Additive manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Deep learning based optical image super-resolution via generative diffusion models for layerwise in-situ LPBF monitoring","authors":"Francis Ogoke ,&nbsp;Sumesh Kalambettu Suresh ,&nbsp;Jesse Adamczyk ,&nbsp;Dan Bolintineanu ,&nbsp;Anthony Garland ,&nbsp;Michael Heiden ,&nbsp;Amir Barati Farimani","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stochastic formation of defects during Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) negatively impacts its adoption for high-precision use cases. Optical monitoring techniques can be used to identify defects based on layer-wise imaging, but these methods are difficult to scale to high resolutions due to cost and memory constraints. Therefore, we implement generative deep learning models to link low-cost, low-resolution images of the build plate to detailed high-resolution optical images of the build plate, enabling cost-efficient process monitoring. To do so, a conditional latent probabilistic diffusion model is trained to produce realistic high-resolution images of the build plate from low-resolution webcam images, recovering the distribution of small-scale features and surface roughness. We first evaluate the performance of the model by analyzing the reconstruction quality of the generated images using peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM) and wavelet covariance metrics that describe the preservation of high-frequency information. Additionally, we design a framework based upon the Segment Anything foundation model to recreate the 3D morphology of the printed part and analyze the surface roughness of the reconstructed samples. Finally, we explore the zero-shot generalization capabilities of the implemented framework to other part geometries by creating synthetic low-resolution data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104790"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving uniformly refined grain structure in fusion-based metal additive manufacturing: Experimental demonstration and analytical model development","authors":"Minglei Qu ,&nbsp;Jiandong Yuan ,&nbsp;Qilin Guo ,&nbsp;Ali Nabaa ,&nbsp;Luis Izet Escano ,&nbsp;Junye Huang ,&nbsp;Qingyuan Li ,&nbsp;Lianyi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adding nucleants is a common method for achieving columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) in laser metal additive manufacturing (AM). However, the resulting microstructure often exhibits heterogeneity due to variations in solidification conditions across different melt pool locations, which introduces uncertainties in mechanical properties. Here, we achieved uniformly refined equiaxed grain structure at every location of the melt pool during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of Al6061 by adding TiC naoparticles. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of columnar to equiaxed transition at different melt pool locations, we employed experimentally validated thermo-fluid dynamics simulations to capture the dynamic evolution of solidification conditions. Analysis using Hunt’s CET model revealed that TiC-induced heterogeneous nucleation can facilitate columnar to equiaxed transition only at the melt pool center. Further grain refinement at the melt pool boundary, characterized by a low solidification rate and a high temperature gradient, was achieved through particle-induced grain growth restriction. Given previous analytical CET models do not explicitly account for particle-induced growth restriction effects, we developed an analytical model that integrates the particle induced growth restriction mechanism for predicting grain structure. The developed model accurately predicts the grain morphology evolution at different melt pool locations observed in our Al6061+TiC samples. Our research provides quantitative insights and material design guidelines for achieving uniformly refined grain structures in fusion-based metal AM processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 104805"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of 3D-printed polymeric covers for electrode wires in electropolishing of additively manufactured parts with internal channels","authors":"Manyou Sun,&nbsp;Ali Mohammadnejad,&nbsp;Ehsan Toyserkani","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work discloses the preliminary results of a feasibility study of a novel setup and procedure for electropolishing internal channels of additively manufactured components. A specially designed and printed polymeric cover was assembled with a flexible stainless steel 316 wire to facilitate electropolishing of internal channels with various curvatures. A numerical simulation was conducted for optimization of wire cover designs, and the performance of three designs were analyzed and compared. Following that, experimental studies were conducted to assess the feasibility of the process. The presence of curvatures was found to influence the formation and removal of conductive solid reaction products, thus affecting the electropolishing performance accordingly. A maximum surface roughness <em>Sa</em> reduction from 10.86 ± 0.50 μm to 1.44 ± 0.46 μm was obtained for straight channels after electropolishing for 20 min, while less efficient surface smoothening performance was observed on curved channels. While challenges need to be solved for improving the electropolishing performance and reducing the limit of the channel size that can be electropolished, the methods show significant potential on electropolishing curved internal channels, which can be further used in industrial-scale applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104824"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of thermal history on elemental diffusion, phase evolution, and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion fabricated Ti6Al4V/AlMgScZr multi-material components","authors":"Guangjing Huang,&nbsp;Dongdong Gu,&nbsp;Hong Liu,&nbsp;Kaijie Lin,&nbsp;Jie Wang,&nbsp;He Sun,&nbsp;Ziqi Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ti/Al multi-material components integrate the high specific strength of titanium with the lightweight characteristics of aluminum, demonstrating significant potential for applications in extreme environments. However, challenges such as weak interfacial bonding, elemental diffusion mismatch, and residual stress accumulation hinder broader application. In this study, Ti6Al4V/AlMgScZr multi-material components were fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), with thermal history control to optimize residual stress and mechanical properties. The effects of thermal history on Ti/Al multi-material interface were analyzed, encompassing elemental diffusion, phase interface, and mechanical performance. Results showed that heat treatment significantly enhanced elemental interdiffusion, with the diffusion layer thickness increasing from 3.74 µm in the as-built state to 26.86 µm after 425°C× 4 h heat treatment. The L1₂-Al₃Ti phases formed a coherent interface with the aluminum matrix, alleviating lattice mismatch, enhancing stress transfer, and promoting partial ordered phases under high-temperature heat treatment. Simulations revealed that residual stress in the AlMgScZr region decreased from 282 MPa in the as-built sample to 81.2 MPa after heat treatment at 325°C× 4 h, effectively mitigating thermal mismatch-induced deformation and ensuring uniform stress distribution. This study provides new insights into the interfacial phase evolution and residual stress optimization in LPBF-fabricated multi-material systems. The synergistic effect of grain refinement and residual stress reduction led to a notable improvement in mechanical performance, with the tensile strength reaching 313.1 MPa after 325°C× 4 h heat treatment, representing a 50.3 % increase over the as-built sample. These findings offer valuable guidance for the design and processing of high-performance Ti/Al multi-material components for aerospace applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104821"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144114984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacuum additive manufacturing of polyether ether ketone: Prediction of mechanical properties and forming mechanism","authors":"Jingxuan wang ,&nbsp;Yiwei Chen ,&nbsp;Zhongde Shan ,&nbsp;Congze Fan ,&nbsp;Wenzhe Song ,&nbsp;Jinghua Zheng ,&nbsp;Fan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) 3D printing technology has enormous potential uses in space exploration and engineering because of the exceptional qualities of material and ability to withstand the harsh conditions of the space environment. Considering the significant influence of the vacuum environment on the thermal history and resin rheology of the 3D printing process, this study establishes a predictive model using response surface methodology (RSM) to correlate axial tensile strength with critical process parameters under 10 Pa vacuum environment (VAC) and standard atmospheric pressure (ATM). Moreover, the relationship between tensile strength and process parameters across different environmental pressures is analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and univariate analysis. To further understand the intricate behaviors of PEEK during 3D printing, cooling and non-isothermal crystallization models, the neck growth model, and the pore growth model were developed for both VAC and ATM conditions. These models were validated through crystallinity assessments, microstructural cross-section analysis, and monofilament extrusion tests. Experimental results reveal that the theoretical model provides an accurate depiction of heat and mass transfer processes in VAC and ATM conditions. The results calculated using the theoretical model systematically elucidate the influence mechanisms of the vacuum environment on heat and mass transfer, resin rheological behavior, and defect formation. The study explains the different effects of process parameters on the tensile properties under VAC and ATM pressure conditions and proposes a defect formation mechanism for vacuum-printed samples, attributed to the expansion of initial pores within the filament driven by the pressure difference between the internal and external environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104820"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of metastable β Ti-12Mo alloy fabricated by in-situ alloying-based additive manufacturing","authors":"Ranxi Duan ,&nbsp;Dingshan Liang ,&nbsp;Fuzeng Ren ,&nbsp;Dominik Daisenberger ,&nbsp;Oxana V. Magdysyuk ,&nbsp;Junhua Luan ,&nbsp;Zengbao Jiao ,&nbsp;Moataz M. Attallah ,&nbsp;Biao Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The strength-ductility trade-off in additively manufactured (AM) β Ti alloys remains a significant challenge. In this study, we employed a cost-effective in-situ alloying laser powder bed fusion approach with optimized processing parameters to fabricate a nearly fully dense, chemically homogeneous β Ti-12Mo alloy. We then examined how solution-treatment duration influences the tensile behavior of the AM Ti-12Mo alloy. The optimally solution-treated alloys exhibited high tensile yield strength (725–741 MPa) and commendable ductility (22–36 %) along both the 0° and 90° orientations relative to the build direction. Focusing on the underlying deformation mechanisms perpendicular to the build direction, we report a uniform elongation of 17.9 % and a pronounced strain hardening rate (∼2300 MPa at 4 %), which we elucidate via in-situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and microstructural characterization. The high yield strength is primarily attributed to the presence of Mo-lean embryonic athermal ω nanoparticles. During plastic deformation, both twinning and phase transformation contribute to the high strain hardening rate. At the early stage (strain &lt; 1.9 %), deformation is dominated by {332}&lt; 113 &gt;_β twinning, whereas at later stages, the deformation-induced α'' phase becomes significant. The volume fraction of α'' phase increases with strain, supporting the continuous hardening. Notably, irrational {112}&lt; 751 &gt;_β, secondary {112}&lt; 111 &gt;_β, and {130}&lt; 310 &gt;_α_'' nano-twins confine the primary structures to nanograins and sustain strain hardening. This study sheds light on designing high-performance β Ti-12Mo alloy via AM followed by heat treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104819"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of powder-induced gas porosity in directed energy deposition: Formation, evolution, and mitigation","authors":"Haodong Chen ,&nbsp;Yajing Sun ,&nbsp;Shuhao Wang ,&nbsp;Miao Yu ,&nbsp;Hao Lu ,&nbsp;Xin Lin ,&nbsp;Lida Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Directed energy deposition (DED) is an important branch of metal additive manufacturing and holds significant potential for the manufacturing and in-situ repairing of complex parts. However, the gas porosity defect is inevitably introduced in the DEDed parts, which severely affects the fatigue performance of the parts. This paper innovatively combines the discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to trace the transformation from powder dynamics to bubble evolution in the molten pool and finally to pore entrapment in solidified tracks. The results show that the fluid drag force play the dominate role on bubble evolution in the molten pool. Specifically, in the straight flow region, small bubbles escape directly from the molten pool, while in the vortex region, their satellite-like rotational motions promote coalescence and entrapment, leading to higher porosity density at the top and bottom of the track. Finally, two methods, namely powder stream size tailoring and laser beam shaping are proposed to mitigate gas porosity. This work can further enhance the understanding of coupled physical phenomena and gas porosity formation in DED.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104815"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of open-architecture two-wavelength grayscale digital light processing for advanced vat photopolymerization","authors":"Heyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Abby Maier ,&nbsp;Melvin Mathews ,&nbsp;Jingtong Hu ,&nbsp;Xiayun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is an additive manufacturing technique that creates 3D parts by projecting 2D images onto layers of photopolymer resin. These images are often delivered using digital light processing (DLP) systems with digital micromirror devices. While conventional VPP relies on a single-wavelength DLP system, recent advancements have introduced multi-wavelength approaches to selectively trigger distinct photochemical reactions, enhancing multi-material printing and geometric precision. To further advance multi-wavelength VPP, open-architecture two-wavelength DLP systems are essential for enabling real-time control with adaptive exposure masks. In this work, we develop an orthogonal two-wavelength grayscale DLP system featuring custom optics and a reconfigured field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based control circuit. The system integrates a 50/50 beam-splitting optical architecture that merges 365 nm and 460 nm light sources, ensuring minimal distortion and precise alignment. A high-resolution CMOS camera and power meter are used to quantify the accuracy and alignment of the two-wavelength exposure masks. A workflow for projection alignment and calibration, grayscale image generation, compensation, and bit-stream data transmission via FPGA programming is established, enabling high-resolution, precisely aligned, and spatially accurate two-wavelength grayscale intensity projections onto the build platform. The system’s performance is validated through ray-tracing simulations, optical characterizations, and experimental sample printing. The developed architecture facilitates integration with mechanized platforms, metrology tools, and process control technologies, providing a robust foundation for reproducible and precise two-wavelength VPP. The elaborate methodologies of optics design, FPGA programming, and image processing advance both existing and emerging multi-wavelength VPP technologies, enhancing their capability for complex material systems and sophisticated applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104818"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integration of topology optimization and conformal minimal surfaces for additively manufactured liquid-cooled heat sinks","authors":"Joseph Nonso Orakwe ,&nbsp;Shahriar Imani Shahabad ,&nbsp;Osezua Ibhadode ,&nbsp;Ali Bonakdar ,&nbsp;Ehsan Toyserkani","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel methodology that integrates thermal-fluidic topology optimization (TopOpt) with advanced latticing techniques to design high-performance heat sinks tailored for additive manufacturing (AM). Inspired by a liquid cooling case study utilizing triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattices, developed through conformal mapping by the nTop-Puntozero design team, the methodology focuses on replicating, adapting, and optimizing the original design to enhance flow characteristics while maintaining effective heat dissipation, adhering to Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) guidelines and constraints. Four design variants were evaluated: a conventional serpentine cold plate, a geometrically similar replica of the reference design, and two hybrid TopOpt-latticing heat sinks. Numerical simulations were conducted to characterize performance metrics across a range of fluid pumping powers (<em>P</em>_{<em>pump</em>} <em>≤</em> 0.15 Watts). The results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly enhances thermal-hydraulic performance compared to conventional designs. Additionally, prototypes of the optimized heat sinks were successfully fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), validating their manufacturability. This work highlights the potential of hybrid TopOpt-latticing methods in achieving superior heat sink performance and underscores the necessity for holistic design workflows to fully integrate optimization, manufacturability, and application-specific requirements. Future research will focus on further development of these workflows and experimental validation of the numerical findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 104814"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of anisotropic microstructure on chip formation mechanism in additively manufactured Ti6Al4V","authors":"Xinyu Zhou,&nbsp;Fangyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Zhian Lin,&nbsp;Yabin Liu,&nbsp;Yutao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating machining and additive manufacturing (AM) can improve the machining quality of titanium alloy components. However, the anisotropic characteristics of the microstructure in AM titanium alloys significantly affect chip morphology, which influences the vibrations in the cutting process, resulting in lower machining quality than isotropic materials. Therefore, this study explores the effects of the anisotropic microstructure on the chip formation mechanisms of AM Ti6Al4V. The morphology and microstructure of the chips and the Adiabatic Shear Bands (ASBs) were observed, and the crystal orientation and grain size of the chips and those near the ASBs were discussed. The results demonstrate that the microstructure type, texture, grain size, and grain boundary of the AM Ti6Al4V cause the bending and bifurcation of the ASBs, and the chip morphology depends on the slip path of the ASBs. Widmanstätten and the pyramidal slip system are more susceptible to dislocation movement and ASB slip; the large grains decrease the critical resolved shear stress of the slip system, which is more conducive to shear slip; the grain boundaries along the columnar crystals are prone to shear slip and crack propagation, leading to the bending of ASB and unusual chip morphology. As the cutting speed increases, the effects of the anisotropic microstructure on the chip formation become more significant, leading to more complex chip morphology. This research, for the first time, discovered the influence of anisotropic microstructures on adiabatic shear bands and chip morphology by analyzing the crystal orientation and grain morphology within the chips. The findings can help reduce cutting vibrations and tool wear, thereby improving the cutting quality of AM Ti6Al4V.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 104813"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}