Navigating multiple sclerosis: From clinical categories to clinical management

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated neurological disorder that continues to challenge both researchers and clinicians. While advances in understanding its pathophysiology have led to improved disease-modifying therapies, these treatments primarily focus on immunosuppression and relapse prevention, leaving progressive forms of MS with limited options. Neurodegeneration, myelin loss, and long-term disability remain major hurdles, underscoring the urgent need for therapies that go beyond symptom management to actively repair damage and alter disease progression. With emerging breakthroughs in regenerative medicine, including stem cell-based therapies and novel immune-targeting treatments, we are entering a new era of MS research that prioritizes neuroprotection and repair. This review explores the latest insights into MS classification, pathogenesis, and treatment approaches, with a particular focus on cutting-edge therapies that hold the potential to shift MS care from disease suppression to long-term recovery. By bridging research and clinical application, this study aims to highlight the most promising avenues for future innovation and improved patient outcomes.