{"title":"Self-generating multiscale configurations, their CAD features in support of 3D printing and their CAE efficiencies","authors":"Qirui Jin , Chuang Ma , Yichao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing enables the production of a number of multiscale configurations such as lattice structures. However, due to their multiscale complexities, the acquisition of explicit, high-fidelity, resource-saving digital description of lattice configurations is still technically challenging. This article is aimed to introduce a general algorithm for digital presentation of lattice structure, whose constituting cells can be spatially-varying. The natural suitability of the present algorithm with additive manufacturing can be summarised as follows. Firstly, the designed lattice here can be represented fully in line with Computer-Aided Design (CAD) conventions. Secondly, the designed lattice can functionally approximate any multiscale configurations in the sense of resulting in similar responding fields under given loading conditions. Thirdly, the designed lattice can be digitally memorised in a highly compact manner, and an unzipping scheme in parallel with its additive manufacturing process is thus proposed to maintain the number of CAD control points in memory at a low level. Fourthly, mechanical properties of the designed lattice, both its overall compliance and its localised properties, such as its strength, can be evaluated instantly, with the use of a machine-learning-based asymptotic homogenisation and localisation method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 104670"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jordan Noronha, Jason Dash, David Downing, Mahyar Khorasani, Martin Leary, Milan Brandt, Ma Qian
{"title":"Thin-plate lattices in AlSi10Mg alloy via laser additive manufacturing: Highly enhanced specific strength and recovery","authors":"Jordan Noronha, Jason Dash, David Downing, Mahyar Khorasani, Martin Leary, Milan Brandt, Ma Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metallic lattices have emerged as a class of lightweight, strong, and multifunctional materials with growing applications. However, their specific strengths (strength-to-density ratios) often fall significantly short of those of their bulk metal counterparts. Thin-plate lattices (TPLs), featuring submillimeter-thick metal plates, present a promising solution. Yet, traditional manufacturing methods have long hindered their development. This study investigates laser additive manufacturing and the mechanical properties of axially isotropic AlSi10Mg alloy TPLs, designed with various unit cells, including cubic, cuboctahedron, truncated-octahedron, rhombicuboctahedron, and sphere structures. With densities ranging from 0.57 to 1.13 g/cm³ , these TPLs achieved exceptional specific yield strengths up to 90 % of the base alloy—significantly surpassing the performance of strut-based metallic lattices, which typically achieve 50–60 %. Additionally, under uniaxial compression, the TPLs demonstrated remarkable near-complete peak stress recovery, even at high strain levels (>50 %) or during fragmentation, offering a unique safety mechanism. This recovery was driven by distinct failure modes: at lower densities, fractures progressed layer by layer, leaving intact layers, while at higher densities, crack deflection enhanced resilience. These findings position TPLs as a transformative advancement, combining exceptional specific strength with robust recovery characteristics to outperform conventional lattice designs in multifunctional, high-performance applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 104664"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiru Fan , Mengjie Zhang , Liguo Hu , Le Dong , Qinghua Yu , Biao Zhang , Kun Zhou , Dong Wang
{"title":"Modeling and spatio-temporal optimization of grayscale digital light processing 3D-printed structures with photobleaching resins","authors":"Xiru Fan , Mengjie Zhang , Liguo Hu , Le Dong , Qinghua Yu , Biao Zhang , Kun Zhou , Dong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grayscale digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing modulates light intensity in each pixel through grayscale values, offering a promising approach for achieving high-resolution printed structures. However, existing theoretical models and optimization methods typically rely on the assumuption of a photo-invariant resin, for simplification. This study demonstrates that the curing depth varies even when the total accumulated dose remains constant, indicating a photo-variant effect. To address this, a spatio-temporal optimization method along with a model are developed, incorporating photobleaching effects, multilayer exposure, and Gaussian beam propagation. The model accurately predicts variations in curing depths at constant doses. Structures are optimized using this model, resulting in several significant improvements: channel heights are reduced to approximately one-fifth of the empirical minimum value with variations below 10 %; concave lenses are optimized with smooth surfaces; and the stair-stepping effect is notably reduced. Additionally, an asymmetric stair-stepping effect is identified between the left and right sides of objects printed at the corner, primarily caused by light divergence. The developed model and spatio-temporal optimization algorithm pave the way for high-fidelity grayscale DLP 3D printing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 104659"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Direct ink writing of alumina-fiber reinforced alumina-matrix composites: Processing and mechanical behavior","authors":"Rohit Malik, Shitong Zhou, Zhuoqi Lucas Li, Oriol Gavalda Diaz, Florian Bouville, Eduardo Saiz","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing offers new opportunities for fabricating intricately shaped fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, but challenges remain, such as improving fiber content, eliminating defects to enhance strength, and preserving characteristic toughening mechanisms. In this study, we explore the use of direct ink writing (DIW) for shaping alumina-matrix composites reinforced with short alumina fibers, addressing key challenges. We developed hydrogel-based inks for printing fiber-reinforced ceramics and demonstrated the printability of intricately shaped composites. The inclusion of fibers reduced the yield stress, facilitating extrusion. Additionally, DIW promoted fiber alignment, allowing for precise control over fiber orientation. However, the formation of a rigid fiber network at high concentrations negatively impacts printability and limits fiber content. Furthermore, air entrapment in the fiber network and the use of low sintering temperatures (to avoid fiber damage) result in poor densification and modest mechanical properties. To address these issues, a sol-gel infiltration process was used post-printing, resulting in a 120 % increase in strength and an 88 % increase in toughness. The composites exhibited gradual failure, attributable to a combination of damage formation mechanisms, including matrix microcracking, crack deflection along the fiber-matrix interface, acoustic energy dissipation upon fiber failure, and frictional work during fiber pullout. A maximum fiber content of 35 wt% of the solid content was achieved, and the final composites exhibited a flexural strength of 103.5 MPa, a crack initiation toughness (<em>K</em><sub><em>IC</em></sub>) of 2.2 MPa·m¹<sup>/</sup>², and a crack propagation toughness (<em>K</em><sub><em>J</em></sub>) of 6 MPa·m¹<sup>/</sup>².</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 104671"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li Yan Wong , Sayan Ganguly , Xiaowu (Shirley) Tang
{"title":"Hydrophilic silicone-based ink derived from amphiphilic siloxane oligomers for the vat photopolymerization printing of embedded-channel fluidic devices","authors":"Li Yan Wong , Sayan Ganguly , Xiaowu (Shirley) Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of vat photopolymerization (VP) printing as an alternative fabrication method for fluidic devices has led to the rapid development of silicone-based resin material. However, most silicone-based resin materials are hydrophobic in nature, rendering them unsuitable for biomedical applications without post-processing. Herein, we introduce a new type of hydrophilic silicone-based resin material derived from vinyl-terminated amphiphilic siloxane oligomers, acrylamide, and glycidyl methacrylate, for the printing of fluidic devices. We demonstrate the strategy to overcome the challenges associated with amphiphilic-based formulation by adjusting the amphiphilic siloxane oligomer conformation with appropriate solvent blend, resulting in a silicone-based resin material with low pre-gel viscosity, high transparency, and hydrophilic characteristics. Besides, the developed material exhibits tunable elastic properties, excellent polar solvent resistance, and good biocompatibility. Upon photocuring depth tuning, the developed material displays high printing accuracy down to 200 µm in width and 50 µm in height. The material’s ability to replicate embedded fluidic channels with diverse shapes in one-step printing further shows its potential for fluidic device fabrication. The printed devices were revealed to be highly functional with the capability to process fluid at an elevated temperature of up to 100 ºC for 24 hours and a continuous flow rate of up to 20 mL/min. Further demonstration of the hydrogel beads synthesis for drug encapsulation reveals the feasibility of the printed device for real-world biomedical applications. The successful VP printing of hydrophilic silicone-based embedded-channel fluidic devices opened up new avenues for the fabrication of silicone-based fluidic devices for biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 104691"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James J. Griebler , Alexander S. Tappan , Simon A. Rogers , Anne M Grillet , Jessica W. Kopatz
{"title":"Printability criterion and filler characteristics model for material extrusion additive manufacturing","authors":"James J. Griebler , Alexander S. Tappan , Simon A. Rogers , Anne M Grillet , Jessica W. Kopatz","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Material extrusion is an additive manufacturing technique that enables the creation of reproducible and complex hardware by depositing a viscous, shear-thinning ink onto a substrate in a custom-pattern via extrusion through a syringe. The ability of an ink to be extruded onto a substrate in many layers and maintain the desired shape is what defines printability. Printability has historically been investigated in an iterative manner by formulating and printing inks and then performing postmortem analysis of final parts. Highly concentrated pastes continue to pose issues for practitioners as the effect of filler morphology and size dispersity on the ink rheology and corresponding printability is not well understood. A printability criterion based on the particle filler’s maximum packing fraction was recently proposed to provide a general framework to understand printability of particle-filled inks. Inks were found to be printable if the particle loading was within 90–94 % of the maximum packing fraction of the particle. Here we expand on that work to validate the generality of the maximum packing fraction criterion by testing with 10 new single and multimodal particle fillers. The maximum packing fraction calculated from small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments and is found to correctly predict the printability range for all inks. We then utilize statistical methods to develop a filler characteristics model to predict the maximum packing fraction from particle analysis alone. These two methods paired together can significantly speed up development of new inks, increase the performance of material extrusion printing, and improve the stability of printed parts, with less wasted time and materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 104651"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akira Kudo , Kazuya Omuro , Kaisei Furudate , Shinnosuke Kamohara , Farooq I. Azam , Yuta Yamamoto , Kota Matsuhashi , Ryotaro Kawashima , PJ Tan , Federico Bosi , Mingwei Chen
{"title":"2D carbon microlattices: A flexible, self-supporting, full-carbon building block","authors":"Akira Kudo , Kazuya Omuro , Kaisei Furudate , Shinnosuke Kamohara , Farooq I. Azam , Yuta Yamamoto , Kota Matsuhashi , Ryotaro Kawashima , PJ Tan , Federico Bosi , Mingwei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a demonstration of fabrication and characterization of 2D carbon microlattices (2D-CMLs) with tailored physical properties. The 2D-CMLs are composed of a thin film of pyrolytic carbon embedded with square and diamond micropatterns and variable thickness to tune its mechanical and functional response. The 2D-CMLs can be handled without substrate, springing elastically, bearing load and yet classifiable as bulk carbon materials rather than assemblies of nanocarbons. Utilizing vat photopolymerization (VPP), a reproducible fabrication process for 2D-CMLs is developed, which ensures the absence of apparent structural distortions such as wrinkles, curling, and other off-plane deformations during and after printing as well as pyrolysis. The resulting 2D-CMLs have relative densities <span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>¯</mo></mrow></mover></mrow></math></span> ∼0.6 and exhibit remarkable electrical conductivity, with values ranging from <em>σ</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>= 10,000–13,000 S・m<sup>−1</sup>. Mechanical properties are excellent as well, reaching tensile strength <em>σ</em>= 27.35 ± 3.08 MPa and stiffness <em>E</em> = 7.68 ± 2.18 GPa for the thick diamond pattern, and <em>σ</em>= 63.32 ± 5.75 MPa and <em>E</em> = 16.12 ± 2.81 GPa for the thin square pattern. Moreover, the 2D-CMLs endure 1000 cycles of bending larger than 90˚ without mechanically degrading. These properties highlight the suitability of our 2D-CMLs for applications requiring multifunctional properties, such as conductivity, strength and flexibility. The outcomes of this study hold significant implications for research aiming at various applications such as flexible electrodes, mechatronics, and sensing, especially under extreme conditions where non-crystalline carbon can be more stable than metals and other popularly used materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 104695"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthony P. Kotula , Benjamin E. Dolata , Yoontae Kim , Sara V. Orski , Jonathan E. Seppala
{"title":"Quantifying residual orientation and thermal stress contributions to birefringence in the material extrusion of polylactide","authors":"Anthony P. Kotula , Benjamin E. Dolata , Yoontae Kim , Sara V. Orski , Jonathan E. Seppala","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Material extrusion is a common additive manufacturing process that subjects polymers to non-steady deformation and thermal processing to build a customized part. The mechanical properties of these parts are often worse than those of injection-molded specimens due to failures at or near the weld zone between extrudate layers. Chain orientation is often cited as a contribution to mechanical weakness at the weld, and it is therefore of critical importance to develop strategies to quantify the magnitude and location of residual chain orientation as a function of printing conditions. Here we use birefringence imaging to characterize the spatial variation in residual stress and residual chain orientation in a glassy polylactide. A combination of retardance measurements and sample thickness measurements provide a measure of birefringence as a function of position. As-printed samples show a nearly uniform birefringence background of approximately <span><math><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and higher birefringence near the weld region at lower nozzle temperatures and faster printing speeds. We propose two origins to the birefringence: one due to residual chain orientation, and the other due to residual stresses that occur when the sample cools non-uniformly on the build plate. Annealing the sample at 65<!--> <!-->°C (slightly above the glass transition temperature) allows us to relax the residual stress without removing the orientation-based birefringence or crystallizing the sample. The residual orientation shows a strong power-law dependence on the Weissenberg number based on the characteristic timescales for flow in the nozzle and polymer chain reptation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 104652"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Garin Kim , Dageon Oh , Dasong Kim , Ganghak Lee , Sang-Hyug Park , Changhan Yoon , Seung Yun Nam
{"title":"Suspended bioprinting with in-situ elasticity monitoring using the assessment of shear wave phase velocity","authors":"Garin Kim , Dageon Oh , Dasong Kim , Ganghak Lee , Sang-Hyug Park , Changhan Yoon , Seung Yun Nam","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Suspended bioprinting has recently emerged as a promising alternative for fabricating intricate tissue-engineered scaffolds by enabling the precise deposition of low-viscosity bioink within a support bath, overcoming the limitations of conventional bioprinting methods. However, the dynamic monitoring of scaffold mechanical properties during fabrication remains a significant challenge. This study introduces a novel approach for suspended bioprinting with in-situ elasticity monitoring (SBEM), leveraging ultrasound shear wave elastography to nondestructively and dynamically assess the elastic properties of the bioprinted constructs. Using a custom-designed 3D bioprinting system, alginate and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) scaffolds with varying cellulose nanocrystal concentrations and diverse geometries were fabricated in a Carbopol support bath. Phase velocities of shear waves were tracked and analyzed to estimate the storage moduli, validated against conventional rheometry. The SBEM approach demonstrated high temporal resolution in monitoring of elasticity changes during photocrosslinking. Additionally, cell-laden GelMA scaffolds maintained high cell viability after the measurement, confirming the biocompatibility of the technique. This approach addresses critical limitations in real-time mechanical monitoring, offering a scalable, nondestructive solution for optimizing scaffold properties during suspended bioprinting. The SBEM method holds significant potential to advance precision and quality control in tissue engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 104667"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Super capillary performance of hybrid-structured wicks additively manufactured via laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Xiaoqiang Peng , Guoliang Huang , Huan Chen , Qian Duan , Ke Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The capillary performance coefficient (K/R<sub>eff</sub>) is a crucial performance indicator of the wick, a key component of high-performance heat pipes. However, it is difficult to enhance the permeability (K) and capillary pressure (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>cap</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) at the same time. A wick with channels and porous hybrid structure was fabricated using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) to achieve superior capillary performance. The channel structure ensures excellent permeability (K), while the porous structure offers high capillary pressure, which is further enhanced by the corner flow effect. The optimal structure, featuring a 0.6 mm square channel and 70.99 % porosity, achieved an ultra-high capillary performance of 3.24 × 10<sup>−6</sup> m, which is 106.3 % higher than the previously reported best value. This study introduces a novel design concept and preparation method for high-performance heat pipes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 104653"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}