Advances in ophthalmology practice and research最新文献

{"title":"Functional characterization of LSM12 as a driver in uveal melanoma oncogenesis","authors":"Junjie Tang ,&nbsp;Fengyu Sun ,&nbsp;Yi Ren ,&nbsp;Liling Chen ,&nbsp;Yang Gao ,&nbsp;Jinmiao Li ,&nbsp;Yaoming Liu ,&nbsp;Chao Cheng ,&nbsp;Ping Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuxia Chen ,&nbsp;Siming Ai ,&nbsp;Yuxiang Mao ,&nbsp;Shicai Su ,&nbsp;Rong Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the role of LSM12 in uveal melanoma (UM) oncogenesis and progression, examining its potential as both a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>LSM12 expression was analyzed in relation to RNA modification genes and tumor stemness in UM. UM cell lines were subjected to LSM12 knockdown using siRNA, followed by cell viability and migration assays. The therapeutic potential of targeting LSM12 was evaluated using a subcutaneous xenograft model. Additionally, the relationship between LSM12 and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was explored.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>LSM12 expression levels were significantly elevated in UM patients, correlating strongly with poor prognosis. Positive correlations were observed between LSM12 expression and multiple genes associated with RNA methylation modifications and cancer stem cell characteristics. Knockdown of LSM12 effectively disrupted UM cell viability and migration in vitro and inhibited OCM1 xenograft growth in vivo. Additionally, LSM12 knockdown resulted in notable inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway both in vitro and in vivo.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Elevated LSM12 expression correlates with poor prognosis in UM and critically promotes oncogenic processes, including tumor cell viability, migration, and tumorigenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 4","pages":"Pages 268-277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring rare mitochondrial DNA in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy","authors":"Shanshan Cao ,&nbsp;Yong Liu ,&nbsp;Mingming Sun ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yonghua Sun ,&nbsp;Quangang Xu ,&nbsp;Shihui Wei ,&nbsp;Huanfen Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited mitochondrial disorder primarily caused by mutations in MT-ND1, MT-ND4, and MT-ND6, leading to retinal ganglion cell degeneration and severe vision loss. While 90%–95% of cases involve three common mutations (m.11778G ​&gt; ​A, m.3460G ​&gt; ​A, m.14484T ​&gt; ​C), the genetic and clinical profiles of rare mutations remain poorly characterized, contributing to diagnostic challenges.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cohort study analyzed 26 genetically confirmed LHON patients harboring rare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Patients underwent best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements (peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer [pRNFL] and macular ganglion cell layer [GCL] thickness), and neuroimaging findings. Prognostic outcomes were compared between pediatric (≤16 years) and adult (&gt;16 years) subgroups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The cohort (male:female ​= ​4.2:1) exhibited a median onset age of 17 years (range:4–42), with 30.77% unilateral involvement. Rare mutations were distributed in MT-ND4(34.62%,m.11696G ​&gt; ​A), MT-ND1(34.62%,including m.3733G ​&gt; ​A/m.3866T ​&gt; ​C), and MT-ND6 (23.08%, m.14502T&gt;C), with 26.92% harboring dual mutations. Younger patients showed significantly better visual recovery (59.09% vs. 22.73% achieving BCVA ≥ 0.3, <em>P</em> ​= ​0.014), despite comparable baseline vision and structural OCT parameters (pRNFL/GCL thickness, all <em>P</em> ​&gt; ​0.05). T2 hyperintensity in the optic nerve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was present in 38.46% of cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our study probes into the clinical and genetic diversity of LHON with rare mtDNA mutations, revealing varied clinical presentations, such as more frequent unilateral involvement and enhanced optic nerve T2 MRI signals. Visual recovery was significantly better in the younger cohort. These results suggest the need for broader genetic testing in atypical LHON cases and offer insights into better prognostic strategies for new therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 4","pages":"Pages 278-284"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOC","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2667-3762(25)00039-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2667-3762(25)00039-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages iii-iv"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaping the future of myopia with artificial intelligence: Mapping trends and promising directions","authors":"Zewei Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingfeng Lv ,&nbsp;Dongmei Chen ,&nbsp;Yusheng Chen ,&nbsp;Weijie Zhang ,&nbsp;Fang Li ,&nbsp;Jibo Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The worldwide increase in myopia and its associated complications has sparked a growing interest in the application of artificial intelligence (AI). This study aims to provide a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the application of AI in myopia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Articles and review articles on AI in myopia were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). VOSviewer and CiteSpace served as the core tools for bibliometric analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our study included a total of 305 relevant articles, with a steady increase in publications observed from 2010 to 2024. The People's Republic of China secured the top position among the most published countries and Capital Medical University and Sun Yat-sen University emerged as the most active institutions. Xu Xun and Zhou Xingtao contributed the most papers in this area. Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology was the most prolific journal. Keywords analysis highlighted myopia management, orthokeratology and atropine, optical coherence tomography, refractive surgery, and myopia complications as key research areas. While notable advancements have been achieved in early screening, precise diagnosis, and progression prediction of myopia, research on intervention prognosis prediction and intervention decision-making remains inadequate.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While AI has revolutionized myopia screening and diagnosis. further investigation is needed into clinical decision-making on interventions for myopia care. Balancing intervention costs, efficacy, and side effects is critical to advancing the development of AI in myopia in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 4","pages":"Pages 245-258"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Five novel pathogenic FZD4 variants identified in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy","authors":"You Wang ,&nbsp;Qiong Wang ,&nbsp;Limei Chen ,&nbsp;Tao Cai ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a genetically heterogeneous retinal vascular disorder, with nearly half of the cases attributed to mutations in genes involved in the Norrin/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study aimed to identify and functionally characterize novel <em>FZD4</em> variants in patients with FEVR.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Genetic sequencing of <em>FZD4</em> was performed in a cohort of FEVR families, leading to the identification of five novel variants: c.434G ​&gt; ​A, c.610T ​&gt; ​G, c.844T ​&gt; ​C, c.277C ​&gt; ​T, and c.1155delC. Bioinformatic predictions, comprehensive clinical evaluations, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to assess the functional impact and pathogenicity of these variants.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All five <em>FZD4</em> variants were found to significantly reduce β-catenin signaling activity compared to wild-type <em>FZD4</em>. Among them, two variants previously classified as variants of uncertain significance (VUS) demonstrated functional impairment and clinical segregation consistent with pathogenicity, supporting their reclassification as disease-causing mutations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings expand the known mutational spectrum of <em>FZD4</em> in FEVR and highlight the critical role of functional validation in the interpretation of novel and uncertain variants. Incorporating experimental assays can improve diagnostic accuracy and inform clinical genetic counseling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 4","pages":"Pages 259-267"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal data-driven approaches in retinal vein occlusion: A narrative review integrating machine learning and bioinformatics","authors":"Chunlan Liang,&nbsp;Lian Liu,&nbsp;Jingxiang Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a leading cause of visual impairment on a global scale. Its pathological mechanisms involve a complex interplay of vascular obstruction, ischemia, and secondary inflammatory responses. Recent interdisciplinary advances, underpinned by the integration of multimodal data, have established a new paradigm for unraveling the pathophysiological mechanisms of RVO, enabling early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Main text</h3><div>This review critically synthesizes recent progress at the intersection of machine learning, bioinformatics, and clinical medicine, focusing on developing predictive models and deep analysis, exploring molecular mechanisms, and identifying markers associated with RVO. By bridging technological innovation with clinical needs, this review underscores the potential of data-driven strategies to advance RVO research and optimize patient care.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Machine learning-bioinformatics integration has revolutionised RVO research through predictive modelling and mechanistic insights, particularly via deep learning-enhanced retinal imaging and multi-omics networks. Despite progress, clinical translation requires resolving data standardisation inconsistencies and model generalizability limitations. Establishing multicentre validation frameworks and interpretable AI tools, coupled with patient-focused data platforms through cross-disciplinary collaboration, could enable precision interventions to optimally preserve vision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 4","pages":"Pages 235-244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Young glaucoma specialist practice patterns: Why do you do what you do?","authors":"Nicole Miranda ,&nbsp;Jason Y. Zhang ,&nbsp;Mary Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Despite trabeculectomy having long been considered the gold standard surgery for treating severe or recalcitrant glaucoma, the popularity of this operation among glaucoma specialists has gradually declined in recent decades with a concurrent rise in alternative intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering procedures being performed.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This pilot study investigates how experiences of recently graduated glaucoma specialists during training might have influenced their choice to either perform trabeculectomy or favor alternative procedures in their current practice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to American Glaucoma Society members who completed fellowship training between 2018 and 2022. Questionnaire items assessed respondents' experiences in residency and fellowship training as well as their current practice as attendings regarding four procedures: trabeculectomy, tube-shunt, XEN Gel Stent, and ab-interno angle procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 66 total respondents, 64 (93.9%) reported feeling somewhat or entirely comfortable performing trabeculectomy following training. However, 42 (63.6%) said they do not often perform trabeculectomy, whereas 13 (19.7%) reported that they do. Those who reported performing trabeculectomy often (N ​= ​13) were influenced by the surgery's high success rates (92.3%), preoperative (76.9%) and intraoperative (84.6%) processes, and low postoperative complications (61.5%). Those who reported not performing trabeculectomy often (N ​= ​42) were most discouraged by the postoperative process of trabeculectomy, as well as socioeconomic (66.7%) and sociocultural (52.4%) characteristics of their patients. Factors such as volume performed during training (47.6%), cost-effectiveness (19.0%), and reimbursement rates (19.0%) were not considerable contributors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While most young glaucoma specialists in our study report being comfortable performing trabeculectomy, the majority stated that they do not often perform the procedure in practice. Low trabeculectomy surgical volume during training was not cited as a notable barrier, whereas patient factors and preference for alternative procedures, depending on the clinical scenario, appeared to drive this trend.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 4","pages":"Pages 227-234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of binocular visual function among patients with different types of anisometropia","authors":"Li Tang ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Chunmei Li ,&nbsp;Yulin Yu ,&nbsp;Nan Shu ,&nbsp;Li Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare the perceived eye position, Titmus and stereopsis function across various types of anisometropia to identify differences in binocular visual function.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included 204 anisometropic patients (observation group, interocular spherical equivalent difference ≥1.5D or cylindrical ≥1.0D) and 57 non-anisometropic controls (interocular differences &lt;1.5D spherical or &lt;1.0D cylindrical). Participants were initially stratified based on documented amblyopia history (94 with vs. 110 without), followed by further subgrouping of the observation group into hyperopic, myopic, and astigmatic anisometropia types for comparative analysis with controls. Standardized assessments comprised best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR), cycloplegic refraction, Titmus near stereopsis (arcsec), binocular perceptual eye position (PEP) deviation, and three-order stereopsis thresholds measured via a computerized binocular vision assessment system. Statistical analysis adhered to CONSORT guidelines (SPSS v26.0, α ​= ​0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>(1) No significant differences were observed between patients with documented amblyopia history and those without regarding equivalent spherical lens difference, horizontal/vertical PEP, three-order stereopsis, or Titmus test results. (2) The control group demonstrated superior vertical PEP, three-order stereopsis, and Titmus performance compared to all anisometropia subgroups (myopic, hypermetropic, and astigmatic; <em>P</em> ​&lt;0.05), though horizontal PEP showed no significant variation (<em>P</em> ​&gt;0.05). (3) While Titmus results showed no difference between astigmatic and myopic anisometropia groups (<em>P</em> ​= ​0.72), significant differences existed among other groups (<em>P</em> &lt;0.05). Notably, the hyperopic anisometropia group exhibited the poorest normal rates for vertical PEP, Titmus, and three-order stereopsis among all groups (<em>P</em> ​&lt;0.001). Additionally, the astigmatism group outperformed both myopia and hypermetropia groups in 0-order and 1-order stereopsis (<em>P</em> ​&lt;0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study revealed no significant difference in visual function between anisometropic amblyopia patients who achieved normal BCVA (≤0.0 LogMAR) and non-amblyopic anisometropic controls. However, all forms of anisometropia demonstrated varying degrees of impairment to binocular fusion and stereopsis, with hypermetropic anisometropia showing the most pronounced deficits, particularly in near stereopsis. Notably, vertical PEP instability may contribute to the progression of hyperopic anisometropia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 182-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of in vivo measurement methods of myopia sclera biomechanics","authors":"Xin Shi ,&nbsp;Hao Gu ,&nbsp;Hao Jiang ,&nbsp;Su Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhixuan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The study of the development mechanism of myopia involves many aspects, of which the remodeling and biomechanical changes of the sclera are currently recognized as some of the more important mechanisms. In recent years, new progress has been made in in vivo and ex vivo measurement methods to characterize scleral biomechanics. However, because ex vivo measurement methods cannot be used on the in vivo eyeball, there is still a lack of a reliable in vivo scleral biomechanical measurement method to assess the trend of myopia progression in clinical practice.</div></div><div><h3>Main text</h3><div>In this paper, the research progress of existing in vivo measurement methods of scleral biomechanics in myopia is reviewed, and the advantages and limitations of these methods are discussed. The purpose is to comprehensively introduce the current development status of in vivo measurement methods of scleral biomechanics, look forward to their clinical application and development, and to explore new directions and ideas for the application of scleral biomechanics in the prevention and control of myopia.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The review shows that the most urgent problem is to further prove and verify that the biomechanical properties of the sclera can be measured with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy in vivo. Its safety and feasibility in clinical application also need to be considered. Future studies should investigate the multi-level and multi-scale biomechanical properties of the myopic sclera, and develop non-contact and non-invasive in vivo measurement techniques to provide more methods for myopia prevention and control and early screening of myopia in adolescents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 205-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal associations between smoking and ocular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study","authors":"Zhaohao Huang ,&nbsp;Junjie Chen ,&nbsp;Lu Shi ,&nbsp;Jun Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To explore the causal associations between smoking and ocular diseases using Mendelian randomization (MR).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on publicly.</div><div>available genome-wide association studies were employed to infer the causal relationship. The effect estimates were calculated using the random-effects inverse-variance-weighted method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Genetically predicted smoking was positively associated with cataract [Odds ratio (OR) ​= ​1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): ​1.01−1.29; <em>P</em> ​= ​0.027], w−AMD [OR ​= ​1.41, 95%CI: ​1.06−1.88; <em>P</em> ​= ​0.019], diabetic retinopathy [OR ​= ​1.06, 95%CI: ​1.04−1.30; <em>P</em> ​= ​0.01], disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways [OR ​= ​1.46, 95% CI: ​1.00−2.14; <em>P</em> ​= ​0.049] in inverse variance weighted analysis. Suggestive evidence of an inverse association between smoking and myopia was also observed [OR=0.75, 95%CI: ​0.57−0.97; <em>P</em> ​= ​0.031]. No associations were observed for glaucoma, allergic conjunctivitis, pterygium, keratitis, scleritis and episcleritis. After performing weighted median and MR-Egger analysis, consistent results were observed. There was no horizontal pleiotropy in the two-sample MR analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Smoking may increase the risks of cataract, w−AMD, diabetic retinopathy, disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways. And smoking may decrease the risk of myopia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 220-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}