Advances in ophthalmology practice and research最新文献

{"title":"Complications of high myopia: An update from clinical manifestations to underlying mechanisms","authors":"Yu Du ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Meng ,&nbsp;Wenwen He ,&nbsp;Jiao Qi ,&nbsp;Yi Lu ,&nbsp;Xiangjia Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aopr.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>High myopia is one of the major causes of visual impairment and has an ever-increasing prevalence, especially in East Asia. It is characterized by excessive axial elongation, leading to various blinding complications that extend beyond mere refractive errors and persist immovably after refractive surgery, presenting substantial public health challenge.</p></div><div><h3>Main text</h3><p>High myopia-related complications include lens pathologies, atrophic and tractional maculopathy, choroidal neovascularization, peripheral retinal degenerations and retinal detachment, and glaucoma and heightened susceptibility to intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Pathological lens changes characteristic of high myopia include early cataractogenesis, overgrowth of lens, weakened zonules, and postoperative capsular contraction syndrome, possibly driven by inflammatory pathogenesis, etc. Dome-shaped macula and cilioretinal arteries are two newly identified protective factors for central vision of highly myopic patients. These patients also face risks of open-angle glaucoma and IOP spike following intraocular surgery. Morphologic alternations of optic nerve in high myopia can complicate early glaucoma detection, necessitating comprehensive examinations and close follow-up. Anatomically, thinner trabecular meshwork increases this risk; conversely lamina cribrosa defects may offer a fluid outlet, potentially mitigating the pressure. Notably, anxiety has emerged as the first recognized extra-ocular complication in high myopia, with an underlying inflammatory pathogenesis that connects visual stimulus, blood and brain.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>High myopia induces multiple ocular and potential mental health complications, underscoring the need to develop more effective strategies to improve both physical and emotional well-being of these patients, among which anti-inflammation might possibly represent a promising new target.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 156-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667376224000386/pdfft?md5=2d961e39f050d0e6f5d3a3a630b67e54&pid=1-s2.0-S2667376224000386-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141485857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal modeling for myopia","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Myopia is one of the most common eye diseases globally, and has become an increasingly serious health concern among adolescents. Understanding the factors contributing to the onset of myopia and the strategies to slow its progression is critical to reducing its prevalence.</p></div><div><h3>Main text</h3><p>Animal models are key to understanding of the etiology of human diseases. Various experimental animal models have been developed to mimic human myopia, including chickens, rhesus monkeys, marmosets, mice, tree shrews, guinea pigs and zebrafish. Studies using these animal models have provided evidences and perspectives on the regulation of eye growth and refractive development. This review summarizes the characteristics of these models, the induction methods, common indicators of myopia in animal models, and recent findings on the pathogenic mechanism of myopia.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Investigations using experimental animal models have provided valuable information and insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of human myopia and its treatment strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 173-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667376224000362/pdfft?md5=7bc1143b7a9c5147254c66b2080e564d&pid=1-s2.0-S2667376224000362-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141393293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic effectiveness of different machines in intense pulsed light treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of different machines in intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>213 subjects diagnosed with MGD underwent three sessions of IPL treatment in a control (M22) treatment group or experimental (OPL-I) treatment group and were followed up three to four weeks after each session. Tear breakup time (TBUT), meibomian gland secretion scores (MGSS), meibomian gland meibum scores (MGMS), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) scores, and the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) was used to assess eye dryness signs and symptoms at baseline and follow-up visits.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Two machines had the same working principles except that experimental (OPL-I) group consist of a dual filter system. Both groups showed significant improvements (<em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.0001) in TBUT, MGSS, MGMS, CFS scores and SPEED scores. Non-inferiority analysis showed no statistically significant differences in any result between the two groups. Various defects appeared on the filter with the extension of usage time. Spectrophotometry showed that light intensity decreased to 93.5% ​± ​0.46% past the first filter.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>IPL treatment completed with different machines have the same effect on improving the symptoms and signs of MGD. The dual filter system in the IPL machine reduces light intensity by approximately 6.5% without affecting its therapeutic effect. It is a feasible measure to ensure double safety and has the significance of popularization not only for MGD but also in other IPL treatment scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 182-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667376224000374/pdfft?md5=9252292ba17c4718f7f7f1c510636194&pid=1-s2.0-S2667376224000374-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141401757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of an irrigating eyelid retractor-facilitated ocular rinse on MMP-9 expression and dry eye disease","authors":"Natasha Mayer,&nbsp;Srinivas Sai A. Kondapalli,&nbsp;Nandini Venkateswaran,&nbsp;Hajirah N. Saeed","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 142-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667376224000350/pdfft?md5=759f6b8119339c3bbd060f1721977673&pid=1-s2.0-S2667376224000350-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141133024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and application of a Chinese version symptom questionnaire for visual dysfunctions (CSQVD) in school-age children","authors":"Fuyao Chen,&nbsp;Lixia Lou,&nbsp;Xiaoning Yu,&nbsp;Peike Hu,&nbsp;Weiyi Pan,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang,&nbsp;Xiajing Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To develop and evaluate a Chinese version of the Symptom Questionnaire for Visual Dysfunctions (CSQVD) to quantify visual dysfunction symptoms in school-age children with various eye diseases, and to explore the relationship between ophthalmological disorders and visual dysfunction symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Following standard scale adaptation procedures, the Symptom Questionnaire for Visual Dysfunctions (SQVD) was translated into Chinese (CSQVD). We employed random sampling to survey 198 outpatients aged 7–18 to assess the psychometric properties of the CSQVD. Using the reliable and validated questionnaire, we evaluated the determinants of visual dysfunction symptoms among 406 school-age patients at an eye center. The CSQVD scores were correlated with demographic and clinical variables, including gender, age, eye position, refractive power, and best-corrected visual acuity. Univariate analysis identified potential risk factors, followed by binary logistic regression and multiple linear regression analysis on factors with a <em>P</em>-value &lt;0.05.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The CSQVD scale's critical ratio (CR) values ranged from 6.028 to 10.604. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was 0.779, and Spearman-Brown split-half reliability was also 0.779. The I-CVI varied from 0.83 to 1.000, the S-CVI/Ave was 0.857, and the KMO value was 0.821. Multifactorial regression analysis indicated that high myopia (OR ​= ​5.744, 95% CI [1.632, 20.218], <em>P</em> ​= ​0.006) and amblyopia (OR ​= ​9.302, 95% CI [1.878, 46.058], <em>P</em> ​= ​0.006) were significant predictors of CSQVD symptoms. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BCVA of amblyopic eyes (B ​= ​−5.052, 95% CI [−7.779, 2.325], <em>P</em> ​= ​0.000) and SE power (B ​= ​−0.234, 95% CI [−0.375, 0.205], <em>P</em> ​= ​0.001) significantly affected the CSQVD scale scores.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The Chinese version of the SQVD scale (CSQVD) demonstrates good feasibility, discriminatory power, validity, and reliability in assessing Chinese school-aged children. Furthermore, those who have severe myopia and amblyopia reported more visual dysfunction symptoms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 134-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667376224000349/pdfft?md5=f440aa6d6704f56cc87889e678d7b3dd&pid=1-s2.0-S2667376224000349-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141031474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOC","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2667-3762(24)00030-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2667-3762(24)00030-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages iii-iv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667376224000301/pdfft?md5=31a31f9eba8cb7a1e864fd2bd9a6af78&pid=1-s2.0-S2667376224000301-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140949987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between glaucoma and stroke: A bidirectional mendelian randomization study","authors":"Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Xueqi Lin ,&nbsp;Siting Sheng ,&nbsp;Dan Chen ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Ke Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Observational studies have reported positive associations between glaucoma and stroke; however, controversial results exist. Importantly, the nature of the relationship remains unknown since previous studies were not designed to test causality. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible causal relationships between glaucoma and stroke.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Our two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) encompassed multi-ethnic large-scale genome-wide association studies with more than 20000 cases and 260000 controls for glaucoma, and more than 80000 cases and 630000 controls for stroke. Individual effect estimates for each SNP were combined using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. To avoid potential pleiotropic effects, we adjusted the main results by excluding genetic variants associated with metabolic factors. The weighted median and MR-Egger methods were also used for the sensitivity analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Our MR analysis revealed that glaucoma and its subtypes, including primary open-angle glaucoma and primary angle-closure glaucoma, exhibited no causal role in relation to any stroke (AS), any ischemic stroke (AIS), large-artery atherosclerotic stroke (LAS), small-vessel stroke (SVS), or cardioembolic stroke (CES) across MR analyses (all <em>P</em> ​&gt; ​0.05). The null associations remained robust even after adjusting for metabolic-related traits and were consistent in both the European and Asian populations. Furthermore, reverse MR analyses also did not indicate any significant causal effects of AS, AIS, LAS, or CES on glaucoma risk.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Evidence from our series of causal inference approaches using large-scale population-based MR analyses did not support causal effects between glaucoma and stroke. These findings suggest that the relationship of glaucoma management and stroke risk prevention should be carefully evaluated in future studies. In turn, stroke diagnosis should not be simply applied to glaucoma risk prediction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 147-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266737622400026X/pdfft?md5=f5822fa1d44ff49b6f4b0d75f5a86be2&pid=1-s2.0-S266737622400026X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140769104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personalized treatment approaches in intraocular cancer","authors":"Yating Liu ,&nbsp;Alexander C. Rokohl ,&nbsp;Yongwei Guo ,&nbsp;Ke Yao ,&nbsp;Wanlin Fan ,&nbsp;Ludwig M. Heindl","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Intraocular malignant tumors represent a severe disease that threatens vision as well as life. To better extend the life of the patient, preserve visual function, and maintain ocular aesthetics, selecting the appropriate timing and methods of treatment becomes crucial.</p></div><div><h3>Main text</h3><p>With the continuous advancement of medical technology, the techniques and methods for treating intraocular malignant tumors are constantly evolving. While surgery was once considered the optimal method to prolong patient survival and prevent local recurrence, the discovery and application of various treatments such as radiotherapy, laser therapy, chemotherapy, cryotherapy, and monoclonal antibodies have led to a greater diversity of treatment options. This diversity offers more possibilities to develop personalized treatment plans, and thereby maximize patient benefit. This article reviews the various treatment methods for intraocular malignant tumors, including indications for treatment, outcomes, and potential complications.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Differentiating small intraocular malignant tumors from pigmented lesions is challenging, and ongoing monitoring with regular follow-up is required. Small to medium-sized tumors can be treated with radiotherapy combined with transpupillary thermotherapy. Depending on the tumor's distance from the optic disc, surgery with partial resection may be considered for distant tumors, while proximal tumors may require complete enucleation. Systemic chemotherapy has been widely applied to patients with retinal tumors, lymphomas, and intraocular metastatic cancers, but has limited efficacy in patients with choroidal melanoma. Antagonists of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Anti-VEGF) drugs can improve patient vision and quality of life, while the efficacy of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy is still under research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 112-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667376224000234/pdfft?md5=cd20b9dbf34570c7951965f15ad080e8&pid=1-s2.0-S2667376224000234-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140790633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global incidence and prevalence of malignant orbital tumors","authors":"Weina Zhang ,&nbsp;Alexander C. Rokohl ,&nbsp;Yongwei Guo ,&nbsp;Ke Yao ,&nbsp;Wanlin Fan ,&nbsp;Ludwig M. Heindl","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Aims to provide an overview of the contemporary epidemiology of malignant orbital tumors by analyzing population-based incidence patterns across various regions worldwide.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this article, we retrieved orbital malignancy data from the MEDLINE database and analyzed the incidence and prevalence of orbital malignancies worldwide. We performed the literature search by searching on the Mesh terms for malignant orbital tumors (\"orbital\", \"tumor\", \"lymphoma\", \"malignant\", \"cancer\", \"incidence\", and \"epidemiology\"). All included studies were published between 1993 and 2023 and were written in English.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Ocular or ophthalmic lymphoma most frequently occurred in the orbit, with a prevalence ranging from 47% to 54%. The incidence of malignant orbital tumors was increasing in the USA (2.0 per million (1981–1993), Netherlands (0.86 (1981–1985) to 2.49 (2001–2005) per million) and South Korea (0.3–0.8 per million (1999–2016)), respectively. Ophthalmic lymphoma which includes orbit lymphoma was increasing in Canada (0.17–1.47 per million (1992–2010)), Denmark (0.86 per million (1981–1985) to 2.49 per million (2001–2005)), respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The predominant primary malignant orbital tumor in adults was lymphoma. Ocular or ophthalmic lymphoma most frequently occured in the orbit. The limited data available suggested an increasing trend in the incidence of malignant orbital tumors in each country included, which were mainly attributed to the increase in lymphoma. Generally, incidence rates were found to increase with advancing age, with no difference between males and females.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 128-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667376224000258/pdfft?md5=a9b2f717d8d47403acbe608cea43c19a&pid=1-s2.0-S2667376224000258-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140796202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A UV-related risk analysis in ophthalmic malignancies: Increased UV exposure may cause ocular malignancies","authors":"Xiaojun Ju ,&nbsp;Alexander C. Rokohl ,&nbsp;Xueting Li ,&nbsp;Yongwei Guo ,&nbsp;Ke Yao ,&nbsp;Wanlin Fan ,&nbsp;Ludwig M. Heindl","doi":"10.1016/j.aopr.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aopr.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To explore the role of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the occurrence and development of various ocular malignancies.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this article, we retrieved ocular malignancy data from the Global Cancer Observatory (GCO) and performed correlation analysis with the global UV index and sunshine duration. We searched for associated studies using the following databases: Embase, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. We conducted the literature by searching the Mesh terms denoting an exposure of interest (\"UV radiation\", \"ultraviolet rays\", and \"ocular malignancies\", All studies included are published until December 30, 2023 without language restrictions.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The mechanisms and epidemiological statistics of UVR on the onset and progression of eyelid malignancies are the most studied and clear. The role of UVR in conjunctival melanoma is similar to that in eyelid melanoma. The relationship between uveal melanoma and UVR is controversial, however, it may have at least a certain impact on its prognosis. UVR causes ocular surface squamous neoplasia by further activating HPV infection.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>UVR is a decisive risk factor for ocular malignancies, but the incidence of ultraviolet-induced tumors is also affected by many other factors. A correct and comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of UVR in the pathogenesis of ocular malignant tumors can provide patients with more effective and selective immune regulation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":72103,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology practice and research","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 98-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667376224000246/pdfft?md5=39c7b132d984605dc2a43b0ddb236370&pid=1-s2.0-S2667376224000246-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140650903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}