Additive manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Evolution of powder-entrapped pores in Ti–6Al–4V fabricated with powder bed fusion-laser beam process","authors":"Nathan A. Wassermann ,&nbsp;Justin P. Miner ,&nbsp;Jiayun Shao ,&nbsp;Tao Sun ,&nbsp;Alan J.H. McGaughey ,&nbsp;Sneha Prabha Narra","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>X-ray micro computed tomography (X-<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>CT) of bulk powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) Ti–6Al–4V samples shows that, within the optimal process window – where lack-of-fusion and keyhole porosity are minimized – higher laser power reduces the number density of powder-entrapped pores when hatch spacing, layer thickness, and laser spot size remain fixed. To gain insight into this observation, the X-<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>CT measurements of powder-entrapped pores are combined with a computational model to simulate pore trajectories in the PBF-LB melt pool. More than 100,000 independent pore trajectories are simulated at two different combinations of laser power and scanning velocity, where the forces acting on the pores are quantified using melt pool temperatures, pressures, and fluid flow velocities from multi-physics simulations. The model is then used to predict the pore size distributions in bulk samples fabricated within the optimal process window at 150 W, 700 mm/s and 370 W, 1200 mm/s. At both laser power settings, the total number density of pores predicted by the model is within one order of magnitude of the experimental values. The model suggests that the differences in the pore size distributions measured with X-<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>CT are caused by differences in melt pool overlap (i.e., remelting). Using the model, a process map is constructed to predict porosity as a function of hatch spacing and layer thickness, suggesting that the number density of powder-entrapped pores can vary by two orders of magnitude within the optimal process window. This result suggests that the elimination of powder-entrapped pores poses an obstacle to increasing build rates by increasing the hatch spacing and layer thickness. While previous investigations of pore evolution during PBF-LB focused on experimental approaches, this work will enable the development of model-driven processing strategies to promote pore elimination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104838"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive manufacturing of multicomponent glasses with enhanced optical properties via sol-gel","authors":"Alice Zanini ,&nbsp;Giada Bombardelli ,&nbsp;Giulio Giometti ,&nbsp;Anna De Marzi ,&nbsp;Johannes Erler ,&nbsp;Dennis Nissen ,&nbsp;Giorgia Franchin ,&nbsp;Paolo Colombo","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass is the cornerstone material for various applications in modern society and industry owing to its fascinating and unique properties. Herein, a versatile sol-gel protocol is proposed for the manufacturing of multicomponent complex-shaped glass structures with enhanced optical properties via photopolymerization-based processes, specifically UV-assisted Direct Ink Writing (UV-DIW) and Digital Light Processing (DLP). The photocurable, all-liquid inks comprise tetraethyl orthosilicate, triethoxymethylsilane, zirconium butoxide and/or titanium isopropoxide for the formation of an inorganic backbone tethered to the organic photopolymerization-derived network through 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, which serves both as photocurable monomer and silica source. The flexibility of our sol-gel system offers access to various multicomponent compositions, including the use of bulk coloring pigments. Such formulations enable the fabrication of components with remarkable refractive index (1.548–1.572) and the highest Abbe number v_d hitherto reported for 3D-printed parts (64.85). In addition, sintering temperatures are decreased to 1000°C, far below those typically required in conventional particle-based approaches (&gt;1400°C). This work provides novel fabrication frameworks and technological enhancements, expanding the potential of glass additive manufacturing techniques for scaled-up and rapid production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104864"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear light attenuation curing effects in vat photopolymerization","authors":"Yuseok Kim,&nbsp;Sadaf Sobhani","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Penetration depth (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) is a critical parameter in vat photopolymerization (VPP), directly governing cured depth and print resolution. However, the widely used Jacob’s working model estimates cured depth based on total energy dose and assumes a fixed attenuation coefficient, failing to account for the dynamic changes in light attenuation that influence <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> during curing. In this study, a revised penetration depth model <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>*</mo></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> is presented that integrates polymerization kinetics and the dynamic evolution of light attenuation during curing. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed model significantly enhances predictive accuracy, reducing the average error by 41.1 % and the maximum error by 57.7 % compared to the conventional approach. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for attenuation variations in penetration depth modeling to improve process control and print fidelity in VPP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104857"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimulating multi-scale gradient heterostructure in laser direct energy deposited and hybrid additive manufactured AA7075 alloy via double-aging heat treatment to realize strength-ductility synergy","authors":"Jiming Lv,&nbsp;Haifei Lu,&nbsp;Yuchen Liang,&nbsp;Kaiyu Luo,&nbsp;Jinzhong Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inverse relationship between strength and ductility has long been a major challenge in the field of metal research. Recently, the design and fabrication of non-uniform heterostructures, which involve the spatial distribution of different constituents via external thermal or mechanical means, have proven to be effective strategies for simultaneously enhancing strength and ductility. In this work, double-aging heat treatment (HT) was employed to activate the alternating columnar-equiaxial and cross-scale coarse-fine gradient heterostructures in laser direct energy deposited (LDED) and hybrid additive manufactured (HAM) AA7075 aluminum alloy. This approach led to a synchronous improvement in strength and ductility. Specifically, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL) of the LDED-HT samples were enhanced by approximately 20.1 % and 58.8 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the HAM-HT samples exhibited an UTS of ∼ 591.5 MPa and an EL of ∼ 15.1 %, which are superior to those of commercial wrought plates. Compared with the standalone LDED samples, The HAM ones with interlayer friction stir processing (IFSP) demonstrated completely pore elimination, significantly refined grains, and homogeneously fragmented inherent coarse precipitates. Following the double-aging HT, the width of columnar grains in LDED samples increased slightly, whereas the HAM samples exhibited abnormal grain growth (AGG) in the inter-track (IT) zones and normal grain growth (NGG) in the interlayer (IL) zones. Additionally, double-aging HT induced a much higher density of precipitations, such as η/η' phases, in the HAM samples compared to the LDED ones. The width of the precipitate-free zone (PFZ) in the HAM-HT samples was also significantly narrower than that in the LDED-HT ones. This work provides a novel approach for preparing multi-scale spatially heterostructures in thermally sensitive aluminum alloys, thereby breaking the inverse relationship between strength and ductility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104861"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External field induced high speed sintering of dynamically cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane: Mechanical properties and electromagnetic wave absorption","authors":"Tianci Liang ,&nbsp;Yifan Cai ,&nbsp;Lingyao Zhou ,&nbsp;Tongzhi Zang ,&nbsp;Liangyou Wu ,&nbsp;Guoxia Fei ,&nbsp;Ludwig Cardon ,&nbsp;Hesheng Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>External field induced high speed sintering (HSS), is one kind of powder bed fusion 3D printing technology, which significantly enhances the printing rate using infrared light area-scanning instead of laser point-scanning and fusion. HSS printing needs to develop new materials with rapid melting-solidification kinetics to adapt to its rapid sintering process. Here, the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) covalent adaptable networks (CANs) with dynamic imidazolium bonds were synthesized and further pulverized to make the elastomer powders for HSS 3D printing. The high-quality PDMS elastomer parts with good dimension accuracy and mechanical strength can be HSS-printed through the optimization of printing processing parameters. A post-treatment process with vacuum impregnation and heating can further improve the surface appearance and mechanical strength. The printed PDMS parts exhibit a tensile strength of 4.24 MPa and can be healed multiple times with an efficiency of nearly 100 %. A surprising finding is that the HSS printed parts have a good ultra-broadband electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption function, which also can be tuned by altering the printing parameters. The sub-microscopic layered structures of the inkjet-printed carbon black particles used as infrared absorbers of HSS printing were formed during the printing process, which can induce the multiple reflections and refractions of EMWs, significantly attenuating their intensity. At a specimen thickness of 28.3 mm, an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 14 GHz (4–18 GHz) can be achieved. The simulation results indicate that polarization loss, conduction loss, and quarter-wavelength interference are responsible for the electromagnetic waves' energy dissipation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104860"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screw extrusion-plasticizing friction stir deposition of pure aluminum: A novel solid-state additive manufacturing approach with particulate feedstock","authors":"Licheng Sun ,&nbsp;Jiaxun Li ,&nbsp;Yidi Wu ,&nbsp;Zexi Wu ,&nbsp;Huihong Liu ,&nbsp;Yongbing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Discrete feedstock-based (powders, particles, chips) solid-state additive manufacturing (AM) processes show significant application prospects in future due to their ability to efficiently and cost-effectively produce dense and uniform equiaxed microstructures, as well as customizable feedstock compositions. However, current processes face serious challenges, such as significant flash characteristics and porosity, low geometric flexibility and spatial freedom due to mold constraints, and difficulties in achieving continuous feeding and forming. This study proposes a novel solid-state AM process called “Screw Extrusion-plasticizing Friction Stir Deposition (SEFSD)” that enables the extrusion plasticization process of pure aluminum particulate feedstock through a three-stage tapered screw tool, potentially alleviating these above issues. Based on the feeding and forming principles of SEFSD, a gradient process parameter optimization method was employed to establish the matching relationship among the parameters that ensures the sound formation of deposition layers. A deposition wall with a refined equiaxed microstructure and uniform mechanical properties in different directions was successfully fabricated through continuous, layer-by-layer reciprocating deposition. The influence of rotational speed on the microstructure and its evolution of the single-layer as well as wall depositions were revealed through EBSD analysis. Finally, the heat generation mechanism, extrusion plasticization process mechanism, and material flow behavior during SEFSD were elucidated, providing a theoretical foundation for the AM of aluminum alloys or other customized materials in future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104855"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated desktop wiring of micromodular electronic systems with submicron electrohydrodynamic jet printed interconnects","authors":"Kaifan Yue ,&nbsp;Rebecca K. Banner ,&nbsp;Siddharth Kurup ,&nbsp;Hubert N. Elly ,&nbsp;Eric M. Vogel ,&nbsp;Michael A. Filler ,&nbsp;Kira Barton","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wiring microscale modular electrical components into functional circuits presents significant challenges in fabricating high-resolution interconnects through contactless, maskless processes and aligning them reliably with imprecisely placed components. This work introduces an integrated, desktop-scale process flow for assembling high-performance micromodular electronic systems, by synergistically combining: (1) modularized components for seamless electrical interconnection under ambient conditions, (2) vision-assisted adaptive routing to compensate for irregular placement and orientation, and (3) electrohydrodynamic jet printing for submicron-resolution interconnect fabrication. Physical interface requirements (e.g., approach angle, overlay count, continuation length, and deviation tolerance) and process constraints (e.g., nozzle idle time, crosstalk spacing, and stage acceleration limits) are embedded directly into routing algorithms to ensure reliable, high-quality interconnect formation. Statistical evaluation demonstrates high routing feasibility and runtime efficiency across varying circuit complexities and layout conditions. Experimental validation using micromodular n-MOSFETs as building blocks successfully assembled transistor test structures and depletion-load nMOS inverters, achieving 650<!--> <!-->nm interconnect resolution, 82% device-level yield, and excellent transistor characteristics including sub-1<!--> <!-->V threshold voltages and electron mobilities exceeding 600 cm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>/(V<span><math><mi>⋅</mi></math></span>s). This adaptive, process-aware routing framework advances the integration of additive manufacturing and modular microelectronics, paving the way for scalable, robust, and highly customizable electronic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104830"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reduced-order modelling procedure for estimating residual stress and distortion in fusion-based metal AM parts","authors":"Zetao Jin ,&nbsp;Pingsha Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been a growing interest in understanding and estimating residual stress and distortion in fusion-based metal additive manufacturing (AM) to support process qualification and part certification. This paper presents a reduced-order modeling procedure that provides deeper insights into the residual stress development process and improves computational efficiency by identifying two key parameters that have controlling effects on both the final residual stress state and resulting distortion. One is the plastic zone consisting of both the deposition fusion zone and a region around it and the other is the limit elastic strain state within the plastic zone. A set of closed-form solutions is derived for estimating both the plastic zone boundary and the elastic strain limit. With both parameters being determined, a novel shrinkage strain method is presented for performing simplified finite element simulations of some typical metal AM pass depositions and 3D build scenarios. Validations are then performed by comparing the results obtained from the proposed reduced-order modeling procedure and those from detailed time-history-based thermoplasticity simulations and experimental measurements, demonstrating the effectiveness and computational efficiency of the proposed procedure. This approach provides a practical tool for rapid residual stress estimation and a more comprehensive understanding of residual stress evolution in AM processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104856"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiphysics modelling of pulsed-wave laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Xueyu Bai ,&nbsp;Chao Tang ,&nbsp;Shubo Gao ,&nbsp;Van-Thai Tran ,&nbsp;Kun Zhou ,&nbsp;Hejun Du","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A fundamental understanding of process–structure–property correlations is crucial for improving the performances of metallic materials produced by additive manufacturing. In the laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) process, compared to the conventional continuous-wave mode, the implementation of pulsed-wave mode has advantages such as less heat accumulation, fast cooling rates, and improved mechanical properties. However, the correlations between process parameters and as-built quality remain underexplored for pulsed-wave PBF-LB. In this study, we fill this gap by developing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with a cellular automaton (CA) model to investigate the influence of pulsed-wave laser on heat transfer and microstructure evolution in the melt pool. Several parameter sets, including varying frequencies and scanning speeds, were arranged to conduct numerical simulations and to print both single-track and cubic stainless steel 316L samples for experimental validation. The predicted surface roughness, melt pool depth, print defects, cellular structures, and grain structures show good agreement with experimental measurements, with a maximum relative error of 17 %. In our demonstration cases, the application of a pulsed-wave laser increases the cooling rate by at least 9 %. The cooling rate increases at an approximate rate of 0.5 K/s·Hz with decreasing laser frequency, leading to the formation of finer cellular and grain structures. This research offers new insights into the role of pulsed-wave PBF-LB in reducing process defects, controlling microstructures, and enhancing material properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104833"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of the high-viscosity fluid transient flow for material deposition in direct ink writing","authors":"James Lorenz ,&nbsp;Matthew Hildner ,&nbsp;William van den Bogert ,&nbsp;Bizhong Zhu ,&nbsp;Stanley Yee ,&nbsp;Nima Fazeli ,&nbsp;Albert J. Shih","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A transient flow model is developed to predict the flow of high-viscosity fluid dispensing for precision direct ink writing (DIW) in additive manufacturing. Models for pump deformation and fluid friction to accurately predict flow of a high-viscosity non-Newtonian fluid through a progressive cavity pump, static mixer, and a tapered nozzle are created. Inside the progressive cavity pump, the effect of elastic deformation on modeling high-viscosity fluid transient flow is included. Based on the Characteristic Method (CM) and boundary conditions for DIW, the continuity and momentum equations are numerically solved. Using deformation modeling and CM, the transient response of the DIW system to the input volumetric flow rate is modeled for both a pipe and static mixer. The transient response of the DIW output volumetric flow rate is recorded using flow and pressure sensors and found to match the flow model. The deformation and CM models are applied to predict the swelling of a 90° corner DIW tool path from trapezoidal motion planning with accelerations from 100 to 2000 mm/s². Predicted corner swelling is matched with the actual corner swelling via image processing of the 90° corner. The corner swelling is significant, ranging from 0.76 to 0.37 mm for a line width of 0.25 mm and a height of 0.15 mm, and represents the model’s ability to quantify print errors. This study demonstrates that the flow model can accurately predict the transient response of the DIW volumetric flow rate, which is foundational to high-fidelity flow control and compensation in precision DIW.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 104836"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}