{"title":"Multi-source information fusion for enhanced in-process quality monitoring of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing","authors":"Tao Shen , Bo Li , Jianrui Zhang , Fuzhen Xuan","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Defects such as lack of fusion, porosity, and keyhole generated during the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing process pose a challenge, with the absence of effective prediction methods for the process-induced defects and as-printed quality. On-line monitoring becomes imperative to evaluate and enhance the L-PBF in-process quality. Here, a multi-source information fusion strategy using a residual network (ResNet) is introduced for the in-process monitoring during the L-PBF. This approach integrates the melt-pool infrared (IR) images captured layer-by-layer, melt-track top-view photographs, melt-track numerical simulation diagrams, L-PBF process parameters, and characteristic parameters of melt-pool cross-sectional morphology after solidification to enable quality monitoring of the L-PBF processing. To assess the defect severity, a quantitative defect evaluation method based on the defect-specific characteristics is proposed. This method facilitates the quantitative evaluation of defects by extracting pertinent defect indicators related to porosity and deformation. Additionally, two types of residual physical hybrid networks (ResPHN) and two types of residual physical fusion supervisory networks (ResPFSN) are introduced in this study. The performance of these four network models is meticulously compared and evaluated. The findings reveal that the most effective feature fusion monitoring model is the ResPFSN-type2, achieving an impressive accuracy of 99.4 % and displaying consistent performance across varying input image sizes and training data volumes. It underscores its potential for real-time process control applications. Furthermore, the interpretability of the model is scrutinized, with results indicating that the ResPFSN-type2 model adeptly identifies the contour texture and local features of the laser-induced melt pools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104575"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qichen Guo , Jun Ye , Hongjia Lu , Guan Quan , Zhen Wang , Yang Zhao , Yi Min Xie
{"title":"Design and validation of 3D self-supporting structures and printing paths for multi-axis additive manufacturing","authors":"Qichen Guo , Jun Ye , Hongjia Lu , Guan Quan , Zhen Wang , Yang Zhao , Yi Min Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing (AM) has become a widely used tool for fabricating components with complex geometries. However, the overhang effect induced by gravity often necessitates additional supports to prevent collapse and warping during the printing process. To address this issue, previous studies incorporated overhang constraints to the topology optimisation to create self-supporting structures. Nevertheless, these studies primarily focused on 3-axis AM, which deposits material in a single direction and often compromises structural stiffness to achieve self-supporting designs. In response, this study aims to design 3D self-supporting structures tailored for multi-axis AM. By leveraging the rotatable base platform of multi-axis systems, this approach automatically identifies optimised local build directions and the corresponding structural topology to minimise overhangs. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through several numerical examples, with results validated numerically via printing simulations in VERICUT and physically using a multi-axis Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) machine. The results indicate that the performance degradation caused by 3-axis-based overhang constraints can be reduced to a negligible level with the multi-axis-based approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104563"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syed Bustan Fatima Warsi , Biranchi Panda , Pankaj Biswas
{"title":"Development of ultra-ductile strain hardening 3D printed concrete composite utilizing critical fiber volume and coarse aggregate","authors":"Syed Bustan Fatima Warsi , Biranchi Panda , Pankaj Biswas","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a promising approach of integrating coarse aggregates and steel fibers (smooth straight and corrugated) into 3D printed concrete to enhance both strain-hardening and ductility properties. The research delves into the engineering design of fiber reinforced 3D printed concrete by analysing the effect of critical fiber volume and coarse aggregate addition on concrete tensile properties. The combination of coarse aggregate and fiber enhances the material ability to withstand increasing loads by promoting plastic deformation, while mitigating the crack formation and propagation. Experimental methodology for engineering design of fiber reinforced 3D printed concrete is elucidated via critical fiber volume analysis, strain hardening analysis, and ductility assessment under direct tensile loading. The results indicate synergistic effect of corrugated fibers and coarse aggregates on the tensile properties and unlike straight smooth fiber, corrugated long fibers significantly contribute to excellent strain hardening behaviour. The new 3D printed concrete composite developed in this study exhibited distinctive yield point with high strain hardening factor (1.62), ductile factor (10.86), and enhanced energy absorption capability (+105 kJ/m³). These enhanced properties make the material particularly suitable for applications in seismic-resistant structures and other load-bearing applications where ductility and energy absorption are critical.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 104541"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Pak , Francis Ogoke , Andrew Polonsky , Anthony Garland , Dan S. Bolintineanu , Dan R. Moser , Mary Arnhart , Jonathan Madison , Thomas Ivanoff , John Mitchell , Bradley Jared , Brad Salzbrenner , Michael J. Heiden , Amir Barati Farimani
{"title":"ThermoPore: Predicting part porosity based on thermal images using deep learning","authors":"Peter Pak , Francis Ogoke , Andrew Polonsky , Anthony Garland , Dan S. Bolintineanu , Dan R. Moser , Mary Arnhart , Jonathan Madison , Thomas Ivanoff , John Mitchell , Bradley Jared , Brad Salzbrenner , Michael J. Heiden , Amir Barati Farimani","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Part qualification is often a critical and labor-intensive process in additive manufacturing, particularly in the detection of defects such as porosity, which stands to benefit significantly from advancements in machine learning. We present a deep learning approach for quantifying and localizing <em>ex-situ</em> porosity within Laser Powder Bed Fusion fabricated samples utilizing <em>in-situ</em> thermal image monitoring data. Our goal is to build the real time porosity map of parts based on thermal images acquired during the build. The quantification task builds upon the established Convolutional Neural Network model architecture to predict pore count and the localization task leverages the spatial and temporal attention mechanisms of the novel Video Vision Transformer model to indicate areas of expected porosity. Our model for porosity quantification achieved a <span><math><msup><mrow><mtext>R</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> score of 0.57 and our model for porosity localization produced an average Intersection over Union (IoU) score of 0.32 and a maximum of 1.0. This work is setting the foundations of part porosity “Digital Twins” based on additive manufacturing monitoring data and can be applied downstream to reduce time-intensive post-inspection and testing activities during part qualification and certification. In addition, we seek to accelerate the acquisition of crucial insights normally only available through <em>ex-situ</em> part evaluation by means of machine learning analysis of <em>in-situ</em> process monitoring data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 104503"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Achieving dual-phase structured Cu-Al-Mn-Si alloy with prominent shape memory properties via laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Honghao Xiang, Mingzhu Dang, Jikang Li, Zhenwu Zhang, Hairui Gao, Chao Cai, Qingsong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, Cu-11.1Al-8.15Mn-0.37Si shape memory alloy was manufactured via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and compared with furnace-cooling cast samples. The LPBF-manufactured samples exhibited a dual-phase structure of L2<sub>1</sub> austenite and 2H martensite, along with uniformly distributed nanoscale Mn<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> precipitations observed via TEM. The 2H martensite presented a layer-like morphology and was confirmed to be induced by residual stress during the LPBF process. Such a dual-phase structure could be stabilized by Mn<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> precipitations, and yielded the concurrent presence of prominent superelastic (SE) and shape memory effect (SME) properties. Under 6 % pre-strain, LPBF-manufactured samples showed an 80 % SE rate and 83 % SME rate. The recovery SE and SME strain could be up to 4.2 % and 2.1 %. Compared to the cast sample, fracture compressive and tensile strain increased by 68.4 % and 33.3 %. This enhancement was due to regularly arranged columnar crystals and strong [001]//Z texture confirmed by EBSD. These findings suggest that LPBF has the potential to produce Cu-Al-Mn-Si alloys with prominent shape memory properties and provide references for an austenite-martensite dual-phase structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 104521"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaqiang Chang , Yingjie Ma , Sensen Huang , Min Qi , Zirong Zhai , Yingna Wu , Rui Yang , Zhenbo Zhang
{"title":"Additive manufacturing of a new titanium alloy with tunable microstructure and isotropic properties","authors":"Jiaqiang Chang , Yingjie Ma , Sensen Huang , Min Qi , Zirong Zhai , Yingna Wu , Rui Yang , Zhenbo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional titanium alloys have a high propensity in developing columnar grains with strong textures during additive manufacturing (AM), which causes pronounced anisotropy in mechanical properties and hampers their practical applications. In this study, a new metastable β titanium alloy with high Fe addition (Ti-3Al-6Fe-6V-2Zr, wt%) was designed for AM, and the strategies and underlying mechanisms to eliminating the structural heterogeneity including grain morphology, Fe element segregation and phase constituent distribution were elaborately investigated. It was demonstrated that the alloy has an outstanding intrinsic capability of forming equiaxed grains during direct energy deposition (DED) due to the positive effect of Fe on constitutional supercooling. The final microstructure of bulk sample was determined by the directly deposited microstructure and subsequent microstructure coarsening caused by cyclic heating, and homogeneously equiaxed microstructure without texture could be achieved when the heat-affected zones can fully cover the formerly deposited layer. Despite of very high level of Fe addition, both microscale and macroscale Fe segregation were completely suppressed during DED, by taking the advantages of fast solidification rate and tailoring the heating effect between the adjacent layers. Moreover, the problem related to the heterogeneity in α phase distribution along the building direction was solved by mitigating the heat accumulation during DED. On the basis of these understandings, homogeneously equiaxed Ti3662 alloy with isotropic mechanical properties of high strength (∼1200 MPa) and decent ductility (∼10 %) was finally fabricated by DED, which stands a good chance for practical application. This study demonstrates that the special metallurgical process during AM largely expands the design space of titanium alloys on the aspects of composition and microstructure, which can be utilized to fabricate titanium alloys with desirable microstructure and excellent properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 104546"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tangsiyuan Zhang, Xinyu Cao, Shuming Zhang, Yuhang Chen, YeTing Huang, Min Yu, Xiaoyu Han
{"title":"Transformer neural network based real-time process monitoring and direct visualization of top-down vat photopolymerization","authors":"Tangsiyuan Zhang, Xinyu Cao, Shuming Zhang, Yuhang Chen, YeTing Huang, Min Yu, Xiaoyu Han","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Top-down vat photopolymerization (TVPP) technology is rapidly developing to all of the industries for new products development and manufacturing due to its low cost, fast speed and high precision. The powerful capability of TVPP for large size, highly customized and medium batch production renders it one of the most popular additive manufacturing techniques today. An effective real-time process monitoring method providing timely feedback for part defects, especially in case of print failure, is highly desirable but still rarely reported for TVPP 3D printing. Large 3D objects are normally segmented into smaller parts to reduce the risk of failure and materials waste, resulting in the complexity of building while sacrificing component integrity. Herein, a transformer neural network based real-time and visualized process monitoring (TransRV) was constructed as an effective method to enhance the manufacturing performance and quality. Upon the challenge of visualizing and capturing the real-time fabricated layer from the around liquid photoresin, a real-time dataset including in-situ standard reference images and real-time mask fabricated layers was initially constructed. Based on the dataset foundation, we then developed a novel neural network model for effective segmentation of captured images by introducing multiple attention mechanisms and adopting the architecture of Swin Transformer. The experimental results showed that the real-time taken images during the printing process could be accurately segmented through our designed neural network model. The mIoU, which is the ratio of mean intersection over union, was considered as the main evaluation index in the test set. And the value of mIoU could achieve as high as 96.14 %. On the basis of this result, we further constructed a multiple quality monitoring indicator for quality assessment and defect detection of TVPP process. It was proved that this indicator enabled real-time accurate recognition and in time feedback. The typical defects such as overall collapse and partial missing of the printed parts that usually occur during TVPP process would be timely detected and subsequently stopped printing. Apparently, the methods developed in this work provide a promising strategy to effectively eliminate the material waste and highly improve the productivity. Most importantly, the presented real-time process monitor holds the great potential for quality control and defect detection of widespread TVPP manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 104537"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pooja Srinivas , Liya Jacob , C. Muhammed Shebeeb , Haider Butt , Imad Barsoum , Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub , Wael Zaki
{"title":"Effect of printing parameters and triply periodic minimal surfaces on electromagnetic shielding efficiency of polyvinylidene fluoride graphene nanocomposites","authors":"Pooja Srinivas , Liya Jacob , C. Muhammed Shebeeb , Haider Butt , Imad Barsoum , Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub , Wael Zaki","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is vital in safeguarding electronic devices from the harmful effects of external electromagnetic signals, a critical factor in ensuring the reliability and functionality of these systems. EMI, originating from a myriad of sources, can range from causing temporary disruptions to catastrophic system failures and potentially harmful consequences. This study delves into the EMI shielding capabilities of 3D printed Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)-graphene Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures, fabricated using Material Extrusion (ME) process. The focus on TPMS structures stems from their unique geometrical configurations, offering promising potentials in enhancing EMI shielding effectiveness. Four distinct TPMS topologies—gyroid, Neovius, diamond, and I-WP were explored, with each demonstrating varying degrees of shielding effectiveness. 3D printed solid samples showed an average specific shielding effectiveness (SSE) of 13 dB cm<sup>3</sup>/g, and Neovius triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structure exhibited an average SSE of 94 dB cm<sup>3</sup>/g. Absolute shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) for solid samples and Neovius TPMS structure is around 66 dB cm<sup>2</sup>/g and 62.5 dB cm<sup>2</sup>/g respectively. Among the tested samples, those with a Neovius topology emerged as particularly promising, exhibiting high EMI shielding effectiveness suitable for commercial applications. Furthermore, the study investigates the impact of several design and printing parameters, including relative density/infill percentage, print orientation, and the size of unit cells, on total shielding effectiveness (SE<sub>T</sub>). Results revealed SE<sub>T</sub> variations ranging between 25 dB and 75 dB, suggesting that tuning the SE<sub>T</sub> of these samples is feasible by adjusting these parameters. The study's findings, highlighting a strong correlation between SE<sub>T</sub> and frequency influenced by unique geometrical characteristics and frequency-dependent interactions, underscore the potential of architected PVDF-graphene TPMS structures in EMI shielding applications. This opens new avenues for research and development in this field, paving the way for more advanced and effective EMI shielding solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 104544"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhenhuan Lv , Wenqiang Yang , Li Yao , Xiang Chen , Junyang Zhou , Ruoyu Li , Hui Mei , Laifei Cheng , Litong Zhang
{"title":"Electromagnetic response mechanism of BaTiO3-based metamaterials: Transition between microwave absorption and shielding capacity","authors":"Zhenhuan Lv , Wenqiang Yang , Li Yao , Xiang Chen , Junyang Zhou , Ruoyu Li , Hui Mei , Laifei Cheng , Litong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a classical ferroelectric material, the BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-based electromagnetic metamaterials for microwave absorption/shielding have not been investigated. In this paper, triply-periodic minimal surface structures with varied unit cell dimensions (UCD) and relative densities (RD) are firstly constructed to investigate the relationship between macrostructure and electromagnetic response, and the single-step fabrication of BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-based metamaterial microwave absorber is then achieved by 3D printing technology. The optimal microwave absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss of –59.06 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 1.7 GHz is achieved in X-band when the UCD is 1 T (taking the UCD in the direction of microwave incidence 1 T=1.47 mm as the standard, and enlarging the UCD as a whole to 5 T in 1 T steps) and the RD is 10 %. In contrast, when the UCD is 2 T, the total shielding effectiveness of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> metamaterial is 15.98 dB, which indicates that the transition from shielding to microwave-absorbing materials can be achieved through the optimization of the macrostructure. This study shows that by tailoring structural parameters, completely different electromagnetic responses can be obtained. Macrostructural design ideas for ferroelectric metamaterials can be explored in more depth based on the above studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 104558"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marvin A. Spurek , Francesco Sillani , Lukas Haferkamp , Enrico Tosoratti , Adriaan B. Spierings , Christopher M. Magazzeni , Martina Meisnar , Konrad Wegener
{"title":"Effect of powder properties, process parameters, and recoating speed on powder layer properties measured by in-situ laser profilometry and part properties in laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Marvin A. Spurek , Francesco Sillani , Lukas Haferkamp , Enrico Tosoratti , Adriaan B. Spierings , Christopher M. Magazzeni , Martina Meisnar , Konrad Wegener","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), the powder layer is the link between the powder properties and the resulting part quality. Powder layer quality is a key metric related to powder spreadability and ultimately part quality, yet it is still unclear how it can be quantified. This is due to the difficulty of studying powder layer properties during the process. This study investigates the influence of powder properties, process parameters, and recoating speed on the surface roughness of the powder layer and the part, as well as on the effective thickness of the powder layer and solidified layer, and the resulting relative part density. Utilizing in-situ laser profilometry, high-resolution topographical data of the powder layer and the part surface were acquired, with minimal interference to the PBF-LB/M process. Six AlSi10Mg powders with varying particle size distribution, morphology, and flowability were processed using a wide range of recoating speeds and scan speeds to create powder layers with a wide range of properties. The results reveal a strong correlation between energy input and the effective powder layer thickness where lower scan speed results in an increased effective powder layer thickness due to material losses. Additionally, faster recoating decreases the powder layer density, which is moderated by the median particle size where the effect is strongest for fine powders. The surface roughness of the powder layer and top part surface are influenced by the recoating speed, energy input, and particle size, and they are strongly linked to each other. This highlights the importance of considering realistic substrate surface roughnesses in both powder spreading experiments and simulations. Finally, layer properties affect the process stability, resulting in small differences in relative part density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 104512"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}