Additive manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the solute segregation and redistribution behavior in rapidly solidified binary Ti-X alloys fabricated through non-equilibrium laser processing","authors":"Zimeng Ye ,&nbsp;Kexin Zhao ,&nbsp;Zerong Yu ,&nbsp;Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth ,&nbsp;Fengying Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuqi He ,&nbsp;Yijie Peng ,&nbsp;Wenlu Wu ,&nbsp;Hua Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The solute segregation and redistribution during non-equilibrium rapid solidification using laser additive manufacturing (LAM) process directly influence the microstructure morphology and phase distribution, which in turn affects their mechanical properties. In this work, a laser micro-alloying strategy was utilized to preserve the original solidification microstructure in the considered Ti-9Mo, Ti-9Cr, Ti-9Fe, and Ti-9Ni (wt%) alloys. The addition of different β-stabilizing elements (Mo, Cr, Fe, and Ni) resulted in distinct microstructures: Ti-9Mo and Ti-9Cr alloys exhibited larger grains (∼502 μm and ∼733 μm) and cellular morphologies due to minimum constitutional undercooling at the solid-liquid interface. Because of the increased constitutional undercooling, the Ti-9Fe grains are significantly refined (∼398 μm), showing a dendritic morphology with elongated primary dendrite arms. Ti-9Ni exhibited the highest constitutional undercooling, forming equiaxed dendrites. However, due to the significant consumption of solute atoms by the interdendritic eutectic phase Ti₂Ni, the grains did not further refine (∼396 μm). Combined with the temperature field simulation, the solidification conditions of the alloys were determined. In addition, based on the solute partitioning coefficients (<em>k</em>), the different solute redistribution and diffusion behaviors at the solid-liquid interface during the laser micro-alloying process of Ti-9Mo with <em>k</em> &gt; 1 and Ti-9Cr with <em>k</em> &lt; 1 were elucidated, providing essential insights into the formation of typical cellular morphology and enhanced Mo enrichment phenomenon in the Ti-9Mo alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104561"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlating microstructural and rheological variations in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) with interlayer bond formation in material extrusion additive manufacturing","authors":"Juhyeong Lee,&nbsp;Nikhil A. Patil,&nbsp;Jay Hoon Park","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) is widely used in material extrusion additive manufacturing due to its well-balanced mechanical and rheological properties, as well as its accessibility. Although a wide range of ABS sources are already available on the market, limited research has been conducted to understand the effects of the microstructural and rheological differences among ABS grades on printability, interlayer bond strength, and post-print annealing. In this study, the correlation between microstructure, rheology, and printability are linked by comparing the dimensional stability, interfacial morphology, and part strength of select commercial ABS grades that are as-printed and annealed. Notably, ABS grade produced by mass polymerization (mABS), which has a broader polybutadiene (PBD) particle size distribution, larger PBD size, and higher viscosity, demonstrated the lowest as-printed impact strength (1400 J/m²), while exhibiting a dramatic increase in strength (17,500 J/m²) after annealing, closely approaching its bulk injection-molded counterpart. Such dramatic change is not observed in emulsion ABS (eABS) grades. It is concluded that the primary factors affecting interlayer bond formation in the as-printed state are viscosity and the inherent toughness of the ABS, whereas relaxation behavior and microstructural differences become key factors during annealing. Morphological and rheological analyses supported this hypothesis, helping to elucidate the complex interplay of various ABS properties in material extrusion additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104553"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding residual stress in functionally graded directed energy deposition","authors":"Shenliang Yang,&nbsp;Adam T. Clare,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residual stress within functionally graded material (FGM) fabricated by directed energy deposition (DED) limits their industrial application. This paper presents a new model for predicting residual stress in the DED-built FGM thin-wall structures, accommodating any DED process configurations or material combinations. To validate this model, SS316/IN718 FGM thin-wall structures were produced by powder-fed laser DED processes, and residual stresses along the longitudinal direction were measured by X-ray diffraction techniques. Under the same deposition parameters, five material composition transition paths from SS316 to IN718 were employed to quantify the effect of material mixing properties on the residual stress distribution. One path was based on the designed weight percentages of SS316 and IN718 in each deposition layer, while the other four paths were determined by detecting the average weight ratios of four elements: iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti). The predicted residual stress profiles agreed with the measurements, with the maximum normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) of 26.42 % observed in Nb-based predictions. The validated model was further extended to investigate residual stress distribution in two types of FGM thin-wall structures featured by tilted material transition regions: vertical- and horizontal-dominant walls. Results suggest that maximum tensile residual stresses are proportionally related to the material gradient angle (<em>θ</em>₁) in vertical-dominant walls, while increasing the material gradient angle (<em>θ</em>₂) in horizontal-dominant walls results in more compressive residual stresses at the FGM’s top surface. Based on a comprehensive understanding of the process mechanism using this practical model, it is now possible to propose novel deposition strategies that allow the material specification to be met while offering a reduced residual stress solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104581"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolution zone model of the oxide structure in additively manufactured dispersion-strengthened alloys","authors":"Wenyuan Hou ,&nbsp;Timothy Stubbs ,&nbsp;Lisa DeBeer-Schmitt ,&nbsp;Yen-Ting Chang ,&nbsp;Marie-Agathe Charpagne ,&nbsp;Timothy M. Smith ,&nbsp;Aijun Huang ,&nbsp;Zachary C. Cordero","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structural evolution of oxides in dispersion-strengthened superalloys during laser-powder bed fusion is considered in detail. Alloy chemistry and process parameter effects on oxide structure are assessed through a parameter study on the model alloy Ni-20Cr, doped with varying concentrations of Y₂O₃ and Al. Small angle neutron scattering measurements of the dispersoid size distribution show the dispersoid size increases with higher laser power, slower scan speed, and increasing Y₂O₃ and Al content. Complementary electron microscopy measurements reveal reactions between Y₂O₃ and Al, even in nanoscale dispersoids, and the presence of micron-scale oxide slag inclusions in select specimens. A scaling analysis of mass and momentum transport within the melt pool, presented here, establishes that diffusional structural evolution mechanisms dominate for nanoscale dispersoids, while fluid forces and advection become significant for larger slag inclusions. These findings are developed into a theory of dispersoid structural evolution, integrating quantitative models of diffusional processes – dispersoid dissolution, nucleation, growth, coarsening – with a reduced order model of time-temperature trajectories of fluid parcels within the melt pool. Calculations of the dispersoid size in single-pass melting reveal a zone in the center of the melt track in which the oxide feedstock fully dissolves. Within this zone the final Y₂O₃ size is independent of feedstock size and determined by nucleation and growth kinetics. If the dissolution zones of adjacent melt tracks overlap sufficiently with each other to dissolve large oxides, formed during printing or present in the powder feedstock, then the dispersoid structure throughout the build volume is homogeneous and matches that from a single pass within the dissolution zone. Gaps between adjacent dissolution zones result in oxide accumulation into larger slag inclusions. Predictions of final dispersoid size and slag formation using this dissolution zone model match the present experimental data and explain process-structure linkages speculated in the open literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104554"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of residual stresses in additively manufactured parts using lumped capacitance and classical lamination theory","authors":"Jose Mayi-Rivas ,&nbsp;Quentin Fouliard ,&nbsp;Jeffrey Bunn ,&nbsp;Seetha Raghavan","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several industries are interested in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) Additively Manufactured (AM) metal parts because their designs can be made arbitrarily complex while retaining bulk-type material properties. However, the residual stresses (RS) and distortions caused by the heat gradients inherent to L-PBF processes are detrimental to the structural integrity of the parts and must be taken into consideration during the part design cycle. Predicting the state of stresses in as-built 3D printed parts is a difficult problem that is typically approached with the use of transient thermomechanical Finite Element Models (FEMs). However, the nonlinearities associated with AM processes are difficult to capture in these FEMs without increasing the computational cost of the simulation, limiting their ability to be incorporated into practical design cycles. This work presents a novel analytical framework that combines lumped capacitance nonlinear heat transfer with time dependent classical lamination theory to efficiently and accurately predict RS in as-built L-PBF parts without the need of FEMs. The simulation was compared to Neutron Diffraction (ND) residual strain measurements taken at Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL) as well as Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction (XRD) strain data published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The simulation predictions and the experimental data showed excellent agreement for the in-plane strain directions, and general agreement for the out of plane strain component, highlighting an area where further development can be implemented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104532"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acoustic emission signature of martensitic transformation in laser powder bed fusion of Ti6Al4V-Fe, supported by operando X-ray diffraction","authors":"Reza Esmaeilzadeh ,&nbsp;Vigneashwara Pandiyan ,&nbsp;Steven Van Petegem ,&nbsp;Mathijs Van der Meer ,&nbsp;Milad Hamidi Nasab ,&nbsp;Charlotte de Formanoir ,&nbsp;Jamasp Jhabvala ,&nbsp;Claire Navarre ,&nbsp;Lucas Schlenger ,&nbsp;Roland Richter ,&nbsp;Nicola Casati ,&nbsp;Kilian Wasmer ,&nbsp;Roland E. Logé","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on investigating Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring in the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process, using premixed Ti6Al4V-(x wt%) Fe, where x = 0, 3, and 6. By employing a structure-borne AE sensor, we analyze AE data statistically, uncovering notable discrepancies within the 50–750 kHz frequency range. Leveraging Machine Learning (ML) methodologies, we accurately predict composition for particular processing conditions. These fluctuations in AE signals primarily arise from unique microstructural alterations linked to martensitic phase transformation, corroborated by operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction and post-mortem SEM and EBSD analysis. Moreover, cracks are evident at the periphery of the printed parts, stemming from local inadequate heat input during the blending of Ti6Al4V with added Fe powder. These cracks are discerned via AE signals subsequent to the cessation of the laser beam, correlating with the presence of brittle intermetallics at their junction. This study highlights for the first time the potential of AE monitoring in reliably detecting footprints of martensitic transformations during the LPBF process. Additionally, AE is shown to prove valuable for assessing crack formations, particularly in scenarios involving premixed powders and necessitating precise selection of processing parameters, notably at part edges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104562"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"18Ni300/AlSi10Mg interpenetrating phase composite: Lattice structure, mechanical and thermal performance, and application in forming die","authors":"Jiacheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Haihong Huang ,&nbsp;Kaiyuan Peng ,&nbsp;Yu Kong ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A three-dimensional interpenetrating structure is a promising design that enhances the mechanical properties and functionality of bimetallic materials, where the structure and distribution of each phase are crucial in determining the final performance of the composite material. In this study, we propose a novel radial gradient design strategy to manufacture single-phase lattice structures. The results show that this design not only improves the yield strength of the lattice structure but also increases its surface area, thereby accelerating heat dissipation. These structures are then subjected to a pressureless infiltration to form interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs). Mechanical interlocking at the interface, heterogeneous deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening, and continuous thermal conduction paths enable IPCs to exhibit excellent mechanical properties and thermal conductivity. Utilizing these insights, we designed and manufactured an advanced hot stamping die composed of lattice structures and IPCs. Tests confirm that this die has less thermal accumulation and a higher blank cooling rate. This case offers a promising solution for manufacturing cost-effective and high cooling-efficiency hot stamping dies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104565"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ synchrotron diffraction study on the anisotropic deformation and phase transformation behaviors in NiTi shape memory alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Pengyue Gao ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianzhou Huang ,&nbsp;Dongdong He ,&nbsp;Runguang Li ,&nbsp;Qisheng Feng ,&nbsp;Guangyao Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Zheng ,&nbsp;Xueliang Kang ,&nbsp;Caijuan Shi ,&nbsp;Yang Ren ,&nbsp;Huiping Ren ,&nbsp;Xionggang Lu ,&nbsp;Chonghe Li","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stress-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) and plastic deformation are the crucial factors governing the functional and mechanical properties of polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys. This study investigated and compared the SIMT and deformation behaviors along the building direction (BD) and horizontal direction (HD) of NiTi components fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and in-situ synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction during uniaxial tension. The experimental results revealed that loading along the HD resulted in both a higher SIMT rate and increased dislocation density compared to the BD of the printed block. Additionally, both HD and BD loadings demonstrated multiple lattice correspondences from the B2-austenite to B19'-martensite phase. The BD sample, with its more complex grain boundary network, densely distributed localized stress and strain, as well as, smaller grain size, contributed to a lower SIMT rate and dislocation density. These findings underscore the impact of crystallographic orientation and microstructural characteristics on the mechanical responses and SIMTs of LPBF-fabricated NiTi alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104566"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directly printing high-resolution, high-performance 3D curved electronics based on locally polarized electric-field-driven vertical jetting","authors":"Hongke Li ,&nbsp;Yirui Li ,&nbsp;Guangming Zhang ,&nbsp;Yadong Liu ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Han ,&nbsp;Houchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Quan Xu ,&nbsp;Jiawei Zhao ,&nbsp;Maopeng Jin ,&nbsp;Daosen Song ,&nbsp;Mingze Sun ,&nbsp;Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Zhu ,&nbsp;Hongbo Lan","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The applications of 3D curved electronics, such as conformal antennas, smart aircraft skins, and structural health monitoring, encompass a wide range of applications. However, the integrated fabrication of 3D curved multilayer electronics with high resolution and high performance remains a major challenge, especially on free-form surfaces. Here, a novel conformal 3D printing technique based on locally polarized electric-field-driven (LP-EFD) vertical jet printing has been proposed for the fabrication of high-resolution, high-performance 3D curved electronic devices. The simulation results demonstrate that it has a highly stable and symmetric distributed electric field to produce a steady and vertically downward jet, ensuring high-precision and high-resolution 3D curved/conformal printing. The printing parameters were optimized by exploring their effect on line width and printing consistency. Several typical 3D curved circuits such as single-layer circuit patterns on different curved surface, multilayer circuit patterns on cylindrical structure surfaces, and curved transparent heaters have been printed successfully. The resulting circuits achieve the smallest line width of 8 μm, the largest height difference of 50 mm, and high line width consistency (less than ±3.7 %). The fabricated 3D curved circuit exhibits excellent conductivity of 4.44×10⁷ S/m and high adhesion (resistance changes less than 1 % after 100 times peeling). The proposed fabrication method provides a novel solution for exploring high-resolution 3D curved conformal circuits and curved multilayer electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104579"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chirality manipulation of 3D printed gyroidal scaffolds towards mechanical properties enhancement","authors":"Yanhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Junming Zhang ,&nbsp;Weidong Yang ,&nbsp;Shunai Che ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Cao ,&nbsp;Lu Han","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the most appealing triply periodic hyperbolic surface, the gyroid (G) processes large strength-to-weight ratio and high energy absorption efficiency due to the distinctive energy distribution within its continuous saddle-shape surface. However, the structural complexity of G surface blocks the way in deeply understanding the origin of its mechanical responses. Particularly, the role of the chirality of gyroid works in its mechanical performance remains an unresolved issue. Herein, we investigate the influence of the topological structure and interlocking chiral geometry on the mechanical properties of G-related structures modeled from chirality manipulation and symmetrical modulation. Homochiral and racemic G structures from single to quadruple interlacing gyroidal networks were designed to experimentally evaluate their uniaxial compression mechanical properties, and their deformation mechanism was further conducted from finite element simulations. Our results showed that both the numbers and chirality degree of the networks significantly affect the mechanical properties of the materials. In particular, the spatially equally distributed left and right networks promote stronger mechanical strength due to a more uniform dispersion of mechanical stress. This chiral structural design strategy emphasizes the significance of structural spatial symmetry in mechanical regulation and opens up new horizons for the design of novel mechanical structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104551"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}