immunocompetent patient who developed hydrocephalus due to intracranial <em>Nocardia</em> infection.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>A 66-year-old male with no signs of immunodeficiency and a healthy immune system underwent surgical resection of a brain mass after presenting with gait instability, headache, and vomiting. Postoperatively, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to confirm <em>Nocardia</em> infection. The patient was treated with a standard antibiotic regimen. Following surgery, the patient's hydrocephalus significantly improved, and no signs of infection or complications were observed during a one-month follow-up period.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Intracranial infections induced by <em>Nocardia</em> are rare but can lead to complications such as hydrocephalus if not managed appropriately. Long-term ventricular drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy are effective treatment strategies for such patients. This case highlights the importance of timely diagnosis and comprehensive management in immunocompetent individuals with <em>Nocardia</em>-related CNS infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and radiological characteristics of movement disorders among patients with multiple sclerosis: An observational study","authors":"Mostafa Meshref,&nbsp;Fathy Mahmoud Mansour,&nbsp;Mohamed Hamed Rashad,&nbsp;Mahmoud M. Abdelsayed,&nbsp;Hassan Gad,&nbsp;Ahmad Farag Ibrahim El-Adawy","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative, autoimmune inflammatory illness with diverse symptoms, including movement disorders (MDs). Thus, we aimed to identify the prevalence and radiological findings of movement disorders (MDs) experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>We conducted a cross-sectional study on MS patients who reported MDs between September 2022 and March 2024. We reported the MRI findings of movement disorders that occur in PwMS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 330 screened MS patients, 76 (58 % female, mean age 27.76 years) had MDs. All patients showed periventricular lesions, with significant percentages displaying juxtacortical (92 %), cortical (32 %), frontal subcortical (44 %), and lentiform nucleus lesions (43 %). Parietal, temporal, and occipital subcortical lesions were less common. Bilateral lesions were prevalent across most subcortical areas, notably in the frontal subcortical region (69.7 %). Less frequently affected areas included the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, thalamus, and subthalamus, with varying laterality. Infratentorial lesions, mainly in the pons (66.2 %), also involved the midbrain and cerebellum, with a balanced left-right distribution. Peri-ependymal brainstem lesions occurred in 38.1 %, and cervical spine abnormalities in 80.3 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study emphasizes the frequency and radiological features of MDs in PwMS. The MRI results indicate a widespread and varied distribution of lesions, which aligns with the range of clinical symptoms observed in MS patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-like presentation following semaglutide therapy: A case report","authors":"Moneera O. Aldraihem ,&nbsp;Ghadah Shareefi ,&nbsp;Walaa AlYami ,&nbsp;Othman O. Aldraihem ,&nbsp;Rana AlDosari ,&nbsp;Ahmad AlMutlaq","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have emerged as effective treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 receptors are also expressed on astrocytes and in regions commonly affected by neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), suggesting that GLP-1 signaling could influence astrocyte function and potentially be associated with NMOSD attacks. Here, we report a case of a 29-year-old woman who developed seronegative NMOSD coinciding with the use of the GLP-1RA semaglutide (Ozempic) for weight loss. The patient initially presented with gastroenteritis-like symptoms, followed by severe flaccid, areflexic quadriparesis. An extensive diagnostic workup, including lumbar puncture and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans, confirmed the NMOSD diagnosis.</div><div>We propose two potential mechanisms for this association. The first hypothesis suggests that semaglutide-induced alterations in the gut microbiome may trigger the activation of proinflammatory cytokines and dysregulate immune homeostasis, contributing to the development of NMOSD. The second hypothesis posits a direct effect of GLP-1RAs on GLP-1 receptors expressed on astrocytes and in central nervous system regions commonly affected by NMOSD. Although this case does not establish a definitive causal relationship, it underscores the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and ensure the safe use of GLP-1RAs in patients at risk for autoimmune conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parkinson’s disease and anticipatory postural adjustments: Decreased cortical activity during step initiation","authors":"Luana dos Santos de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Claudia Eunice Neves de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Layla Cupertino Salloum e Silva ,&nbsp;Emanuele Los Angeles ,&nbsp;Nathalia Mendes Pellegrino ,&nbsp;Vanessa Milanese ,&nbsp;João Ricardo Sato ,&nbsp;Fabio Augusto Barbieri ,&nbsp;Daniel Boari Coelho","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Step initiation is a critical movement that combines motor and cognitive elements, notably in individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD) who experience marked difficulties due to disrupted anticipatory postural adjustments (APA). This study investigated the involvement of the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) and the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) associated with step initiation that requires high cognitive processing (e.g., cognitive-motor conflicts) in individuals with PD compared to healthy controls.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to assess the cortical hemodynamic responses of 33 individuals with PD and 17 healthy controls as they performed step initiation in both congruent (all cues aligned) and incongruent (conflicting cues) conditions. The study sought to analyze variations in the hemodynamic responses related to these conditions, hypothesizing that PD individuals would exhibit reduced cortical activation in the SMA and DLPFC due to motor cortex inefficiencies affecting APA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Individuals with PD exhibited significant deficits in biomechanical performance (e.g., increased APA delays and errors) and altered hemodynamic responses in the SMA and DLPFC compared to controls, particularly under incongruent conditions. These observations indicate diminished cortical efficiency in PD during motor execution coupled with cognitive demands.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings suggest that PD involves impairments in cortical areas linked to movement planning and cognitive control. These findings suggest potential avenues for targeted rehabilitation strategies that enhance cognitive-motor integration, possibly improving mobility and reducing fall risk in PD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144240925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}