Additive manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Vacuum additive manufacturing of polyether ether ketone: Prediction of mechanical properties and forming mechanism","authors":"Jingxuan wang ,&nbsp;Yiwei Chen ,&nbsp;Zhongde Shan ,&nbsp;Congze Fan ,&nbsp;Wenzhe Song ,&nbsp;Jinghua Zheng ,&nbsp;Fan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) 3D printing technology has enormous potential uses in space exploration and engineering because of the exceptional qualities of material and ability to withstand the harsh conditions of the space environment. Considering the significant influence of the vacuum environment on the thermal history and resin rheology of the 3D printing process, this study establishes a predictive model using response surface methodology (RSM) to correlate axial tensile strength with critical process parameters under 10 Pa vacuum environment (VAC) and standard atmospheric pressure (ATM). Moreover, the relationship between tensile strength and process parameters across different environmental pressures is analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and univariate analysis. To further understand the intricate behaviors of PEEK during 3D printing, cooling and non-isothermal crystallization models, the neck growth model, and the pore growth model were developed for both VAC and ATM conditions. These models were validated through crystallinity assessments, microstructural cross-section analysis, and monofilament extrusion tests. Experimental results reveal that the theoretical model provides an accurate depiction of heat and mass transfer processes in VAC and ATM conditions. The results calculated using the theoretical model systematically elucidate the influence mechanisms of the vacuum environment on heat and mass transfer, resin rheological behavior, and defect formation. The study explains the different effects of process parameters on the tensile properties under VAC and ATM pressure conditions and proposes a defect formation mechanism for vacuum-printed samples, attributed to the expansion of initial pores within the filament driven by the pressure difference between the internal and external environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104820"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of metastable β Ti-12Mo alloy fabricated by in-situ alloying-based additive manufacturing","authors":"Ranxi Duan ,&nbsp;Dingshan Liang ,&nbsp;Fuzeng Ren ,&nbsp;Dominik Daisenberger ,&nbsp;Oxana V. Magdysyuk ,&nbsp;Junhua Luan ,&nbsp;Zengbao Jiao ,&nbsp;Moataz M. Attallah ,&nbsp;Biao Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The strength-ductility trade-off in additively manufactured (AM) β Ti alloys remains a significant challenge. In this study, we employed a cost-effective in-situ alloying laser powder bed fusion approach with optimized processing parameters to fabricate a nearly fully dense, chemically homogeneous β Ti-12Mo alloy. We then examined how solution-treatment duration influences the tensile behavior of the AM Ti-12Mo alloy. The optimally solution-treated alloys exhibited high tensile yield strength (725–741 MPa) and commendable ductility (22–36 %) along both the 0° and 90° orientations relative to the build direction. Focusing on the underlying deformation mechanisms perpendicular to the build direction, we report a uniform elongation of 17.9 % and a pronounced strain hardening rate (∼2300 MPa at 4 %), which we elucidate via in-situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and microstructural characterization. The high yield strength is primarily attributed to the presence of Mo-lean embryonic athermal ω nanoparticles. During plastic deformation, both twinning and phase transformation contribute to the high strain hardening rate. At the early stage (strain &lt; 1.9 %), deformation is dominated by {332}&lt; 113 &gt;_β twinning, whereas at later stages, the deformation-induced α'' phase becomes significant. The volume fraction of α'' phase increases with strain, supporting the continuous hardening. Notably, irrational {112}&lt; 751 &gt;_β, secondary {112}&lt; 111 &gt;_β, and {130}&lt; 310 &gt;_α_'' nano-twins confine the primary structures to nanograins and sustain strain hardening. This study sheds light on designing high-performance β Ti-12Mo alloy via AM followed by heat treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104819"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of powder-induced gas porosity in directed energy deposition: Formation, evolution, and mitigation","authors":"Haodong Chen ,&nbsp;Yajing Sun ,&nbsp;Shuhao Wang ,&nbsp;Miao Yu ,&nbsp;Hao Lu ,&nbsp;Xin Lin ,&nbsp;Lida Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Directed energy deposition (DED) is an important branch of metal additive manufacturing and holds significant potential for the manufacturing and in-situ repairing of complex parts. However, the gas porosity defect is inevitably introduced in the DEDed parts, which severely affects the fatigue performance of the parts. This paper innovatively combines the discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to trace the transformation from powder dynamics to bubble evolution in the molten pool and finally to pore entrapment in solidified tracks. The results show that the fluid drag force play the dominate role on bubble evolution in the molten pool. Specifically, in the straight flow region, small bubbles escape directly from the molten pool, while in the vortex region, their satellite-like rotational motions promote coalescence and entrapment, leading to higher porosity density at the top and bottom of the track. Finally, two methods, namely powder stream size tailoring and laser beam shaping are proposed to mitigate gas porosity. This work can further enhance the understanding of coupled physical phenomena and gas porosity formation in DED.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104815"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of open-architecture two-wavelength grayscale digital light processing for advanced vat photopolymerization","authors":"Heyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Abby Maier ,&nbsp;Melvin Mathews ,&nbsp;Jingtong Hu ,&nbsp;Xiayun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is an additive manufacturing technique that creates 3D parts by projecting 2D images onto layers of photopolymer resin. These images are often delivered using digital light processing (DLP) systems with digital micromirror devices. While conventional VPP relies on a single-wavelength DLP system, recent advancements have introduced multi-wavelength approaches to selectively trigger distinct photochemical reactions, enhancing multi-material printing and geometric precision. To further advance multi-wavelength VPP, open-architecture two-wavelength DLP systems are essential for enabling real-time control with adaptive exposure masks. In this work, we develop an orthogonal two-wavelength grayscale DLP system featuring custom optics and a reconfigured field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based control circuit. The system integrates a 50/50 beam-splitting optical architecture that merges 365 nm and 460 nm light sources, ensuring minimal distortion and precise alignment. A high-resolution CMOS camera and power meter are used to quantify the accuracy and alignment of the two-wavelength exposure masks. A workflow for projection alignment and calibration, grayscale image generation, compensation, and bit-stream data transmission via FPGA programming is established, enabling high-resolution, precisely aligned, and spatially accurate two-wavelength grayscale intensity projections onto the build platform. The system’s performance is validated through ray-tracing simulations, optical characterizations, and experimental sample printing. The developed architecture facilitates integration with mechanized platforms, metrology tools, and process control technologies, providing a robust foundation for reproducible and precise two-wavelength VPP. The elaborate methodologies of optics design, FPGA programming, and image processing advance both existing and emerging multi-wavelength VPP technologies, enhancing their capability for complex material systems and sophisticated applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104818"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integration of topology optimization and conformal minimal surfaces for additively manufactured liquid-cooled heat sinks","authors":"Joseph Nonso Orakwe ,&nbsp;Shahriar Imani Shahabad ,&nbsp;Osezua Ibhadode ,&nbsp;Ali Bonakdar ,&nbsp;Ehsan Toyserkani","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel methodology that integrates thermal-fluidic topology optimization (TopOpt) with advanced latticing techniques to design high-performance heat sinks tailored for additive manufacturing (AM). Inspired by a liquid cooling case study utilizing triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattices, developed through conformal mapping by the nTop-Puntozero design team, the methodology focuses on replicating, adapting, and optimizing the original design to enhance flow characteristics while maintaining effective heat dissipation, adhering to Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) guidelines and constraints. Four design variants were evaluated: a conventional serpentine cold plate, a geometrically similar replica of the reference design, and two hybrid TopOpt-latticing heat sinks. Numerical simulations were conducted to characterize performance metrics across a range of fluid pumping powers (<em>P</em>_{<em>pump</em>} <em>≤</em> 0.15 Watts). The results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly enhances thermal-hydraulic performance compared to conventional designs. Additionally, prototypes of the optimized heat sinks were successfully fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), validating their manufacturability. This work highlights the potential of hybrid TopOpt-latticing methods in achieving superior heat sink performance and underscores the necessity for holistic design workflows to fully integrate optimization, manufacturability, and application-specific requirements. Future research will focus on further development of these workflows and experimental validation of the numerical findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104814"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of anisotropic microstructure on chip formation mechanism in additively manufactured Ti6Al4V","authors":"Xinyu Zhou,&nbsp;Fangyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Zhian Lin,&nbsp;Yabin Liu,&nbsp;Yutao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating machining and additive manufacturing (AM) can improve the machining quality of titanium alloy components. However, the anisotropic characteristics of the microstructure in AM titanium alloys significantly affect chip morphology, which influences the vibrations in the cutting process, resulting in lower machining quality than isotropic materials. Therefore, this study explores the effects of the anisotropic microstructure on the chip formation mechanisms of AM Ti6Al4V. The morphology and microstructure of the chips and the Adiabatic Shear Bands (ASBs) were observed, and the crystal orientation and grain size of the chips and those near the ASBs were discussed. The results demonstrate that the microstructure type, texture, grain size, and grain boundary of the AM Ti6Al4V cause the bending and bifurcation of the ASBs, and the chip morphology depends on the slip path of the ASBs. Widmanstätten and the pyramidal slip system are more susceptible to dislocation movement and ASB slip; the large grains decrease the critical resolved shear stress of the slip system, which is more conducive to shear slip; the grain boundaries along the columnar crystals are prone to shear slip and crack propagation, leading to the bending of ASB and unusual chip morphology. As the cutting speed increases, the effects of the anisotropic microstructure on the chip formation become more significant, leading to more complex chip morphology. This research, for the first time, discovered the influence of anisotropic microstructures on adiabatic shear bands and chip morphology by analyzing the crystal orientation and grain morphology within the chips. The findings can help reduce cutting vibrations and tool wear, thereby improving the cutting quality of AM Ti6Al4V.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104813"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-process density measurement for model-based process optimization of functionally graded foam microcellular structures in material extrusion additive manufacturing","authors":"Donghua Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhaowei Zhou ,&nbsp;Kaicheng Ruan ,&nbsp;Xuguang Xu ,&nbsp;Guoquan Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziwen Chen ,&nbsp;Kui Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing with in-process foaming enables the creation of complex, porous structures with graded density and porosity. However, the current process planning method, based on volume conservation principles, fails to accurately capture the nonlinear process-density relationship, thereby limiting the precision of density control. Herein, this study proposes a model-based process optimization approach that utilizes a non-contact in-process density measurement method, enabling optimization of both density and track width. First, this approach accelerates data collection and constructs a reliable process-density and process-width regression model, facilitating rapid process optimization of functionally graded foam. Then, the model captures the nonlinear effects of temperature and printing speed on thermally expandable microspheres, where high temperatures and low speeds promote foaming, and vice versa. Finally, foam samples with gradient densities, produced using optimized parameters, validate the regression model's accuracy and feasibility for customizing intralayer and interlayer density, investigating continuous density gradients, and pressure distribution-driven insoles. Generally, the results highlight the critical role of temperature and printing speed in determining foam density and microstructure, significantly advancing high-quality, controlled-density foam production via material extrusion additive manufacturing. Moreover, the study presents a framework for in-situ, in-process density measurement, aiding the rapid development of process parameter windows for density-variable novel materials based on mass conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104817"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process research of the powder bed-based 5-axis additive/subtractive hybrid manufacturing for internal features","authors":"Yukai Chen,&nbsp;Yin Wang,&nbsp;Yu Lu,&nbsp;Yuxuan Jiang,&nbsp;Ke Huang,&nbsp;Bin Han,&nbsp;Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive/subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM) has emerged as a promising solution to overcome the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy issues commonly encountered in the traditional additive manufacturing (AM) process. Particularly, when processing complex internal features using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), there are limitations in the existing powder bed-based (PB-based) ASHM processes. Therefore, this study developed a novel PB-based 5-axis ASHM system to address the challenges. The PB-based 5-axis ASHM process was proposed and validated through in situ manufacturing of internal cavity and internal channel features by using Inconel 718. The results demonstrated significant improvements in surface quality, with a reduction in surface roughness to below Ra 0.8 μm, a 77.5 % increase in dimensional accuracy, and closure of surface pore defects. The study further explored the comprehensive effects of the PB-based ASHM process on microstructure and mechanical performance, revealing the formation of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) caused by side milling process and lack-of-fusion (LOF) defects resulting from interval AM process. The results showed that the hybrid process enhanced strength and surface hardness but significantly reduced elongation of the material, with optimal performance observed in specimens determined by AM matrix and process alternation frequency at small-cutting-volume conditions. Additionally, the impacts of milling chips on the PB-based ASHM process for parts with minimal cross-sectional variation were demonstrated to be controllable in this study. Overall, the PB-based 5-axis ASHM system development and process research offer a promising approach to manufacturing more kinds of complex internal features, contributing to the wider application in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104812"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser powder bed fusion of difficult-to-print γ′ Ni-based superalloys: A review of processing approaches, properties, and remaining challenges","authors":"Pablo D. Enrique,&nbsp;Tatevik Minasyan,&nbsp;Ehsan Toyserkani","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal additive manufacturing (AM) promises a revolution with the potential to fabricate more complex, lighter, and higher performance components while simplifying supply chains and reducing material waste. However, many of the superalloys that are critical to applications requiring superior high-temperature properties are also challenging to process using fusion-based AM. The number of publications on this topic has grown significantly in the past five years, reflecting a growing interest within industry and academia. This article reviews and discusses the challenges associated with powder bed fusion - laser beam (PBF-LB) of γ′ Ni-based superalloys and recent approaches that have enabled their processing. This includes process parameter optimization, alloy modification, and heat treatment, all of which have been shown to produce material with reduced defect density. Additionally, the properties of γ′ Ni-based superalloys made with PBF-LB and conventional (cast and wrought) processes are compared and the reasons for the observed differences are discussed. Current and future research trends are provided based on the current outstanding challenges and prevailing theories in the literature, as well as an outlook on the adoption of PBF-LB γ′ Ni-based superalloys in industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104811"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing gas flow in the build chamber of laser powder bed fusion systems utilizing particle image velocimetry: A path to improvements","authors":"Aaron Abeyta ,&nbsp;Cole Nouwens ,&nbsp;Ashley M. Jones ,&nbsp;Troy A. Haworth ,&nbsp;Alex Montelione ,&nbsp;Mamidala Ramulu ,&nbsp;Dwayne Arola","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is increasingly being utilized for the manufacture of structural components for the aerospace industry. In L-PBF an inert gas is used to protect the melt pool from contamination by reactive elements in the build chamber and to carry away by-products generated by the laser-powder interaction, including soot, condensate, etc. Spatial variations or other undesirable characteristics (e.g., turbulence, dead zones, etc.) in the gas flow distribution could enable build defects to develop that cause spatial variability in metal quality and microstructure, as well as variability in the mechanical properties. This investigation analyzed the gas flow in a full-scale model of the build chamber for a commercial system utilizing high-fidelity Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Planar mode views showed that the gas flow within the build chamber is not uniform and that the flow distribution across the build plate undergoes a reduction in velocity laterally of nearly 50 %; the reduction in flow downstream from the gas inlet to the exit reaches nearly 70 %. Serial views involving multiple planes of evaluation revealed regions of stagnation as well as recirculation zones that could entrain soot and metal vapor condensate. Lastly, a modified Y-Duct design is conceived and shown through analysis performed using PIV to substantially improve the flow field distribution across the build plate. Details of the flow fields, locations of concern, and benefits of the PIV approach to assess and inform improvements in the gas flow distribution are discussed. These findings can lead to improvements in quality realized by part placement and distinguish opportunities for further tuning of the gas flow overall.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104810"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}