3D printing in medicine最新文献

{"title":"Proposed medical school curricula for 3D printing.","authors":"Danielle Heiser, Stacy Ruther, Owais Salahudeen, Taaha Adamji, Jordan Mackner, Liane Ruddy, Garrett Trang, Prashanth Ravi, Jonathan M Morris, Summer J Decker, Jonathan M Ford, David H Ballard, Kimberly Hatch, Michael F Morris, Richard L Hallett, Frank J Rybicki, Rayna DeBellevue","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00306-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-025-00306-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: 3D printing is increasingly utilized in medical education, providing a hands-on approach to anatomical learning, surgical planning, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Despite growing interest, standardized curricula incorporating 3D printing into medical education are lacking. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team of medical educators, engineers, and students developed three distinct curricular models to integrate 3D printing into undergraduate medical education. These models include (1) integration into anatomy coursework, (2) a fourth-year clerkship elective, and (3) a pre-clerkship elective. The outline for each curriculum was designed to be adaptable across institutions, emphasizing hands-on learning, imaging segmentation, basic elements of computer-aided design (CAD), and 3D printing applications in clinical care. RESULTS: The proposed curricula outlined provide structured pathways for incorporating 3D printing into medical education, enhancing student engagement and comprehension of complex anatomical structures. By integrating 3D printing into anatomy courses, clerkships, and elective rotations, students gain critical skills applicable to future clinical practice. The curricular models vary in scope and resource requirements, offering flexibility for adoption across medical schools. CONCLUSIONS: Standardizing 3D printing curricula in medical education enhances anatomical understanding, promote interdisciplinary collaboration, and prepare students for future applications of this technology in clinical practice. Our framework serves as a guide for institutions seeking to implement 3D printing curricula, fostering innovation and hands-on learning opportunities for medical trainees. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable. </p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":" ","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12673675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uptake characteristics of MRI and CT contrast agents in 3D printing materials for vascular phantoms.","authors":"Annika C Dell, Celina Wist, Hanna Grasshoff, Malte M Sieren, Maria-Josephina Buhné, Constantin Schareck, Patricia Ulloa, Thorsten M Buzug, Roman Kloeckner, Jörg Barkhausen, Alex Frydrychowicz, Thomas Friedrich, Franz Wegner","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00309-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-025-00309-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: To determine the reusability and robustness of three 3D-printing materials for anatomical vessels by evaluating their contrast agent uptake characteristics throughout different timeframes. METHODS: The tested samples were 3D-printed cylindrical samples that have the same diameter and wall thickness as a healthy adult aorta. Three different materials of varying degrees of Shore hardness were used to print these samples on a Stratasys J850 Prime PolyJet 3D printer (VeroClear, Agilus, and an Agilus/VeroClear mixture). Each sample was filled with one of three contrast agent dilutions or a control solution. Samples remained filled with their respective solution for one week, one day, or one hour. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images were taken of all 54 samples. The CT and MR images were evaluated to determine the diameters of the samples, as well as the radiodensity/signal intensity of the samples. An Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was calculated to determine the degree of measurement variation between the investigators. Sample mass increase was determined by weighing samples before and after exposure to the solutions. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to evaluate the contrast agent uptake behavior of the materials based on CT and MR imaging data. RESULTS: A small relative mass increase in the 3D-printed materials was noted: VeroClear showed mass increases of between 1.1% and 2.5%, which is in line with the respective data sheet. Agilus showed mass increases of 2.9% to 4.4%. In CT images, very small, but statistically significant effects were detected for VeroClear in the measured diameters (t = −2.31, p = 0.02) and the signal intensity (t = 3.40, p < 0.001). All other tested material combinations revealed no significant effects in comparison to the reference sample. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the tested materials using the Stratasys J850 3D printer can produce structures that do not absorb clinically detectable amounts of CT or MR imaging contrast agent solutions. Thus, the tested materials are suitable for the 3D printing of vascular phantoms that are filled with contrast agent solutions and can be reused in the time periods evaluated. </p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":" ","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12667169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145643494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prefabricated 3D-printed full-arch implant for functional and esthetic rehabilitation: a prosthesis-integrated drill guide solution.","authors":"Hao Bai, Wenyan Wu, Xuejun Ge, Zhen Wang","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00307-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-025-00307-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Immediate-loading full-arch implant restoration offers improved patient comfort and acceptance but poses challenges in implant positioning, especially for complex anatomical conditions. Fully digital workflows, including intraoral scans and 3D-printed guides, enhance precision but may still result in cumulative errors affecting prosthetic fit. This study introduces a modified digital protocol integrating prefabricated prostheses with drill guides to improve accuracy and simplify full-arch rehabilitation. METHODS: A systematic step-by-step protocol was developed using digital simulation and virtual design to fabricate prefabricated prostheses. These prostheses, combined with surgical drill templates, allowed for immediate functional and esthetic loading. Integration of the provisional restoration with the drill guide was designed to reduce discrepancies during prosthesis repositioning when securing pre-cut temporary cylinders with resin. RESULTS: The proposed workflow demonstrated high accuracy in prosthesis placement, reducing repositioning errors during the clinical procedure. Functional and esthetic loading was successfully achieved, with precise alignment of components and a streamlined digital workflow. CONCLUSIONS: This digital approach provides an effective and cost-efficient solution for immediate full-arch implant loading. By enhancing accuracy and minimizing procedural errors, it offers improved clinical outcomes and sets a foundation for advanced full-arch rehabilitation techniques. </p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12763981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145643489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facial 3D data acquisition in critically ill children for production of personalized non-invasive ventilation masks: a feasibility study.","authors":"Rosemijne R W P Pigmans, Lyè Goto, Rens Wientjes, Dick G Markhorst, Job B M van Woensel, Michael A Gaytant, Toon Huysmans, Coen D Dijkman, Reinout A Bem","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00311-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-025-00311-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Non-invasive ventilation is commonly used to support critically ill children with acute respiratory failure in the pediatric intensive care unit. However, non-invasive ventilation treatment is often hindered by poorly fitting masks due to limited commercially available options. Personalized non-invasive ventilation masks are a promising solution, yet research on the feasibility of their production in real-world clinical settings, particularly regarding facial data acquisition, remains limited. This study aims to assess the feasibility of using a handheld 3D scanner for facial data acquisition in critically ill children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. METHODS: In this single-center pediatric intensive care unit feasibility study, facial 3D data was obtained from children (age 0–18 years) receiving non-invasive respiratory support for acute respiratory failure, using a handheld 3D scanner. Feasibility outcomes included the scan process and quality factors. Scan quality was evaluated based on scan errors and removed movement frames. Facial 3D data acquisition was defined as feasible if > 80% of patients had a complete scan whereof > 90% frames had a scan error < 0.5. RESULTS: We included 33 patients with a median (IQR) age of 2.0 (1.0–16.0) months. Full facial 3D data could be acquired within a short scanning period of 30 s, which did not induce patient clinical deterioration, with a success rate of 31 (94%) usable scans with good quality (98% good frames). CONCLUSION: Our results show that facial data acquisition using a handheld 3D scanner is feasible in critically ill children receiving non-invasive respiratory support in the pediatric intensive care unit. These findings are essential for developing and implementing a workflow process for personalized non-invasive ventilation masks for children with acute respiratory failure. </p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":" ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12764117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145643585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing orthopedic education in China with the BOPPPS teaching model and 3D printing technology: a comparative study.","authors":"Khan Akhtar Ali, Jiaxin Zhang, Zean Xia, Yufeng Zuo, Ruying Lai, Hui Huang, LingXiao He, Weihua Hu","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00308-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-025-00308-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In medical education, the BOPPPS (Bridge-In, Objective, Preassessment, Participatory Learning, Post assessment, Summary) teaching model has gained traction for fostering student-centered learning, yet its efficacy in orthopedic education, particularly when integrated with 3D printing technology, remains understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of combining the BOPPPS model with 3D printing on learning outcomes, student satisfaction, and clinical skill development in mainland China’s orthopedic curriculum. METHODS: A single-center, prospective observational study was conducted with 68 fifth-year clinical medical students at Tongji Medical College, randomized into a control group (n = 34, traditional lecture-based teaching) and an intervention group (n = 34, BOPPPS model + 3D printing). The intervention incorporated patient-specific 3D-printed pelvic fracture models into BOPPPS-structured sessions, focusing on participatory learning activities like fracture classification and surgical planning. Primary outcomes included theoretical knowledge (100-point exam), clinical practice ability (100-point skills assessment), self-ability evaluation (15-item questionnaire), student satisfaction (15-item Likert-scale survey), and learning quality indicators (input, process, outcome evaluations). RESULTS: The intervention group outperformed the control group in all primary outcomes. Theoretical knowledge scores were significantly higher in the intervention group (83.28 ± 10.74 vs. 68.94 ± 11.08, p < 0.001), as were clinical practice ability scores (82.64 ± 8.67 vs. 69.36 ± 10.93, p = 0.008). Self-ability evaluations showed a 18-percentage-point increase in “excellent” ratings (41.18% vs. 23.53%, p = 0.008), and teaching satisfaction was notably higher (97.06% vs. 76.47%, p = 0.012). Learning quality indicators—input (26.24 ± 3.58 vs. 12.46 ± 2.11), process (25.88 ± 3.37 vs. 12.34 ± 2.53), and outcome (25.34 ± 3.32 vs. 13.10 ± 2.27) all favored the intervention group (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION: Integrating the BOPPPS teaching model with 3D printing technology enhances theoretical knowledge, clinical skills, self-perceived competence, and student satisfaction in orthopedic education. This hybrid approach addresses the spatial and practical challenges of orthopedic training, offering a scalable, effective framework for modern medical curricula. </p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":" ","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12709685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145643502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel 3D-printed aids for total ear reconstruction.","authors":"Lia Schoenfeld, Dean Ad-El, Yehiel Hayun, Sagit Meshulam-Derazon, Dafna Shilo-Yaacobi, Amir Kershenovich, Asaf Olshinka","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00310-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41205-025-00310-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Total ear reconstruction in patients with microtia remains a complex aesthetic and technical challenge. Accurate positioning and customization of porous polyethylene implants are critical, yet current methods often rely on manual planning and intraoperative adjustments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>At Schneider Children's Medical Center, high-resolution 3D facial scans or CT data were used to design patient-specific preoperative jigs and a custom single-piece implant. The jig guided precise ear positioning using facial landmarks and incorporated vascular mapping via CTA to identify branches of the superficial temporal artery. BioMed Elastic 50A Resin was used for jig printing, and the implant was tailored to patient age and anticipated ear growth.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The technique enabled accurate ear alignment with the contralateral ear, minimized intraoperative adjustments, and eliminated the need for implant assembly. The integration of vascular mapping into the jig improved flap design and may reduce complications. Compared to traditional methods, this 3D-guided approach demonstrated improved positioning accuracy, reduced operative time, and enhanced aesthetic predictability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This 3D-guided technique streamlines ear reconstruction and offers an efficient and reproducible solution that improves surgical planning and outcomes in patients with microtia.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12659042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145643531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research hotspots and frontier trends in the field of 3D printing in medical education from 2010 to 2025: a bibliometric analysis.","authors":"Dingyuan Jiang, Nani Li, Ke Wang, Kui Duan, Jia Yang, Jing Zhang, Xueming Chen","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00304-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-025-00304-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Three-dimensional (3D) printing is transforming medical education through the production of highly accurate anatomical models and personalised surgical training tools. Despite its growing influence, comprehensive bibliometric assessments in this domain remain scarce. This study aims to map the intellectual landscape and research trends of 3D printing in medical education from 2010 to 2025, offering evidence-based guidance for future innovation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed for original articles and reviews related to 3D printing in medical education. CiteSpace was employed to construct and visualise collaboration, co-occurrence, and co-citation networks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 302 articles from 96 institutions across 49 countries. The United States of America led in publication output, followed by China and Australia. Curtin University, the University of Toronto, and Mayo Clinic were the top three publishing institutions. The most prolific author published 11 papers, while the highest number of cited author as defined by co-citation analysis was 79. \"Anatomical Sciences Education\" was the most published-in and cited journal. The co-citation network analysis identified 12 thematic clusters-spanning medical modelling, anatomical education, and biomechanical testing-interconnected through pivotal high-centrality publications, illustrating the interdisciplinary expansion and evolving applications of 3D printing in medical education. Keyword analysis identified three major research hotspots: skill development and pedagogical validation, clinical surgical planning and doctor-patient communication, and emerging technologies with cross-disciplinary integration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This bibliometric analysis highlights an ongoing paradigm shift in 3D printing for medical education-from initial technical exploration toward rigorous validation of educational efficacy. Current research hotspots encompass anatomical modelling, surgical simulation, and AI/AR integration. However, persistent challenges such as limited dynamic simulation capabilities, high costs, and the absence of standardised assessment frameworks hinder progress. To realise meaningful educational transformation, strengthened interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation are essential to advance beyond technical demonstration toward tangible pedagogical improvement.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"54"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12639907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrective osteotomy for malunited distal radius fracture using an augmented reality (AR) osteotomy guide.","authors":"Akira Kodama, Masaru Munemori, Shogo Iwaguro, Kazushi Yokomachi, Yuchi Sumida, Nobuo Adachi","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00303-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-025-00303-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Distal radius fracture malunion can result in functional limitations, and corrective osteotomy has been used to treat symptomatic cases. This study aimed to evaluate the precision of corrective osteotomy for distal radius malunion by projecting a virtual osteotomy guide onto the surgical field using augmented reality (AR). Six patients with a mean age of 48 years underwent corrective osteotomy using an AR osteotomy guide. Preoperative planning involved creating 3D bone models from computed tomography (CT) data and simulating osteotomy using medical computer-aided design software. The 3D data were converted into a hologram and installed on a head-mounted display (HoloLens). During surgery, the hologram was overlaid onto the patient’s radius and osteotomy was performed in alignment with the AR osteotomy plane. Radius was corrected by inserting a bone graft which was shaped along a 3D simulation model and fixed with a locking plate. Bone union was achieved at a mean of 4.0 months postoperatively. Clinical outcomes, including range of motion, grip strength, and patient-reported outcomes, improved postoperatively. Radiographic evaluation revealed improvements in the volar tilt, radial inclination, and ulnar variance. Accuracy analysis revealed a difference of 3.3 mm in osteotomy level and deviations of 7.0° in flexion-extension and 3.3° in radioulnar from the simulation. The correction angle showed a difference of 6.5° in the flexion-extension direction and 3.9°in the radioulnar direction compared with the simulation. This study demonstrates the potential of using an AR osteotomy guide for corrective osteotomy in distal radius malunion treatment. However, improvements in the accuracy of volar tilt reduction and simplicity of the technique are required for clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12628907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145552120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printing of acetaminophen suppository and its quality and pharmacokinetic evaluation.","authors":"Ming Chen, Meitao Duan, Jungang Ren, Xiuhong Lin, Zheng Chen, Junfang Ke, Huayun Ye, Zhiqiang Zhang, Chen Wang","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00298-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-025-00298-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Acetaminophen is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic treatment. Becuase oral administration poses a risk of acute liver failure, researchers are exploring alternative routes of administration using 3D printing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study reports a novel 3D-printed suppository using hot melt extrusion and melt deposition molding technologies. Through excipients screening, process screening and 3D printing, the production can be filtered to the most optimal state. After successfully prepared 3D printed acetaminophen suppository, the suppository's performance and pharmacokinetics profile were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prepared 3D printed suppository has a complete appearance, smooth interlayer stacking and qualified content determination with over 90% within 6 hours' in vitro release trend. The 3D printing acetaminophen suppository also has better release and distribution curve than the marketing acetaminophen suppository.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The obtained product has a complete appearance, smooth interlayer stacking and stable drug active molecules (API) at the test temperature. Melt deposition molding technologies offers a viable option for the 3D printing preparation of acetaminophen suppository.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12613722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145508180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications and challenges of 3D printing in female reproductive system research.","authors":"Rasool Setareyi, Ali Khoshandam, Soheil Kianirad, Maryam Saadatmand, Mohammad Naji","doi":"10.1186/s41205-025-00302-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41205-025-00302-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The optimal functioning of the female reproductive system is crucial for human health, since failure frequently results in significant repercussions for fertility, sexual health, and general quality of life. These organs function through a meticulously coordinated and precisely regulated mechanism to facilitate oocyte production and embryonic development. Recently, 3D printing has become a formidable approach for producing intricate, biomimetic objects with exceptional spatial accuracy. Substantial attempts were undertaken to integrate living cells and bioactive chemicals into printed constructions for biomedical purposes. This review presents a thorough investigation of works employing 3D printing within the realm of the female reproductive system. We classified these studies based on their principal applications-tissue engineering, drug delivery, and disease modeling-and described essential data about printing methodologies, bioinks, cell types, animal models, integrated bioactive compounds, and outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":72036,"journal":{"name":"3D printing in medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12587555/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145446617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}