Causal associations between smoking and ocular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study

IF 3.4

Advances in ophthalmology practice and research Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI:10.1016/j.aopr.2025.06.002

Zhaohao Huang , Junjie Chen , Lu Shi , Jun Huang

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Abstract

Purpose

To explore the causal associations between smoking and ocular diseases using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on publicly.

available genome-wide association studies were employed to infer the causal relationship. The effect estimates were calculated using the random-effects inverse-variance-weighted method.

Results

Genetically predicted smoking was positively associated with cataract [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01−1.29; P = 0.027], w−AMD [OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.06−1.88; P = 0.019], diabetic retinopathy [OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.04−1.30; P = 0.01], disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways [OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.00−2.14; P = 0.049] in inverse variance weighted analysis. Suggestive evidence of an inverse association between smoking and myopia was also observed [OR=0.75, 95%CI: 0.57−0.97; P = 0.031]. No associations were observed for glaucoma, allergic conjunctivitis, pterygium, keratitis, scleritis and episcleritis. After performing weighted median and MR-Egger analysis, consistent results were observed. There was no horizontal pleiotropy in the two-sample MR analysis.

Conclusions

Smoking may increase the risks of cataract, w−AMD, diabetic retinopathy, disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways. And smoking may decrease the risk of myopia.

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吸烟与眼部疾病的因果关系：一项孟德尔随机研究

目的应用孟德尔随机化方法探讨吸烟与眼部疾病的因果关系。方法采用两样本孟德尔随机化（MR）分析。可用的全基因组关联研究被用来推断因果关系。效应估计采用随机效应反方差加权法计算。结果基因预测吸烟与白内障呈正相关[优势比(OR) = 1.14, 95%可信区间（CI）： 1.01 ~ 1.29；P = 0.027), w−AMD (OR = 1.41, 95% ci: 1.06−1.88;P = 0.019]，糖尿病视网膜病变[OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.04 ~ 1.30；P = 0.01]，视神经和视觉通路障碍[OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.00−2.14；P = 0.049]。还观察到吸烟与近视呈负相关的暗示证据[OR=0.75, 95%CI: 0.57−0.97；P = 0.031]。青光眼、过敏性结膜炎、翼状胬肉、角膜炎、巩膜炎和外膜炎未见相关性。在进行加权中位数和MR-Egger分析后，观察到一致的结果。双样本MR分析无水平多效性。结论吸烟可增加白内障、黄斑变性、糖尿病性视网膜病变、视神经和视通路病变的发生风险。吸烟可能会降低近视的风险。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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