Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)最新文献

{"title":"With great power comes great responsibility: Promise and caution in the new psychedelic renaissance","authors":"Matthew Halma ,&nbsp;Rakeem Levy ,&nbsp;Joseph Varon","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clinicians and researchers are showing increased interest in psychedelic-assisted therapy for patients who don't show improvement from using conventional antidepressants. This updated review integrates recent developments, including data on lesser-studied compounds like DMT and 5-MeO-DMT, findings from large clinical trials, and evolving regulatory landscapes. In treatment-resistant depression, Ketamine stands out for its fast-acting effects; however, these benefits are often short-lived. Psilocybin and Ayahuasca have shown meaningful symptom reduction in both randomized trials and real-world settings. Emerging data on LSD and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy further suggest potential in mood disorder treatment. Several policy changes have created new frameworks for legal therapeutic use. Oregon legalized supervised psilocybin therapy in November 2020, Colorado passed Proposition 122 in November 2022, and Australia approved the prescription use of psilocybin and MDMA in February 2023. These milestones reflect a growing international shift toward integrating psychedelics into regulated mental health care. Although the mentioned outcomes are encouraging, these treatments must occur under professional supervision and local regulations to reduce the risk of adverse events. These therapies generally take place in a controlled setting with trained facilitators who help guide these introspective experiences and altered levels of consciousness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis using biofluidic biomarkers with a focus on α-synuclein","authors":"N. Aghakhani ,&nbsp;A. Arzoo ,&nbsp;B. Dorflinger ,&nbsp;S.Z. Athari ,&nbsp;G. Mohaddes","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease of the nervous system. The pathogenesis of PD is not yet fully understood; however, some investigations suggest that neuroinflammation, genetic mutations, and mitochondrial dysfunction may underlie the disease mechanism. Though the manifestations of dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and Lewy body presentation are rigorously documented, the interaction of these factors that presumably lead to such manifestations is far less understood. This article aims to delineate specific diagnostic correlates or biomarkers that have previously shown promise as potential avenues for physician consideration or impetuses for fruitful future research. Potentially, integrating diagnostic biofluid biomarkers, clinical history, and imaging techniques can significantly enhance the accuracy of PD diagnosis. Progress has been made in identifying biomarkers in biofluids for PD. Oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) have been briefly discussed in the existing literature and warrant further investigation. The evaluation of combined biomarkers, along with α-syn, may improve diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing PD, which could be achieved by focusing on large-scale clinical assessments of biofluids.</div></div><div><h3>Significance Statement</h3><div>Early diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease using biofluidic biomarkers is crucial for improving patient outcomes by enabling earlier detection and intervention, reducing misdiagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid in healthy controls and in patients with severe essential tremor before and after deep brain stimulation","authors":"Peter Zsigmond ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Bäckryd ,&nbsp;Bijar Ghafouri","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder, with a prevalence of approximately 5 % in individuals over 65 years old. The pathophysiology behind ET is still largely unknown but emerging evidence indicates that ET can be a neurodegenerative disorder. Our aim in this pilot study was to evaluate alterations in inflammatory cytokines in ET patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) compared to healthy controls.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ten patients with severe ET were included in this study. Cerebrospinal fluid was analyzed in healthy controls and in ET patients before and after deep brain stimulation. The samples were analyzed with a U-PLEX assay, based on an electrochemiluminescent detection method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Several cytokines were downregulated or upregulated in patients with ET compared to the healthy control group. Interestingly, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was one of the significantly upregulated inflammatory mediators. There was no difference in the analyzed cytokines before and after DBS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Inflammatory proteins are altered in patients with ET compared to healthy individuals. The finding of an upregulation of MIF, an interesting cytokine that plays a role in other neurodegenerative disorders, suggests evidence for a neurodegenerative pathophysiology in ET. Inflammatory biomarkers might be promising to be future biomarkers and targets of therapeutics against several neurodegenerative disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of human adipose-derived stem cells in AD rat model focusing on CD11b and synaptophysin","authors":"Maryam Doshmanziari ,&nbsp;Arash Sarveazad ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Moradi ,&nbsp;Sara Simorgh ,&nbsp;Marjan Shariatpanahi ,&nbsp;Mina Eftekharzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of progressive cognitive impairment and is generally age-related. Stem cell therapy, as a new way of treating neurological disorders can improve the nervous system, but there is not enough perception about the underlying mechanisms. In this investigation, we have studied the effect of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) intravenous injection on CD11b and Synaptophysin (SYP) expression in the hippocampus of the AD rat. We used thirty-two male rats (four groups): AD model, Control, Sham and hADSCs (AD+Sc) group. Morris Water Maze (MWM) was utilized to evaluate alterations in behavior. Also, double immunofluorescent staining results determined SYP and CD11b expressions. According to the MWM results, the AD+Sc group's spatial memory improved following the injection of hADSCs. A markedly lower number of dead cells was observed in the AD+Sc group in comparison to the AD rat model, as assessed through Nissl staining. Consequently, hADSCs administration considerably reduced the level of CD11b about 6-fold and increased SYP expression level about 8-fold in the AD+Sc group comparing to the AD group. Firstly, we have demonstrated that hADSCs had neuroprotective effects on AD group through increase in SYP and reduction in CD11b expression. Based on reversal expression of CD11b and SYP in AD model before and after treatment with hADSCs, it seems that microglia have a key role in treatment of the cognitive and learning dysfunction via improving of synaptic function in AD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory comparison of autoregulation indices in severe neurological injury using near-infrared spectroscopy and pressure reactivity index","authors":"Jason J. Chang ,&nbsp;David Kepplinger ,&nbsp;Yongwoo Kim ,&nbsp;Daniel R. Felbaum ,&nbsp;Jeffrey C. Mai ,&nbsp;Rocco A. Armonda ,&nbsp;Edward F. Aulisi","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Cerebral autoregulation monitoring utilizes pressure reactivity index (PRx) but has limited use due to its reliance on invasive continuous intracranial pressure monitoring. Non-invasive forms of cerebral autoregulation monitoring may help evaluate secondary neurological injury. We compared temporal trends for tissue oxygen reactivity index (TOx)—a non-invasive cerebral autoregulation index that utilizes the moving correlation coefficient between tissue oxygen saturation and mean arterial pressure—and PRx.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A single-center, retrospective exploratory feasibility study in a Level-One Trauma and Tertiary Stroke center comparing PRx and TOx smoothed trajectories in patients with severe neurological injury and comatose exams.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eighteen patients who received TOx and PRx monitoring were analyzed. Individualized smoothed trajectories for TOx and PRx were created. Overall median correlations between TOx and PRx was 0.73. TOx and PRx were also analyzed for their association with poor clinical outcome. Matthew Correlation Coefficient (MCC) suggested that TOx had the strongest association with outcome, reaching a peak value of 0.71 that occurred after day 13 of monitoring. PRx achieved a peak MCC of 0.6 that was consistently reached after day 15 of monitoring.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings suggest that TOx may correlate with PRx trajectories. In our cohort, TOx was more strongly associated with poor outcome than PRx. These preliminary results should be interpreted as exploratory, and further research is required to confirm and validate these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation alleviates cognitive dysfunction after stroke by inhibiting microglial transformation","authors":"Yi-ning Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhen-Kun Gao ,&nbsp;Xing-yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping-ping Han ,&nbsp;Xia Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) has been demonstrated to be a efficacious intervention for mitigating neurological deficits following a stroke. Nevertheless, there remains a paucity of animal studies that investigate the neurobiological mechanisms contributing to its therapeutic effects. Accordingly, the present experiments focused on the effects of iTBS on behavioral and neuropathology in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injured rats and explored the underlying mechanisms. A rat model of I/R injury was established through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to three groups: a sham group, an MCAO group, and an iTBS + MCAO group (administered once daily for ten consecutive days). There were 18 rats in each group, and cognitive function, myelin regeneration, microglia, inflammation, and MAPK signaling pathway expression were evaluated in each group.</div><div>The findings revealed that iTBS enhanced the performance of animals in Y-maze and Open Field Test and facilitated the recuperation of cognitive functions following I/R injury. Furthermore, iTBS mitigated myelin damage, facilitated myelin regeneration, simultaneously induced the conversion of microglia to a neuroprotective M2 phenotype and significantly reduced the intensity of pro-inflammatory factor storm. Subsequent studies demonstrated that iTBS enhanced cognitive function in rats subjected to I/R injury, which was partially attributed to the suppression of the ERK1/2 and JNK signaling cascades. This inhibition promoted the transformation of M2 microglia, suppressed inflammation, and created a conducive microenvironment for myelin regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic and metabolic diagnostic profile of children presented with spastic paraplegia/diplegia","authors":"Nebal Waill Saadi ,&nbsp;Basma Adel Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Qusay Abed Fahad ,&nbsp;Henry Houlden ,&nbsp;Rahema Mohammad ,&nbsp;Mina Zamani ,&nbsp;Adel A. Kareem ,&nbsp;Ali Kadhim Al-Husseinawi ,&nbsp;Hayder Kadhim Jabbar ,&nbsp;Saif Hamed Farhan ,&nbsp;Omar A.Thu Noon ,&nbsp;Mays Al-Tai","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Spastic paraplegia/diplegia in children may be an early manifestation of underlying neurogenetic disorders which are often underdiagnosed in clinical practice. The aim of the study is to investigate the genetic causes and clinical characteristics of neurogenetic disorders presenting with spastic diplegia/paraplegia in children.</div></div><div><h3>Patients and methods</h3><div>A retrospective analysis of medical records of children aged 0 – 18 years who were reported to have spastic paraplegia/diplegia as a core clinical feature with confirmed genetic etiologies was conducted. Data on demographic and clinical features, neuroimaging, and available genetic testing results were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 53 patients fulfilled the study eligibility criteria. The study comprises 27 males (50.9 %) with male:female ratio 1.04:1. Mean age of onset is approximately 3 years. Walking difficulty/gait disturbance/posturing of limbs were the commonest presenting features (29, 54.7 %). The two commonest neurological disorders identified were leukodystrophies/genetic leukoencephalopathies (20, 37.7 %) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (15, 28 %). The most frequent abnormalities found in neuroimaging were signal abnormalities in the white matter and thinning of corpus callosum. This study contributes with 23 novel mutations that were not reported in other non-Iraqi patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A comprehensive clinical approach to patients with spastic paraplegia/diplegia will aid in early diagnosis, targeted management, and improve counseling in pediatric neurology practice. We contribute to the regional and international data on the genetic spectrum of spastic paraplegia/diplegia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Science of tomorrow: Unearthing hidden discoveries of cognitive enhancers","authors":"Meysam Mirzaei ,&nbsp;Zahra Razi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Morowvat","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in cognitive enhancers have paved the way for a new era in neuropharmacology and Cognitive Science, offering significant potential to enhance human cognition. This article provides a concise overview of current research on cognitive enhancers, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and related ethical considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A robust multi-criteria decision-making approach for selecting optimal drugs in epilepsy treatment using the analytic hierarchy process","authors":"Hamzeh Ghorbani ,&nbsp;Hrachuhi Papyan ,&nbsp;Arsen Minasyan ,&nbsp;David A. Wood ,&nbsp;Parvin Ghorbani ,&nbsp;Simin Ghorbani ,&nbsp;Eduard Avagyan ,&nbsp;Steve Badakian ,&nbsp;Natali Minasian","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, poses significant challenges in selecting the most appropriate antiseizure medication (ASM) due to the complex interplay of clinical, pharmacological, and patient-specific factors. This study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a structured multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method, to systematically evaluate and prioritize key criteria in ASM selection. The criteria analyzed include seizure control efficacy, safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics, age and comorbidities, drug interactions, cost, patient compliance, risk of dependency, and impact on quality of life. Based on a comprehensive literature review and the judgments of a multidisciplinary panel of thirty experts, including neurologists, pharmacologists, biostatisticians, health economists, epilepsy nurses, and academic researchers, a pairwise comparison matrix was developed to determine the relative importance of each factor. The analysis identified seizure control as the most critical criterion (weight = 0.143), followed by safety (0.129), pharmacokinetics (0.123), and patient age (0.111). Factors such as cost, compliance, and drug dependency also played notable but comparatively secondary roles. The integration of AHP into the decision-making process provides clinicians with a transparent and rational framework that accommodates multiple, often competing, variables to inform a personalized treatment strategy. This approach enhances the precision of clinical choices, particularly in complex cases, by aligning medication selection with both evidence-based findings and collective expert insight. Overall, the findings support the adoption of AHP as a valuable tool in epilepsy management, promoting more effective and individualized treatment decisions through the quantitative assessment of critical therapeutic factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report of individualized dose modifying practice with pulsed oral dexamethasone for mild chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: Could a lower dose suffice?","authors":"Kit Mun Loke ,&nbsp;Fu Liong Hiew","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pulsed corticosteroid is highly effective in the treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), with the advantage of a higher potential in achieving therapy-free remission in comparison to immunoglobulin. More recently, fixed pulsed corticosteroid regime have been demonstrated to have better efficacy with fewer side effects than daily dosing. However, distinct gaps exist in current treatment guidelines on what is the best corticosteroid regimen. We illustrate a novel treatment perspective with an individualised pulsed oral dexamethasone dosing modifying method in 2 treatment-naïve patients with typical CIDP based on clinical response and side effect profiles. Both patients achieved remission on assessment with clinically validated CIDP disability and impairment scales. Dose reduction as early as the third month did not lead to clinical deterioration. The similarities between both patients were young females with no co-morbidities, early disease presentation, mild sensorimotor impairment, and functional disability at presentation and less aggressive disease progression. Therefore, in a selected group of CIDP patients, a lower cumulated corticosteroid dose may be sufficient to achieve clinical remission with individualized dosing modification. To the best of our knowledge, this innovative corticosteroid treatment insight for CIDP has not been described in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}