Advances in ophthalmology practice and research最新文献

{"title":"Construction and validation of risk prediction models for different subtypes of retinal vein occlusion","authors":"Chunlan Liang ,&nbsp;Lian Liu ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Yu ,&nbsp;Qi Shi ,&nbsp;Jiang Zheng ,&nbsp;Jun Lyu ,&nbsp;Jingxiang Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>While prognostic models for retinal vein occlusion (RVO) exist, subtype-specific risk prediction tools for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) remain limited. This study aimed to construct and validate distinct CRVO and BRVO risk stratification nomograms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrospectively analyzed electronic medical records from a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou (January 2010–November 2024). Non-RVO controls were matched 1:4 (CRVO) and 1:2 (BRVO) by sex and year of admission. The final cohorts included 630 patients (126 CRVO cases and 504 controls) and 813 patients (271 BRVO cases and 542 controls). Predictors encompassed clinical histories and laboratory indices. Multivariate regression identified independent risk factors, and model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The CRVO-nom and BRVO-nom highlighted significant predictors, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Additional risk factors for CRVO included high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), platelet distribution width (PDW), history of diabetes, cerebral infarction, and coronary artery disease (CAD). For BRVO, significant predictors included a history of hypertension, age, and body mass index (BMI). The AUC for CRVO-nom was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.73–0.87) in the training set and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.65–0.86) in the validation set, while BRVO-nom yielded an AUC of 0.95 (95 ​%CI: 0.91–0.97) in the training set and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.89–0.98) in the validation set.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>CRVO and BRVO exhibit distinct risk profiles. The developed nomograms—CRVO-nom and BRVO-nom—provide subtype-specific risk stratification with robust discrimination and clinical applicability. An online Shiny calculator facilitates real-time risk estimation, enabling targeted prevention for high-risk populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 107-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of intraocular pressure fluctuations on the progression of glaucoma and associated factors","authors":"Tong Liu ,&nbsp;YiLu Cai ,&nbsp;MengYuan Hu ,&nbsp;Zongrong Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Min Chen ,&nbsp;Kaijun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In recent years, remarkable advancements in the comprehension of glaucoma pathophysiology have highlighted the necessity of looking beyond the conventional focus on mean intraocular pressure (IOP) levels. IOP fluctuations have been identified as a potential factor that could exert a substantial impact on the progression of glaucoma.</div></div><div><h3>Main text</h3><div>IOP exhibits dynamic variations throughout a 24-h cycle. Glaucoma patients exhibit substantially more pronounced IOP fluctuations compared to healthy individuals, even when the mean IOP remains within the normal range. This implies that IOP fluctuations may play a role in glaucoma progression through mechanisms independent of elevated mean IOP. In this review, an exhaustive examination of studies spanning the past decade was conducted to analyze the relationship between IOP fluctuations and disease progression in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), ocular hypertension (OHT), normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). While a few studies present conflicting results, the majority of research supports the notion that elevated IOP fluctuations significantly contribute to disease progression in POAG patients. This association has also been confirmed in PACG patients. However, in NTG or OHT patients, other risk factors may outweigh IOP fluctuations in disease progression or glaucoma conversion. Additionally, we summarized common factors affecting IOP fluctuations to provide a basis for the identification of patients prone to significant daily IOP variations. Finally, the efficacy of various IOP-lowering interventions in modulating IOP fluctuations is concisely summarized, offering insights for the formulation of comprehensive treatment strategies that incorporate IOP fluctuation management.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>IOP fluctuations play a significant role in disease progression in POAG and PACG. Individuals with certain systemic or ocular characteristics are more predisposed to pronounced and recurrent IOP fluctuations. Consequently, a comprehensive assessment of IOP fluctuation that transcends mean IOP values, as well as the integration of IOP fluctuations management into glaucoma treatment strategies are of paramount importance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 142-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis","authors":"Xingdi Wu ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Hu ,&nbsp;Yilu Cai ,&nbsp;Fan Jia ,&nbsp;Yang Ye ,&nbsp;Naiji Yu ,&nbsp;Min Chen ,&nbsp;Kaijun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Uveitis is one of the most prevalent causes of global visual impairment. The current approaches to treating non-infectious uveitis (NIU) involve the utilization of corticosteroids, immunosuppressant and biologics agents. Nevertheless, the intricate ocular anatomy barriers and adverse side effects of the drugs pose significant obstacles to effective treatment outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Main text</h3><div>To improve drug bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes for NIU while minimize side effects, researchers are committed to developing novel nano-based drug delivery systems (DDS), which have the capacity to achieve targeted delivery, increase bioavailability, achieve sustained release, reduce side effects and improve therapeutic effects. Thus, DDS based on nanotechnology, including liposome, dendrimer, hydrogels, nanoparticles, nanomicelles, nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional ocular delivery methods for the management of NIU.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In this review, we summarize the current therapeutic challenges faced by NIU and describe various nano-based intraocular DDS involved in the treatment of NIU. It is concluded that nano-based DDS is an appealing approach to addressing the unmet needs for the treatment of NIU.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 124-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOC","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2667-3762(25)00023-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2667-3762(25)00023-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages iii-iv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOC","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2667-3762(25)00008-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2667-3762(25)00008-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages iii-iv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The alterations of ocular surface metabolism and the related immunity inflammation in dry eye","authors":"Xiaojie Wan ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Kaiye Zhang ,&nbsp;Yujie Mou ,&nbsp;Xiuming Jin ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dry eye disease (DED) stands as a prominent ocular condition of global prevalence, emerging as a growing concern within public health. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis remain largely unknown. In recent years, with the development of metabolomics, numerous studies have reported alterations in ocular surface metabolism in DED and offered fresh perspectives on the development of DED.</div></div><div><h3>Main text</h3><div>The metabolic changes of the ocular surface of DED patients are closely intertwined with the cellular metabolism process and immune inflammation changes. This article expounds upon the correlation between ocular surface metabolism and immune inflammation alterations in DED in terms of glycolysis, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cellular signaling pathways, and immune inflammation regulation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The alterations in ocular surface metabolism of patients with dry eye are closely associated with their inflammatory status. Our work contributes novel insights into the pathogenesis of dry eye diseases and offers innovative molecular targets for diagnosing, detecting, and managing DED patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11699629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between myopia and diabetic retinopathy: A two-sample mendelian randomization study","authors":"Jinyi Xu ,&nbsp;Shengsong Xu ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Chuqi Xiang,&nbsp;Zhenbang Ruan,&nbsp;Mingxin Lu,&nbsp;Liying He,&nbsp;Yin Hu,&nbsp;Xiao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The association between myopia and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is unclear, with inconsistent results reported, and whether the association represents causality remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the causal associations of genetically determined myopia with DR, and further explore specific mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analyses of any myopia and high myopia on six DR phenotypes, including any DR, background DR, severe background DR, proliferative DR (PDR), diabetic maculopathy and unspecific DR in the primary study. Mechanism exploration of spherical equivalent refraction (SER), corneal curvature (CC) and axial length (AL) on any DR was carried out subsequently. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), used as genetic instruments, were derived from UK Biobank, Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging cohort (GERA) and FinnGen. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was mainly used to assess the causality, and was complemented with sensitivity analyses and causality direction analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Using SNPs that have excluded possible confounders, we discovered suggestive and positive causal associations of any myopia with any DR (IVW: odds ratio [OR] ​= ​1.133, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.070–1.201, <em>P</em> ​= ​1.91×10⁻⁵) and PDR (IVW: OR ​= ​1.182, 95% CI: 1.088–1.285, <em>P</em> ​= ​8.31×10⁻⁵). Similar but more significant associations were found of high myopia with any DR and PDR (IVW: OR ​= ​1.107, 95%CI: 1.051–1.166, <em>P</em> ​= ​1.39×10⁻⁴; OR ​= ​1.163, 95%CI: 1.088–1.244, <em>P</em> ​= ​8.76×10⁻⁶, respectively). Further mechanism analyses found only AL, rather than SER or CC, was strongly and significantly associated with any DR. These associations were robust in sensitivity analyses and causality direction analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We found significant and positive causal associations of any myopia and high myopia with the risk of DR and PDR, which might be related with AL, indicating the significance of myopia control for preventing DR development and progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 32-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11787657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143082286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global incidence and trends of ocular cancer: A bibliometric analysis","authors":"Hang Xu ,&nbsp;Alexander C. Rokohl ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Ju ,&nbsp;Yongwei Guo ,&nbsp;Xincen Hou ,&nbsp;Wanlin Fan ,&nbsp;Ludwig M. Heindl","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ocular cancer represents a significant threat to vision and life among various eye diseases. Conjunctival melanoma is regarded as one of the most feared and unpredictable ocular tumors. Considering the global differences in the occurrence of ocular melanoma across different races and regions, this study provides a thorough examination of the current state of research pertaining to the epidemiology of ocular and conjunctival cancers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This bibliometrics analysis used the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) to collect data from publications on the epidemiology of ocular cancer, including relevant literature from 1951 to 2024. We examined indicators including t publication counts, citation rates, and data on contributing countries, institutions, and journals. Use VOSviewer and CiteSpace for network visualization and Microsoft Excel for data management. Our analysis reveals key trends in the epidemiology of ocular cancer across countries and identifies prominent keywords.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 406 articles on ocular cancer were identified, with significant contributions from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Denmark also plays a crucial role, particularly in conjunctival cancer research. Carol L. Shields is a leading figure widely recognized for her influential citations in ocular cancer epidemiology. The top publication platforms include the <em>British Journal of Ophthalmology</em>, <em>Ophthalmic Epidemiology</em>, and <em>Ophthalmology</em>. Key terms in ocular cancer research focus on prevalence, survival, and epidemiology, while conjunctival cancer studies emphasize malignant melanoma, conjunctiva, and epidemiology. Through keyword co-occurrence and burst analysis, trending topics include prevalence, risk factors, uveal melanoma, choroidal melanoma, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and conjunctiva. For conjunctival cancer, key research areas expected to remain prominent are cell carcinoma, management, recurrence, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, and pathology.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This analysis represents the first comprehensive bibliometric review mapping the trends and the knowledge structure in ocular cancer research, specifically from an epidemiological viewpoint. The results meticulously explore and encapsulate the research frontiers for scholars dedicated to the epidemiology of conjunctival cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 22-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11787427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143082288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal association between non-thyroidal autoimmune diseases and Graves' ophthalmopathy: A mendelian randomization study","authors":"Lan Ma,&nbsp;Xue Jiang,&nbsp;Zhijia Hou,&nbsp;Dongmei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis study aimed to investigate the genetic causal relationship between non-thyroidal autoimmune diseases (ADs) and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO).</div></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><div>Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis vulgaris (PV), type 1 diabetes (T1D), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were obtained from the IEU Open genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database, GWAS data for GO were obtained from the FinnGen database. Bidirectional MR analysis was conducted using inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median (WM) method and MR-Egger test. Cochran's Q statistic was used to assess the heterogeneity between SNP estimates. MR-Egger regression was used to evaluate horizontal pleiotropy and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test was used to detect the outliers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For non-thyroidal ADs, the forward MR results using the IVM method showed that T1D (OR ​= ​1.259, 95%CI 1.026–1.5465; <em>P</em> ​= ​0.028) and SLE (OR ​= ​1.807, 95%CI 1.229–2.655; <em>P</em> ​= ​0.003) were correlated with the risk of GO at the genetic level, while there was no evidence showing that IBD, MS, PV and RA were correlated with GO. In the reverse MR study, there was a significant increase in the risk of developing T1D in GO (OR ​= ​1.135, 95%CI 1.018–1.265; <em>P</em> ​= ​0.022), but pleiotropy and heterogeneity existed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In the European population, there is strong genetic evidence that patients with T1D and SLE have a higher risk of developing GO, whereas the effect of GO on ADs is unclear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 66-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting ocular malignancies using a novel light-activated virus-like drug conjugate","authors":"Sen Ma ,&nbsp;Ruben V. Huis In't Veld ,&nbsp;Elisabet de los Pinos ,&nbsp;Ferry A. Ossendorp ,&nbsp;Martine J. Jager","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Targeted therapy is a promising approach to improve the treatment of tumors, including ocular malignancies. Current therapies, such as radiotherapy and surgery, often lead to serious damage to vision or to loss of the eye. New approaches have examined nanoparticles for use as targeted delivery vehicles for drugs. A newly-developed virus-like drug conjugate is a promising nanoparticle with a defined target: the novel virus-like particle-photosensitizer conjugate Belzupacap sarotalocan (Bel-sar, previous name AU-011).</div></div><div><h3>Main text</h3><div>In this review, we summarize the application of this novel light-activated virus-like particle conjugate in pre-clinical and clinical studies and discuss its potential to treat ocular malignancies, such as uveal melanoma and conjunctival melanoma. We furthermore discuss the combination with immunotherapy and its application on pigmented and non-pigmented tumors as well as its effect on macrophage polarization, which is important to achieve effective results in immunotherapy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Belzupacap sarotalocan (Bel-sar) is a promising targeted drug carrier that enhances tumor-specific delivery and minimizes off-target effects. Its photodynamic therapy effectively treats pigmented and non-pigmented tumors while inducing immunogenic cell death through DAMP exposure, triggering local and systemic immune responses. Combining Bel-sar PDT with immunotherapy improves efficacy in preclinical models, warranting further clinical investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 49-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}