Additive manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Designing curing layer structures to manage the anisotropies of alumina ceramics manufactured by vat photopolymerization","authors":"Xuehua Yu ,&nbsp;Yuhui Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Wang ,&nbsp;Ke Zhong ,&nbsp;Mingtao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jibin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Controlling for anisotropic dimensional shrinkage, three-point bending strength, and fracture toughness are significant scientific issues in the fields of ceramic cores and bioceramics and are primarily influenced by oriented lamellar structures. For this purpose, this work designs some micro-sized hollow rectangular structures to transform lamellar structures into T-shaped dislocation layer structures which improve the section factor, thus controlling the anisotropic properties. Starting from the theoretical equation of curing depth, a novel photopolymerization profile curve equation is established to accurately predict the actual curing profile curve, guiding microstructural design. The photopolymerization state of the green body with a microstructural design is consistent with that of normal printing. This experiment investigates the control benefits of microstructural design parameters (the length, width, and area percentage of the rectangle) and sintering temperature on dimensional shrinkage, bending strength, and fracture toughness. The microstructural design method provides a dimension shrinkage control benefit of −4.02–7.22 % for the <em>x</em> direction, −3.59–9.53 % for the <em>y</em> direction, and −5.54–8.48 % for the <em>z</em> direction, a bending strength enhancement effect of −12.97–25.73 % in the <em>x</em> direction and −17.64–16.88 % in the <em>z</em> direction, and a fracture toughness reinforcement effect of 2.5–36.67 % in the <em>x</em> direction and 6.47–82.86 % in the <em>z</em> direction, which results in a reduction rate of anisotropic dimensional shrinkage and strength ranging from −175.90–32.85 % and 4.34–75.49 %, respectively. The maximum bending strength and fracture toughness reach 331.40 MPa and 6.14 MPa∙m^1/2, respectively. This provides a common control method for the dimension and mechanical properties of any material via VPP additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 104763"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vat photopolymerization 3D printed SiOC-based metamaterials with triply periodic minimal surface: Microwave absorption and load-bearing properties","authors":"Cunxian Wang ,&nbsp;Haodong Wang ,&nbsp;Lu Tang ,&nbsp;Jimei Xue ,&nbsp;Zhijun Wang ,&nbsp;Hanjun Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microwave absorbing structures are important for addressing challenges in complex electromagnetic (EM) and physical environments because they offer broadband absorption, a lightweight design, and mechanical load-bearing capabilities. Herein, this work employed vat photopolymerization 3D printing and polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) technology to manufacture Re₂O₃-modified SiOC metamaterials, where Re refers to holmium (Ho), neodymium (Nd), and yttrium (Y). The materials feature a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) meta-structure inspired by the gyroid structure. The effects of different Re elements on the dielectric, magnetic, microwave absorption, and compression properties were investigated. Compared with the original SiOC, Ho₂O₃<img>SiOC, and Y₂O₃<img>SiOC ceramics, the Nd₂O₃<img>SiOC ceramic demonstrated excellent absorption characteristics within the X<img>band. It achieves a minimum reflection loss (RL_min) of <img>45.12 dB at 4.15 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) spanning 4.2 GHz from 3.5 to 3.7 mm. This performance is attributed mainly to the TPMS meta-structure, which improves impedance matching. The Nd₂O₃ particles enhance the dielectric and magnetic losses. The Nd₂O₃<img>SiOC ceramic also demonstrated strong mechanical properties, with a maximum failure strength of 11.3 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 1.72 GPa. These results arise from the uniform dispersion and fine-scale distribution of Nd₂O₃ within the SiOC matrix. The CST simulations indicate that the Nd₂O₃<img>SiOC metamaterials cover the entire C-band (4–8.2 GHz), which is particularly effective within thicknesses ranging from 2.9 to 5.0 mm. Consequently, Nd₂O₃<img>SiOC ceramics display substantial promise in both their low-frequency and broadband absorption capabilities, as well as in their mechanical load-bearing properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 104776"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying melt pool behavior in ceramics PBF-LB via operando synchrotron tomographic microscopy and high-fidelity process modeling","authors":"A. Muther ,&nbsp;M.G. Makowska ,&nbsp;Z.L. Zhang ,&nbsp;F. Verga ,&nbsp;F. Marone ,&nbsp;N. Garrivier ,&nbsp;A. Cretton ,&nbsp;S. Van Petegem ,&nbsp;M. Bambach ,&nbsp;M. Afrasiabi","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in high-fidelity process simulations have significantly enhanced the understanding of melt pool behavior during laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) of metals. However, for ceramics, their unique material properties and complex thermophysical behavior present significant challenges in developing detailed models that effectively complement limited experimental observations. In this work, we integrate operando synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy with computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) simulations to investigate the melt pool dynamics of alumina during PBF-LB. In-situ observations reveal a shallow and wide melt pool, distinct from that of metals. This behavior is linked to alumina’s low thermal conductivity, high laser absorption, and negative surface tension gradients, as confirmed through high-fidelity process simulations. Key mechanisms identified include limited heat penetration, enhanced surface-oriented convection, and surface vortices driven by heat exchange with the surrounding gas environment. The influence of laser power and scanning speed on melt pool geometry is systematically analyzed, leading to the first virtual process map and parameter windows for stable PBF-LB of alumina. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing process parameters and advancing ceramic additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104756"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous topology and toolpath optimization for layer-free multi-axis additive manufacturing of 3D composite structures","authors":"Joseph R. Kubalak,&nbsp;Alfred L. Wicks,&nbsp;Christopher B. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composite materials are extremely common in nature, with organic structures freely distributing and orienting anisotropic material properties in 3D to achieve a high degree of efficiency and functionality. Human-made composite structures do not leverage the same design thinking; they are frequently designed specifically for isotropic performance and with little geometric complexity due to limitations imposed by the manufacturing processes. While additive manufacturing (AM) provides unprecedented geometric flexibility, it typically deposits material in a series of stacked 2D layers (despite the moniker of “3D printing”); it does not enable the same freedoms of material placement and orientation seen in nature. Multi-axis (e.g., robotically-enabled) AM enables true 3D part fabrication such that material anisotropy can be advantageously oriented to enhance part performance (e.g., aligning fiber reinforcement to anticipated load paths), but existing methodologies separate the design of part geometry from its multi-axis printing toolpath. This paper presents a novel design and manufacturing workflow that integrates design optimization and multi-axis AM to algorithmically create optimal part topologies concurrently with their printing toolpaths. The workflow is aware of manufacturing and design considerations to maximize part performance while simultaneously guaranteeing multi-axis printability. Material is placed through an optimized, layer-free process to significantly improve the performance of additively manufactured composite structures. The design workflow is validated by optimizing, fabricating, and mechanically evaluating multi-axis structures and demonstrated a 56.9 % improvement in structural efficiency relative to a conventional, layer-wise AM process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 104774"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of spatter due to liquid metal expulsion in additive manufacturing","authors":"Yang Du ,&nbsp;Stephanie A. Pestka ,&nbsp;Alaa Elwany","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The undesired, unpreventable, liquid metallic spatters can significantly degrade the surface quality, dimension accuracy, and mechanical properties of the manufactured parts of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). However, the control and prediction for spatter formation are still challenging because additive manufacturing involves many simultaneously occurring physical processes. Among the various influencing factors, vapor recoil and surface tension forces are the primary contributors to metallic spatter formation. In this work, we present a novel spatter index that captures the synthetic influence of vapor recoil and surface tension forces on the periphery of the melt pool and the metallic spatter’s formation and behavior. An analytical model, considering the influence of various process conditions (such as shielding gas, powder bed, and alloy properties), is applied to calculate the temperature field of the LPBF process, and the computed results have been rigorously tested by three alloys under various process conditions. The calculated temperature field and the alloy’s chemical composition are applied to compute the surface tension force, vapor recoil force, and spatter index. This derived dimensionless spatter index reveals insights into the formation mechanism and shows a linear relationship with the spatter’s amount and initial ejection speed for various alloys. In addition, we generate a spatter index process map for AF9629 under different process conditions. The proposed easy-to-calculate and easy-to-apply spatter index and process map offer significant potential for optimizing process conditions, mitigating metallic spatter formation, and enhancing printed components' surface quality and mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 104773"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing on-machine metrology data for prints with a surrogate model for laser powder directed energy deposition","authors":"Michael Juhasz,&nbsp;Eric Chin,&nbsp;Youngsoo Choi,&nbsp;Joseph T. McKeown,&nbsp;Saad Khairallah","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we leverage the massive amount of multi-modal on-machine metrology data generated from Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition (LP-DED) to construct a comprehensive surrogate model of the 3D printing process. By employing Dynamic Mode Decomposition with Control (DMDc), a data-driven technique, we capture the complex physics inherent in this extensive dataset. This physics-based surrogate model emphasizes thermodynamically significant quantities, enabling us to accurately predict key process outcomes. The model ingests 21 process parameters, including laser power, scan rate, and position, while providing outputs such as melt pool temperature, melt pool size, and other essential observables. Furthermore, it incorporates uncertainty quantification to provide bounds on these predictions, enhancing reliability and confidence in the results. We then deploy the surrogate model on a new, unseen part and monitor the printing process as validation of the method. Our experimental results demonstrate that the predictions align with actual measurements with high accuracy, confirming the effectiveness of our approach. This methodology not only facilitates real-time predictions but also operates at process-relevant speeds, establishing a basis for implementing feedback control in LP-DED.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104745"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing printing accuracy of arbitrarily non-linear fibers in melt electrowriting: Role of inertia and charge effect","authors":"Yunpeng Wang,&nbsp;Chengzu Li,&nbsp;Yi He,&nbsp;Yixin Li,&nbsp;Kai Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Melt electrowriting (MEW) is an emerging additive manufacturing technology that holds significant potential for the precise fabrication of scaffolds due to its solvent-free nature and high microarchitectural tunability. MEW-enabled scaffolds composed of non-linear fibers have garnered great interests since their design allows a much higher degree of structural and mechanical biomimicry. However, the printing accuracy of non-linear fibers, especially for arbitrary patterns, remains challenging due to the discrepancy between the designed toolpath and the printed fiber pattern at the presence of jet lag. To address this problem, we systematically investigated ways to enhance the printing accuracy of arbitrarily non-linear fibers in MEW. Specifically, an MEW motion control system was established, which incorporated the presence of jet lag into toolpath generation and speed control. Moreover, an adaptive image-processing algorithm based on pixel overlap was proposed to evaluate the fiber printing accuracy. Subsequently, the effects of different toolpath-related parameters on printing accuracy were extensively investigated. Results show that improving printing accuracy can be achieved by reducing curvature, appropriately selecting jet lag length, collector speed, and toolpath directionality. More importantly, the role of coexisting inertia and charge effect is firstly revealed in affecting printing accuracy. This work provides valuable insights into printing of arbitrarily non-linear fiber by MEW and paves the way for the development of more complex biomimetic structures in tissue engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104767"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-head multi-photon polymerization 3D printing for parallel additive manufacturing organic/inorganic materials in optics","authors":"Zhihan Hong ,&nbsp;Zheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruilin You ,&nbsp;Jiabin Chen ,&nbsp;Shaobai Li ,&nbsp;Yihan Wang ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Sun ,&nbsp;Bofan Song ,&nbsp;Zhongying Ji ,&nbsp;Douglas A. Loy ,&nbsp;Rongguang Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid 3D laser printing based on two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a promising technique for fabricating high-resolution structures, but its scalability is often hindered by challenges in parallelization and material versatility. In this study, we present a high-precision, multi-head 3D printing system that integrates advanced optical and material control to address these limitations. By employing a dual-head setup with independent focal length adjustments and paired linear polarizers, our system enables simultaneous multi-material printing and rapid iteration of fabrication parameters, significantly enhancing prototyping efficiency. We demonstrated this system's versatility by successfully fabricating diverse microstructures, and compatible with organic and inorganic components. The system can achieve a minimum feature size of sub-100 nm and the highest printing speeds of 20 mm/s with a numerical aperture (NA) of 1.3 or 0.8, balancing precision and efficiency for industrial-scale applications. Additionally, its capability to perform multi-parameter, full-field-of-view additive manufacturing facilitates a wide range of design possibilities. The potential of this technique is further illustrated through two optical applications: an 8 × 8 convex lens array and diffractive optics for high-resolution holography. The lenses exhibit exceptional surface quality and uniformity with a roughness of less than 4 nm and a peak-to-valley surface deviation is around 200 nm, while the diffractive optics achieve sub-wavelength feature resolution, demonstrating the system’s suitability for advanced optical component manufacturing. This study advances the state of additive manufacturing by addressing key challenges in parallelization, scalability, and material diversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104772"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-fidelity part-scale simulations in metal additive manufacturing using a computationally efficient and accurate approach","authors":"Carlos A. Moreira ,&nbsp;Michele Chiumenti ,&nbsp;Manuel A. Caicedo ,&nbsp;Joan Baiges ,&nbsp;Miguel Cervera","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a novel local–global thermo-mechanical simulation method based on the Virtual Domain Approximation (VDA) to enhance part-scale analysis in Direct Energy Deposition (DED), a prominent Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) technique. DED offers transformative capabilities in the production of complex metal components by enabling precise, layer-by-layer deposition of material using focused energy sources such as lasers or electron beams. However, its widespread adoption remains hindered by challenges such as accurate prediction of material behavior, complex thermal gradients, and residual stresses inherent to the DED process. Conventional experimental approaches are not only expensive but also limited in exploring the wide range of process parameters typical of DED, highlighting the need for efficient numerical simulations for component qualification.</div><div>Our proposed simulation framework significantly improves computational efficiency without sacrificing accuracy, addressing the resource-intensive nature of High-Fidelity (HF) simulations. By adopting a local–global strategy, the size of the numerical domain is reduced to a region of interest close to the Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ). This paper details the local–global approach criterion and the application of a residual-based VDA for the approximation of the boundary condition of the local domain. A comparative evaluation against standard finite element (FE) full-order simulations underscores the advantages of our approach in accurately speeding-up the mechanical simulation.</div><div>This research provides a powerful tool for efficient and accurate simulations, advancing DED technology within the broader MAM framework and supporting its wider implementation across industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 104748"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabricable stochastic periodic porous microstructures: A Wang cube and Gaussian kernel approach","authors":"Lihao Tian ,&nbsp;Zhongren Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaokang Liu ,&nbsp;Kaifeng Tian ,&nbsp;Andrei Sharf ,&nbsp;Lin Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stochastic porous structures, characterized by randomly distributed voids within solid materials, are prevalent in natural systems such as geological formations, biological tissues, and ecosystems. These structures play crucial roles in processes like nutrient transport and water retention, making them a key focus of interdisciplinary research. Traditional design methods for stochastic porous structures often require detailed modeling of the entire structure, leading to high computational costs. To alleviate this, periodic microstructures are commonly used to fill target regions with repetitive units. However, generating large-scale stochastic porous structures that combine smooth connectivity with global randomness using periodic units remains a significant challenge. This paper presents a novel approach for generating periodic stochastic porous microstructures based on Wang tile rules. The proposed method employs a parameterized generative model with a dual-layer structure, incorporating 27 types of periodic periphery configurations and internal pore-tunnel structures formed from randomly distributed Gaussian kernels. This design balances stochasticity with boundary constraints. Simulations and experiments validate the proposed approach, showing that the resulting stochastic porous microstructures exhibit distinct deformation patterns and superior energy absorption compared to periodic microstructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104739"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}