Additive manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Significant enhancement of room-temperature shape recovery properties of Ta-modified Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Zi Li ,&nbsp;Zhuohan Cao ,&nbsp;Qian Liu ,&nbsp;Wenliang Chen ,&nbsp;Zuhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Richard F. Webster ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Jiawen Xu ,&nbsp;Xiebin Wang ,&nbsp;Michael Ferry ,&nbsp;Jamie J. Kruzic ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, fully dense and crack-free Fe-30Mn-6Si-xTa (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 wt%) shape memory alloys (SMAs) were manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The effects of tantalum (Ta) addition and post-heat treatment (600 °C for 30 min) on microstructure and shape memory properties were systematically investigated. It was found that Ta effectively leads to the grain refinement in the Fe-based SMAs, which is mainly attributed to solute redistribution and the formation of Ta precipitate during rapid solidification. Post-heat treatment further improved room-temperature (RT) shape recovery properties of the Fe-30Mn-6Si-0.5Ta (wt%) alloy, achieving a recovery strain of ∼2.84 % and a shape recovery ratio of ∼71 %, which is 70 % higher than previously reported LPBF-fabricated Fe-based SMAs (i.e., ∼1.64 % recovery strain and ∼41 % shape recovery ratio). This enhancement is attributed to the increased stacking fault (SF) density facilitated by Ta precipitates and the positive influence of heat treatment, both of which promote the phase transformation from γ-austenite to ε-martensite. The research demonstrates that the Fe-based SMAs with enhanced shape memory properties can be fabricated by the LPBF technique, which provides new insights and practical guidance for designing high-performance SMAs via additive manufacturing techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104956"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nozzle heating with internal channel enhanced aerosol-jet printing with ultrahigh aspect ratio and ultrafine resolution for conformal electronics","authors":"Teng Ma ,&nbsp;Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Ao Li ,&nbsp;Yingjie Niu ,&nbsp;Hui Cheng ,&nbsp;Chenglin Yi ,&nbsp;Kaifu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerosol jet (AJ) printing enables conformal feature fabrication but struggles with limiting aspect ratio and resolution due to insufficient focus of aerosol ink particles. Here, we introduce an efficient method for AJ printing called nozzle heating with internal channel (NHIC), which incorporates a spiral flow channel into the nozzle, facilitating a continuous and temperature-controlled water bath through the channel to establish an auxiliary annular thermal field around the aerosolized ink particles (AIPs) flow, thereby modifying the flow field dynamics and enhancing the aerodynamic focusing of AIPs By raising up NHIC temperature to 90℃, a 7 μm wide deposited trace with a thickness of 2.1 μm was achieved. Above all, we increased the maximum aspect ratio of the printed deposits up to approximately 0.3, and improved the conductivity by 25 %. NHIC-enabled AJ printing successfully fabricated high-precision and high-density circuits, resistors, and conformal electrodes, demonstrating superior aspect ratio, resolution, thickness, and conductivity compared to conventional AJ methods for uneven conformal surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104965"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the layer thickness on the dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties of lattice structures during PBF-LB of AlSi10Mg","authors":"Matthias Greiner ,&nbsp;Simon Drews ,&nbsp;Ben Jäger ,&nbsp;Christian Mittelstedt","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser powder bed fusion has emerged as a key additive manufacturing technology for manufacturing complex high-performance structures. However, a downside of the technology is the productivity of large-scale manufacturing in comparison to conventional manufacturing technologies. One of the critical parameters influencing the quality, productivity, and performance of PBF-LB-manufactured components is the layer thickness. A higher layer thickness accelerates manufacturing and reduces costs due to lower process times. On the downside, higher layer thicknesses may introduce dimensional inaccuracies, porosity due to incomplete fusion and increased surface roughness which ultimately compromises the component performance. While there are several studies about the influence of the layer thickness on bulk material, cellular materials like strut-based lattice structures are less investigated. By analyzing the strut morphology, dimensional accuracy, surface roughness and mechanical performance in relation with the productivity across different layer thicknesses, this work provides insights into process optimization for lattice structures using AlSi10Mg. Understanding the correlation between layer thickness, lattice quality, and manufacturing efficiency is essential for enhancing structural reliability, functional performance, and cost-effectiveness in PBF-LB applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104972"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time multivariable control of directed energy deposition via adaptive model predictive control","authors":"Richard H. van Blitterswijk,&nbsp;Lucas A. Botelho,&nbsp;Amir Khajepour","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing processes such as directed energy deposition (DED) enable precise material deposition and customization, but ensuring consistent material properties remains a challenge due to the complex interplay of process parameters. This research presents a novel adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) algorithm for real-time multivariable control in DED, integrating an adaptive one-dimensional thermal model for accurate prediction of both temperature distribution and spatial cooling rate. The model was experimentally validated in single-track deposition tests across four different materials, achieving temperature predictions within ±1% of infrared camera measurements and spatial cooling rate errors below 2.73%. The validated model was embedded within the control framework and evaluated in five-layer wall experiments under open-loop, single-input single-output (SISO), and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) closed-loop control configurations. Results demonstrate that the AMPC algorithm effectively stabilized melt pool dynamics through simultaneous control of laser power and traveling speed, leading to consistent layer heights and improved material uniformity. This work introduces a scalable, adaptive, physics-based framework for real-time thermal prediction and multivariable control in advanced manufacturing processes that use concentrated energy sources, improving melt pool stability, material consistency, and overall part quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104941"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding fatigue of additively manufactured TPMS metallic metamaterials: Experiments and modeling","authors":"Krista Dyer ,&nbsp;Mohammad Amjadi ,&nbsp;Shuai Shao ,&nbsp;Nima Shamsaei ,&nbsp;Reza Molaei","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are specific types of lattice structures that can only be fabricated using the geometric freedom of additive manufacturing (AM). These structures are gaining traction in fields, such as biomedical and aerospace industries, due to their reduced stress concentrations and increased surface area to volume ratio compared to traditional strut-based lattices. Prior to acceptance into industry design applications, it is vital to understand the fatigue behavior of such porous structures under various loading conditions. The purpose of this study is to characterize and predict the fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattice structures under a variety of loading conditions. Diamond and gyroid unit cell specimens of 50 % and 70 % porosity are fabricated for testing. Finite element analysis (FEA) and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) are also conducted for stress distribution and geometrical accuracy analysis. Various modeling techniques are used to correlate fatigue data of solid specimens and the lattice structures. It is found that popular methods from literature based on monotonic properties are not successful at correlating solid and porous data. This study expands to more robust local stress models, such as fatigue notch factor, that result in significantly improved life predictions but can be computationally expensive. A new model based on nominal applied cyclic loads and stress intensity factor is also proposed that produces comparable results to local stress models with reduced computational expenses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104966"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion-resistant and heat-dissipative SiOC ultralight lattice for high-temperature EMI shielding","authors":"Shixiang Zhou ,&nbsp;Yijing Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiao Guo ,&nbsp;Udeshwari Jamwal ,&nbsp;Pon Janani Sugumaran ,&nbsp;Sreekanth Ginnaram ,&nbsp;Wentao Yan ,&nbsp;Jun Ding ,&nbsp;Yong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-temperature electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material is essential for intense thermal or electromagnetic radiation applications. Ceramics are promising candidates but are often fabricated with increased density and thickness to achieve sufficient shielding effectiveness (SE). However, we present an unconventional strategy to enhance the SE of ceramics by reducing density realized through hierarchical lattice design. 3D-printed silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) with self-arrayed and corrosion-resistant carbon nanosheets was employed to materialize this design. As the density decreases from 2.73 to 0.53 g/cm³, the SE increases from 12.53 to 27.27 dB. The combined effects of densely arrayed carbon nanosheets and hierarchical design amplify multi-reflection/scattering, enabling enhanced EMI shielding at reduced density. Furthermore, this structure is capable of operation at 600 °C and oxygen corrosion environment even at an ultralow density of 0.29 g/cm³, achieving over 99 % shielding efficiency. It exhibits a low thermal expansion coefficient of 1.41 × 10⁻⁶/K at 600 °C, along with compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and energy absorption of 6.38 MPa, 3.02 GPa, and 8.14 kJ/cm³, respectively, ensuring mechanical, dimensional, and shielding robustness. The interconnected hollow spaces and exposed surfaces facilitate both active and passive heat dissipation, preventing thermal failure and extending the operational lifespan. Under airflow, the heated structure cools to 46.6 °C within 25 s, effectively reducing the operating temperature. This strategy provides a straightforward approach for fabricating high-temperature and lightweight EMI shielding ceramics through structural optimization, underscoring its potential for performance enhancement, cost reduction, and application expansion for extreme environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104964"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-material nozzle geometry design optimization for bioprinting","authors":"Jun Sim,&nbsp;Wan Kyun Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) introduces complex challenges in maintaining stable and controllable flow within the printing nozzle, where flow disturbances such as backflow, excessive shear stress, and delayed material transitions can compromise print uniformity and cell viability. These issues are particularly pronounced when handling non-Newtonian, yield stress bioinks such as Herschel–Bulkley fluids. Motivated by on-the-fly material switching, we explicitly scope the optimization to a one-ink-on/one-ink-idle Y-junction in which one inlet is driven while the other remains idle. This study presents a simulation-driven optimization framework for multi-material Y-junction nozzle geometry aimed at improving backflow suppression, shear-stress minimization, and rapid material switching. A numerical model quantifies three key performance indices as backflow potential, maximum wall shear stress, and switching time index across a four dimensional design space. High fidelity CFD simulations generate training data for a Gaussian Process surrogate with a Matérn kernel, and Bayesian optimization efficiently identifies optimal geometries. The optimized designs achieve significant reductions in backflow, peak shear stress, and outlet refill time compared to baseline nozzles. Experimental validation comprising cell viability assays on high versus low shear designs, air filled backflow tests in a worst-case setup, and on-the-fly switching time measurements corroborates all three cost components. Our findings deliver a robust, scalable, and experimentally validated methodology for multi-material nozzle design, with broad implications for precision, speed, and biological functionality in extrusion-based bioprinting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 104959"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient part-scale thermal modeling of laser powder bed fusion via a multilevel finite element framework","authors":"S.M. Elahi,&nbsp;J.P. Leonor,&nbsp;R.Y. Wu,&nbsp;G.J. Wagner","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we show that a multilevel finite element algorithm previously demonstrated for linear problems can, using a novel time integration method and other improvements, give efficient and accurate part-scale simulations of real additive manufacturing processes. The GPU-optimized multilevel finite element framework (GO-MELT) uses multiple moving meshes to simulate thermal behavior in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processes; fixed mesh sizes and data structures allow straightforward implementation of this algorithm on GPU hardware. Building on this framework, we introduce key advancements including G-code parsing for complex laser paths, temperature-dependent material properties with distinct definitions for powder, solid, and fluid states, and time step subcycling across levels to manage computational loads effectively. These improvements enable precise simulation across the different material states encountered in LPBF while minimizing computational cost. Verification studies show that first-order time convergence is preserved even in the presence of nonlinearities, and the fidelity of the enhanced framework is validated against well-established experimental benchmarks, including in-situ X-ray diffraction data for Hastelloy-X and time above melting measurements from the NIST AM-Bench cantilever model. Computational tests demonstrate that our approach achieves an average execution time of 1.8 ms per time step, enabling a high-fidelity thermal simulation of 350 million time steps to be solved on a single GPU in 7.3 days, comparable to published simulations on much larger parallel systems. An analysis of thermal decay times can be used to further reduce simulation time by limiting simulation to time-points of interest. These results underscore the potential of this algorithm for advancing real-time process optimization and part quality improvement in LPBF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104897"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel integrated forming process for fabricating complex thin-walled AlSi10Mg alloy tubular parts via laser powder bed fusion and hot gas forming","authors":"Jiangkai Liang ,&nbsp;Gaoning Tian ,&nbsp;Quan Gao ,&nbsp;Wei Du ,&nbsp;Yanli Lin ,&nbsp;Zhubin He","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, both additive manufacturing technologies and fluid pressure forming process face significant challenges in fabricating large-sized, complex thin-walled metal components. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel integrated forming process that utilizes laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) preforming and hot gas forming (HGF). This method employs LPBF technology to fabricate near-net-shape preforms, which are subsequently subjected to HGF treatment to realize micro-scale precise deformation. This study systematically investigates the performance of AlSi10Mg alloy thin-walled preforms prepared by LPBF, along with the characteristics of the formed parts following the HGF process. Furthermore, subsequent heat treatment protocols are employed to improve the microstructural properties of the formed parts. Compared to the direct LPBF technology, this method exhibits marked enhancements in dimensional accuracy and density of the fabricated parts, effectively controlling dimensional deviations and substantially reducing porosity. Ultimately, the process culminates in the fabrication of complex thin-walled AlSi10Mg alloy parts characterized by a superior microstructure and mechanical properties. Specifically, the formed parts, measuring 165 mm with a wall thickness of 1.2 mm, achieve a dimensional accuracy of ± 0.24 mm and a maximum wall thickness reduction rate of less than 14.2 %, while attaining an impressive density of 99.93 %. Additionally, the parts exhibit excellent uniformity concerning the distribution and morphology of the precipitated phases, along with the shape and structure of the grains. Following solution heat treatment, the formed parts exhibited tensile strengths of 282 MPa at room temperature and 186 MPa at 230 °C, accompanied by elongations of 15.9 % and 11.7 %, respectively. This favorable combination of strength and ductility renders these materials well-suited for engineering applications that demand high overall mechanical performance. However, aging heat treatment after solution treatment resulted in a significantly improved of the mechanical properties. The tensile strengths increased to 350 MPa at room temperature and 201 MPa at 230°C, while the elongations were concurrently reduced to 6.9 % and 10.1 %, respectively. Such a property profile makes these materials particularly suitable for specialized applications where high strength is prioritized over ductility. The feasibility of LPBF-prepared preforms via the subsequent HGF process was systematically confirmed, thereby establishing a foundational basis for the prospective application of this integrated forming methodology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 104936"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiometric temperature measurement for metal additive manufacturing via temperature emissivity separation","authors":"Ryan W. Penny,&nbsp;A. John Hart","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emission of blackbody radiation from the meltpool and surrounding area in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) makes this process visible to a range of optical monitoring instruments intended for online process and quality assessment. Yet, these instruments have not proven capable of reliably detecting the finest flaws that influence LPBF component mechanical performance, limiting their adoption. One hindrance lies in interpreting measurements of radiance as temperature, despite the physical link between these variables being readily understood as a combination of Planck’s Law and spectral emissivity. Uncertainty in spectral emissivity arises as it is nearly impossible to predict and can be a strong function of wavelength; in turn, this manifests uncertainty in estimated temperatures and thereby obscures the LPBF process dynamics that indicate component defects. This paper presents temperature emissivity separation (TES) as a method for accurate retrieval of optically-measured temperatures in LPBF. TES simultaneously calculates both temperature and spectral emissivity from spectrally-resolved radiance measurements and, as the latter term is effectively measured, more accurate process temperatures result. Using a bespoke imaging spectrometer integrated with an LPBF testbed to evaluate this approach, three basic TES algorithms are compared in a validation experiment that demonstrates retrieval of temperatures accurate to <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>28</mn></mrow></math></span> K over a 1000 K range. A second investigation proves industrial feasibility through fabrication of an LPBF test artifact. Temperature data are used to study the evolution of fusion process boundary conditions, including a decrease in cooling rate as layerwise printing proceeds. A provisional correlation of temperature fields to component porosity assessed by 3D computed tomography demonstrates in situ optical detection of micron-scale porous defects in LPBF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 104904"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}