Additive manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"An additive manufacturing assisted electric discharge machining technique to produce complex, thin-walled, injection mould cavities in 316 L stainless steel","authors":"Christopher O’Hara ,&nbsp;Marion McAfee ,&nbsp;Ramesh Raghavendra ,&nbsp;David Tormey","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study takes a unique approach using an additively manufactured (AM) copper electric discharge machining (EDM) electrode to surface finish a 316 L Stainless Steel AM injection mould cavity. The research has a dual focus: first, to comprehend the achievable accuracy and surface finishing capabilities of a complex geometry electrode, manufactured using atomic diffusion additive manufacturing (ADAM). Second, reduce the volume of material used to manufacture electrodes and workpieces by printing the cavity geometry net shape, thereby reducing the number of electrodes and EDM process steps required to form the desired cavity geometry and surface finish. The study reveals that the ADAM electrode was subject to variable shrinkage, leading to varied results on the cavity surface finish and geometric accuracy after the EDM process. This method resulted in an average surface roughness (Ra) improvement of 56.3 %, with some surfaces seeing up to a 77 % reduction in their Ra compared to the as printed roughness. This study achieved a mean cavity accuracy of 0.07 mm, standard deviation 0.204 mm and median accuracy was 0.081. However, the maximum and minimum workpiece accuracy was + 0.442 mm / −0.24 mm. These findings indicate that an AM assisted EDM post-processing method, using a net shape AM cavity and an ADAM EDM electrode, can significantly reduce the number of electrodes in EDM post-processing from 10 to 1. Further opportunity exists to improve the accuracy obtained in this study by optimising the ADAM and EDM process parameters to better control the electrode geometry or apply alternative AM technologies for similar workflows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104800"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cavity-induced bubbles and pore formation of laser direct energy deposited titanium alloy: Influence of powder melting degree","authors":"Mingyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Jikui Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiulin Qu ,&nbsp;Shuquan Zhang ,&nbsp;Dong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porosity defects and their impact on fatigue performance have become one of the key issues in the widespread application of laser direct energy deposited titanium alloy components. The present work focuses on the cavity evolution and bubble generation process of unmelted, partially melted and fully melted powder entering the melt pool. Firstly, an equivalent experiment, ice particle with different melting degree impact water, was designed and conducted on the basis of similarity criterion in fluid mechanics. Secondly, a numerical model of powder impingement melt pool was established by using dynamic mesh method to simulate the evolution of cavity with different melting degree. Finally, a deposition processing with different melting states of the powder, by adjusting the angle and height of the powder feeding nozzle, was engaged to verify the influence of the melting states of the powder on the pore formation. The equivalent test and simulation results show that for the unmelted powder with large diameter and high velocity, the impacted cavity pinches off near the surface and induces gas entrainment and bubbles formation. For comparison, the fully melted powder enters the melt pool with a crater-shaped cavity which collapsed in a contraction mode and has not residual gas and bubbles. The surrounding liquid surface of partially melted powder changes the shape of the cavity and extended the time of collapse. With the increase of melting degree of powder, the collapse of cavity changes from the pinch-off to contraction mode, which avoids the generation of cavity-induced bubbles. The deposition experimental results show that both the pore size and porosity of the deposited specimen decrease with the increase of powder melting degree. This study is significant to clarify of the mechanism of porosity formation and decrease of porosity defects of laser direct energy deposited titanium alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104792"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the powder chilling effect in laser based directed energy deposition","authors":"Wei Fan ,&nbsp;Yijie Peng ,&nbsp;Siyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Hao ,&nbsp;Zhe Feng ,&nbsp;Hua Tan ,&nbsp;Liming Yao ,&nbsp;Fengying Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the thermal behavior during laser based directed energy deposition (LDED) is crucial for the grain structure control for superior and bespoke mechanical performance. Transient and localized chilling effect induced by the melting behavior of injected powder particles during the LDED process, plays a similar role of the cold mold surface in casting on solidification but has received little attention in the past. Here, we employ low energy density to partially retain the fine-grained powder particles during the deposition process, serving as tracers to study the influence of powder particle melting heat absorption on solidification. High-speed camera and infrared camera are used to real-time record the dynamic and thermal interactions between the powder particles and melt pool. Results show that powder particles gradually melt and absorb heat, leading to chilling effect on the melt pool at a millimeter scale. The temperature at the interaction position determines whether powder particles can penetrate the melt pool, thereby affecting the melting mode. Compared to floating powder, powder entering the melt pool can cause larger temperature drops. The collective powder chilling effect induced by multi-particle powder flow results in significant fluctuations in melt pool shape, maximum temperature, average temperature. Consequently, the powder chilling effect increases the average solidification rate at the tail of the melt pool to nearly three times, reduces the temperature gradient at the solid-liquid interface by 45 %, promoting the columnar-to-equiaxed transition during solidification. This study could be valuable in the additive manufacturing of single crystal and fine-grained components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104789"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of debinding and sintering of a silica-based ceramic using vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing","authors":"Lindsey B. Bezek ,&nbsp;Ryan P. Wilkerson ,&nbsp;Jonah L. Chad ,&nbsp;Theresa E. Quintana ,&nbsp;Brian M. Patterson ,&nbsp;Santosh Adhikari ,&nbsp;Kwan-Soo Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One challenge in developing new ceramics for additive manufacturing (AM) is determining a post-process heating strategy (including debinding and sintering) that produces parts with sufficient mechanical strength while mitigating defects and unpredictable shrinkage. In this work, the authors explore how modifying debinding and sintering parameters (e.g., temperatures, hold times, and rates) affects material and mechanical properties of parts fabricated using a commercial silica-based resin and the vat photopolymerization AM process. Parts were qualitatively assessed for effective debinding before being subjected to different sintering conditions. Tradeoffs between time and temperature were observed during both debinding and sintering phases. Strong correlations between thermal schedules and density, shrinkage, porosity, and flexural properties were observed in sintered parts, where increasing sintering temperature, hold time, and rate generally increased density, shrinkage, and flexural strength. Average densities ranged from 1.27 to 2.01 g/cm³ depending on the selected debinding and sintering strategy. The condition with the highest density, which heated to 1300°C at 300°C/h, yielded the lowest porosity (∼11 %), shrinkage of ∼15 % (XY) and ∼20 % (Z), flexural strength of ∼28 MPa, and flexural strain at break of ∼0.11 %. The novelty of this work is the systematic investigation of the effects of different temperatures, hold times, and ramp rates for both debinding and sintering on density, porosity, shrinkage, and flexural properties in ceramic AM. Fundamental understanding of how post processing affects ceramic AM parts will enable establishment of guidelines on how to strategically select post-process conditions for new ceramics. This knowledge will support predictable part performance and contribute to a framework that expands the applicability of ceramic AM parts for functional applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104795"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process-structure relationships in laser directed energy deposition of molybdenum powder within a Ti–6Al–4V matrix","authors":"Marwan Haddad ,&nbsp;Mathew Cohen ,&nbsp;Aslan Bafahm Alamdari ,&nbsp;Brian Welk ,&nbsp;Kamel Fezzaa ,&nbsp;Sarah Wolff","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) of multi-materials is capable of additively fabricating parts with enhanced properties for biomedical and aerospace applications. This study focuses on the multi-material printing of Ti–6Al–4V (Ti64) and molybdenum (Mo) with L-DED. Alloying Mo with Ti64 improves the high-temperature mechanical properties of Ti64. However, the dynamic and melting behavior of the Mo powder inside the Ti64 matrix and their impact on the L-DED process and the microstructure are still unclear. This study utilizes <em>in situ</em> monitoring techniques, namely high-speed X-ray imaging and infrared imaging, with post-process material characterization techniques to relate the L-DED process of depositing Mo powder into a Ti64 matrix to the final microstructure. Results showed that the motion of Mo powder particles inside the melt pool was governed by the convective fluid flow. The convective fluid flow achieved an overall homogeneous macro-scale chemical composition by influencing the melting behavior of Mo powder particles and contributing to the liquid mixing. The increase in Mo content in Ti64 did not impact the melt pool temperature. Lastly, Mo segregated at the micro-scale near the top surface, and Mo-rich regions were located near unmmelted powder particles in the final build. This work can help improve multi-material applications and verify simulation models for L-DED.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104780"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DGTO: Derivable geodesics-coupled topology optimization for multi-axis hybrid additive and subtractive manufacturing with curved layer generation","authors":"Yifan Guo ,&nbsp;Shuzhi Xu ,&nbsp;Yifan Wang ,&nbsp;Jikai Liu ,&nbsp;Rafiq Ahmad ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a concurrent optimization model named DGTO (Derivable Geodesics-coupled Topology Optimization), aiming at simultaneously designing the structure, slices, and sequences for multi-axis hybrid additive and subtractive manufacturing. The proposed method involves two variable fields: the density field representing the structure, and the auxiliary variable field for generating geodesic distance-based curved slices for additive manufacturing (AM). A novel heat diffusion equation and Poisson equation-based approach is proposed to generate the curved layers while ensuring all slicing-related information derivable. Additionally, sequence division thresholds are optimized to determine the timings of alternating between AM and subtractive machining (SM) operations. An excellent feature of the proposed sequence division method is that, it eliminates the initial-guess dependency issue, i.e., the quantity of AM-SM alternations has a reducing trend during optimization and converges to the most compact solution. To realize the synchronous optimization and ensure the successful manufacturing, a coupled and differentiable optimization model is established, including a self-support constraint to eliminate the need for support structure, a direction constraint to avoid the collision between the laser head and printing platform, and a curvature constraint to guarantee the layer thickness uniformity. In addition, a collision-free constraint, coupled with the planned sequences, is introduced to prevent cutting tool collision during SM. To validate the proposed method, a number of 2D and 3D numerical examples are studied. The above figure demonstrates one of the results and the associated manufacturing process simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104786"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of non-destructive surface topography measurement techniques for additively manufactured metal parts","authors":"Samsul Mahmood ,&nbsp;Loren Baugh ,&nbsp;Seungjong Lee ,&nbsp;Nabeel Ahmad ,&nbsp;Daniel F. Silva ,&nbsp;Alexander Vinel ,&nbsp;Jia Liu ,&nbsp;Shuai Shao ,&nbsp;Nima Shamsaei ,&nbsp;Robert L. Jackson ,&nbsp;Kyle D. Schulze","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface characterization of additively manufactured specimens is confounded by their intricate geometries and the presence of various features, including asperities, undercuts, and deep, sharp valleys. Despite the need to understand the impact of surface features on many practical applications, there is a lack of consensus regarding the variability inherent in measurement techniques. Here the topography of as-built Ti-6Al-4V specimens is examined through the utilization of four techniques: contact stylus profilometers, white light interferometers, focus variation microscopy, and X-ray computed tomography. Identification of discrepancies across measurement techniques was made possible through qualitative and quantitative analyses of measured surfaces. Conventional surface texture parameters were used to differentiate the methods and provide guidance for effective scan parameters and measurement technique selection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104791"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A diffusion-controlled kinetic model for binder burnout in a green part fabricated by binder jetting based on the thermal decomposition kinetics of TEG-DMA","authors":"Kunlong Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhijie Ye ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Su ,&nbsp;Wenxin Cao ,&nbsp;Dongmeng Shi ,&nbsp;Xiaobin Hao ,&nbsp;Sen Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhuochao Wang ,&nbsp;Xingchun Xu ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal debinding is a core process in indirect additive manufacturing processes of metals. Inappropriate debinding methods can introduce impurities into the interior of the formed green part, thus limiting the upper limits of the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. However, while binder jetting (BJT) is one of the most popular indirect 3D printing methods, its debinding process has largely been overlooked. This study models and analyzes the thermal debinding process of the binder jetting green part (BJGP) based on the Gaussian multimodal fitting (GMF) method; further, the grayscale-printed green part (g-BJGP) is analyzed for the first time. The results indicate that the GMF model is effective for fitting the thermal decomposition kinetics of the binder, with <em>R</em>² values of greater than 0.97 under heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 ℃/min. Based on analysis of the thermal debinding model, the maximum monomer content inside the green part during the thermal debinding process of g-BJGP is only 1/10 of that of conventional BJT printing under heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 ℃/min. This suggests that grayscale printing may help BJT become one of the least-polluting indirect molding methods. This study provides a detailed reference for the thermal debinding process of BJGP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104793"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the viability of in-situ alloyed Ti-1Fe as a strong and ductile alternative to Ti-6Al-4V for laser-based powder bed fusion","authors":"Jeff Huang ,&nbsp;Ammarueda Issariyapat ,&nbsp;Shota Kariya ,&nbsp;Junko Umeda ,&nbsp;Katsuyoshi Kondoh","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developments in the additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium have historically centred around the market-leading Ti-6Al-4V alloy, with many studies aimed at adapting the seventy-year-old composition for newer AM processes such as laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M). Amongst these studies, PBF-LB/M Ti-6Al-4V is usually shown to be remarkably strong (with gigapascal ultimate tensile strengths) and moderately ductile (if defect free), because of the ultra-fine martensitic α/α’ microstructures produced under the rapid cooling conditions of PBF-LB/M. However, despite these acceptable properties, the use of Ti-6Al-4V in AM fundamentally contradicts the original intention behind the design of this alloy composition, which relies on rare and expensive vanadium solutes to promote α+ β microstructures for good wrought-forming properties. In essence, neither the intended microstructures, nor the intended properties are relevant or compatible with near-net-shape AM processes. Therefore, it seems natural to question the strict adherence to conventional alloys in PBF-LB/M. In search of alternatives, the present study attempts to replicate the microstructures and properties of PBF-LB/M Ti-6Al-4V using the cheaper and leaner composition of Ti-1Fe prepared by in-situ alloying (i.e. from mixed elemental feedstocks). Both fine and coarse Fe particles were investigated to identify optimal feedstock characteristics and build parameters. In homogeneously mixed samples prepared from fine Fe particles at higher energy densities, similar microstructures to Ti-6Al-4V were successfully obtained, with corresponding tensile properties that exceed the performance requirements of ASTM F2924 (950 MPa yield strength, 12 % fracture strain). A theoretical analysis of strengthening mechanisms revealed significant contributions from grain refinement effects, dislocation hardening, and solid solution strengthening by oxygen and nitrogen interstitials. With these findings, we report for the first time the prerequisite conditions for obtaining strong and ductile tensile properties from as-built, in-situ alloyed Ti-1Fe as a potential low-cost alternative to Ti-6Al-4V for PBF-LB/M, and the problems that may occur with sub-optimal processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104788"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural and interfacial characteristics in repair of nickel-aluminum bronze by in-situ synthesis of Cu-Al alloys via directed energy deposition","authors":"Changliang Yao ,&nbsp;Shanshan He ,&nbsp;Ki-Yong Lee ,&nbsp;Kwang-Yong Shin ,&nbsp;Do-Sik Shim","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2025.104787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Directed energy deposition (DED) has demonstrated significant potential for component repair, owing to its flexibility in deposition path and powder feedstock selection. However, research on manufacturing Cu-Al alloys via DED remains limited. This study employed a pre-mixed blend of CuNi2SiCr and Al-Mg-0.7Si powders to synthesize Cu-Al alloys in situ for the DED-based repair of nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB). By varying the mass fraction of the Al-Mg-0.7Si powder (6, 8, 10, and 12 wt%), the effects of aluminum content on the microstructure, hardness, and tensile behavior of the repaired samples were investigated by micro- and nanoscale characterization. The results indicated that all repaired samples were free of obvious defects, such as pores or thermal cracks, and exhibited excellent metallurgical bonding between the repaired area and substrate. The microstructures of samples containing 6 and 8 wt% Al-Mg-0.7Si powder were predominantly <em>α</em> phase while those with 10 and 12 wt% Al exhibited <em>β</em>_<em>1</em> martensitic twin structures. The samples repaired with 6 wt% Al-Mg-0.7Si powder demonstrated the best tensile properties, with a tensile strength of 624 MPa and elongation of 14.4 %. The tensile properties of the 10 and 12 wt% Al samples were lower owing to the precipitation of the Widmanstätten <em>α</em> phase at the <em>β</em>_<em>1</em> martensitic grain boundaries. Fracture locations varied across samples, but cracks did not propagate along the repaired interface, suggesting excellent interfacial bonding strength. Additionally, unusual <em>γ</em>_<em>2</em> phase precipitates were observed in all the samples. This research provides valuable insights into the feasibility of in-situ Cu-Al alloy fabrication via DED for the repair of NAB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 104787"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}