Addictive behaviors最新文献

{"title":"Mapping adolescent problematic social media use patterns across 41 countries/regions: A multilevel latent class analysis with social determinants","authors":"Zékai Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Problematic social media use (PSMU) represents a growing concern among adolescents globally. While existing variable-centered research has provided valuable insights into PSMU determinants, person-centered approaches can offer complementary perspectives by identifying behavioral heterogeneity within populations and examining how social determinants differentially affect distinct subgroups across diverse national contexts.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to (1) identify distinct PSMU behavioral classes at the individual level, (2) classify countries/regions based on PSMU prevalence patterns, and (3) examine how multilevel social determinants predict class membership.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were from 171,447 adolescents across 41 countries/regions. Multilevel latent class analyses were first conducted on nine dimensions of PSMU to identify distinct classes at individual and national levels. Individual-level measures incorporated social relationship quality, health behaviors, and economic deprivation. National-level indicators included economic development, education, income, inequalities, and cultural values. Multinomial regressions were performed to examine associations between social determinants and PSMU class membership.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Three distinct individual-level PSMU classes emerged: Low Problematic Use Class (58.0%), Moderate Problematic Use Class (37.6%), and High Problematic Use Class (4.3%). Countries/regions are clustered into three categories: Low Prevalence Region (31.7%), Moderate Prevalence Region (39.0%), and High Prevalence Region (29.2%). At the individual level, positive social relationships and healthy lifestyles demonstrated protective effects against problematic use, while economic deprivation increased risk. At the national level, educational inequality, secular values, and gender inequality significantly increased the likelihood of countries belonging to the High Prevalence Region.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Adolescent PSMU manifests heterogeneously across individuals and exhibits geographic variation. This study highlights the necessity of multilevel, differentiated intervention strategies, emphasizing that countries/regions should develop policies aligned with their specific characteristics to foster supportive environments for adolescent digital well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108523"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cigarette and cannabis use and co-use among U.S. adults: An examination of prevalence and trends during 2015–2023","authors":"Joanne Constantin ,&nbsp;Jayani Jayawardhana","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The shifting dynamics of cannabis legislation in the U.S. has over half the states legalizing recreational use for adults and others opting for decriminalization. As tobacco use wanes, the surge in cannabis use presents a worrisome trend among adults. This study examines cigarette and cannabis use and co-use among U.S. adults from 2015 to 2023, emphasizing key sociodemographic variations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Utilizing the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we explored the prevalence and trends of past 30-day cigarette and cannabis co-use, cannabis-only use, and cigarette-only use among adults 18 and older over three periods: 2015–2019, 2020, and 2021–2023. Analyses were conducted across various sociodemographic factors, and predictors of substance use were identified using multivariable logistic regressions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Cannabis-only use increased from 3.9% to 6.5% in 2015–2019, was 7.1% in 2020, and increased again from 7.9% to 10.6% in 2021–2023. Cigarette-only use decreased from 15.0% to 12.0% in 2015–2019, was 10.3% in 2020, and declined again from 10.8% to 8.8% in 2021–2023. Co-use was relatively stable across the different periods. Among socioeconomically disadvantaged adults (with lower education, income, or lacking insurance), cigarette-only use was most prevalent. In contrast, cannabis-only use predominated among more socioeconomically advantaged groups (college-educated, high-income, and privately insured).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Cannabis-only use and co-use trends pose public health risks akin to cigarettes, necessitating targeted prevention campaigns. A multi-pronged strategy of public health education, early detection, and effective treatment development is vital to prevent cannabis from becoming the next public health crisis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108521"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in blunt smoking among adults in the United States, 2015–2022","authors":"Dale S. Mantey ,&nbsp;Ashlynn M. Ruleman ,&nbsp;Dilara K. Üsküp ,&nbsp;Dylanne Twitty ,&nbsp;LaTrice Montgomery","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We quantify and compare population-level trends in blunt smoking across demographics as well as behavioral and regulatory factors among adults in the US from 2015 to 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed eight (8) years of data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Participants were n = 326,087 adults; a subsample of n = 22,294 current blunt smokers was used to examine daily blunt smoking. We modeled linear trends in lifetime (ever), current (past 30-day), and daily (30/30 days) blunt smoking by: sex, race/ethnicity, age category, income, Major Depressive Episodes, alcohol use, and state-level cannabis regulatory policy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 2015 to 2022, lifetime blunt smoking increased ∼21.7 % (p &lt; 0.001), current blunt smoking increased ∼34.4 % (p &lt; 0.001), and daily blunt smoking among current users increased ∼24.5 % (p &lt; 0.001). Lifetime blunt smoking increased significantly more among non-Hispanic White (23.7 %) and Hispanic (30.2 %) relative to non-Hispanic Black (8.6 %) adults; similar increases were observed among those older than 18–25 years. Current blunt smoking increased significantly greater among females (63.6 %) relative to males (19.0 %) and among those who did not use alcohol (92.3 %) relative to those who did use alcohol (23.4 %). Daily blunt smoking increased significantly greater among non-Hispanic White (80.4 %) relative to non-Hispanic Black (3.7 %) adults.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Blunt smoking increased substantially from 2015 to 2022. The greatest increases in blunt smoking were observed among females, older adults, and those who did not use alcohol; groups with historically lower rates of blunt smoking. Future study is needed to understand patterns of blunt initiation, escalation, and use disorder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower cortical thickness and accelerated brain aging in individuals engaging in at-risk alcohol use","authors":"Marco Hermesdorf ,&nbsp;Jürgen Wellmann ,&nbsp;Matthias Nauck ,&nbsp;Klaus Berger","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In view of recent global trends in alcohol use, it becomes increasingly relevant to characterize health outcomes related to alcohol use. Previous studies that reported associations between alcohol use and brain health have not validated self-reported alcohol intake, considered only a very narrow demographic strata, or a limited subset of potential confounders and cortical regions for the assessment of brain health. This study aimed to analyze several neuroimaging-derived phenotypes and their associations with at-risk alcohol use in the general population. At-risk alcohol use was operationalized as the regular consumption of more than two units of alcohol at least twice a week. Cortical thickness, gray matter volume, and brain age gaps were derived from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and compared between population-based individuals regularly engaging in at-risk alcohol use (n = 123) versus those who don’t (n = 403). Self-reported alcohol use was validated across groups by comparing gamma-glutamyltransferase levels. At-risk alcohol use was associated with higher gamma-glutamyltransferase levels and lower regional cortical thickness across all four lobes of the brain. We also observed higher brain age gaps of 1.21 years on average (CI: 0.26 to 2.15, <em>p</em> = 0.013) in individuals engaging in at-risk alcohol use. No associations with subcortical gray matter were detected. At-risk alcohol use was related to poor brain health as indicated by cortical thinning and accelerated brain aging in the general population. The findings underscore the potentially deleterious associations between alcohol use and neuroimaging-derived phenotypes. These findings, and particularly the accelerated brain aging, are increasingly relevant in view of recent global trends in alcohol use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108519"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The desire trap: Metacognitions and the cognitive mechanisms of adolescent online gaming craving","authors":"Shan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoru Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Wang ,&nbsp;Lingfeng Gao ,&nbsp;Haide Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Craving is widely recognized as a central feature of addiction. Although internet gaming disorder is notably prevalent among adolescents, the mechanisms that lead to the development of craving for online gaming are not well understood. This study investigated the mediating role of desire thinking and thought suppression in the link between adolescents’ positive and negative metacognitions about online gaming and their craving for it. The study evaluated 991 Chinese adolescents utilizing the Metacognitions about Online Gaming Scale, Desire Thinking Questionnaire, Thought Suppression Inventory, and Craving Assessment Scale. Results showed that desire thinking and thought suppression partially mediated the link between both positive and negative metacognitions and craving, with desire thinking exhibiting a stronger indirect effect than thought suppression. The study indicates that both positive and negative metacognitions are associated with adolescent online gaming craving via similar cognitive pathways, with desire thinking being a significant factor. This study highlights the potential of targeting metacognitive processes in future interventions for internet gaming disorder, emphasizing the need for intervention strategies tailored to address desire thinking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108516"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145294509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-lagged panel model of the bidirectional relationships between gaming-specific maladaptive cognitions and internet gaming disorder among adolescents in China","authors":"Yanqiu Yu ,&nbsp;Siman Li ,&nbsp;Xinwei Lyu ,&nbsp;Jianxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Ji-bin Li ,&nbsp;Joseph T.F. Lau","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The directions of the causal relationships between gaming-specific maladaptive cognitions (MCIG) and internet gaming disorder (IGD) are implicative but unclear, with few longitudinal studies in this regard. Bidirectional relationships are plausible, as suggested by the Cognitive Behavioral Model of Pathological Internet Use and Cognitive Dissonance Theory. This 12-month two-wave longitudinal study was conducted among 1857 junior middle school students in two Chinese cities to investigate the reciprocal relationships between three domains of MCIG (perceived overevaluation of rewards, perceived urges, and perceived reluctance to stop playing) and IGD. The prevalence of IGD was 10.0 % at Wave 1 (W1) and 9.6 % at Wave 2 (W2). Cross-lagged panel analysis revealed that IGD at W1 significantly predicted all three domains of MCIG at W2. However, among the three MCIG domains, only perceived urges at W1 significantly predicted IGD at W2. Bidirectional relationships were identified between perceived overvaluation of rewards and perceived reluctance to stop playing. Perceived reluctance to stop playing predicted perceived urges, but the reverse was not true. Relationships between perceived overvaluation of rewards and perceived urges were not statistically significant in either direction. In conclusion, significant bidirectional relationships were observed between one domain of MCIG and IGD, as well as between one pair of MCIG; not all MCIG domains were risk factors of IGD. These findings highlight the importance of targeting specific MCIG to disrupt potential vicious cycles. Caution is warranted when interpreting cross-sectional associations, and future longitudinal studies with additional points are recommended for verification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108518"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-compassion mediates the relationship between family (but not peer) support and internet gaming disorder symptoms: a five-wave, random intercept cross-lagged panel model","authors":"Wangjia Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Chen ,&nbsp;Ya Zhu ,&nbsp;Xuliang Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although previous studies have suggested that individuals with low self-compassion from dysfunctional families<!--> <!-->are at higher risks of developing online gaming addiction, the distinction between between-person differences and within-person effects in these associations has not been fully explored. This longitudinal study examined the reciprocal relations between social support and internet gaming disorder symptoms (IGDs), as well as the potential mediating role of self-compassion, while differentiating between- and within-person effects. A total of 5785 students (48.2 % of female, <em>M</em>_age = 18.63, <em>SD</em> = 0.88) participated in a large-scale health-related cohort study of college students. The random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was used for data analysis. The findings revealed a reciprocal within-person relationship between family support and self-compassion. Self-compassion played a significant longitudinal mediating role in the association between family (but not peer) support and IGDs at the within-person level. These findings emphasize self-compassion as a key psychological mechanism in the relations between family support and IGDs. Future prevention and intervention programs targeted at bolstering family support and cultivating self-compassion may be effective in mitigating the risk of online gaming addiction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108517"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the relationships between solitary experiences and problematic social media use in young adults: a network approach to investigating underlying motivations","authors":"Gianluca Santoro ,&nbsp;Andrea Zagaria ,&nbsp;Mattia Pezzi ,&nbsp;Paola Corsano ,&nbsp;Alessio Gori ,&nbsp;Alessandro Musetti","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous research has shown that subjective and negative solitary experiences, such as loneliness, are associated with increased problematic social media use (PSMU). However, further research is needed to examine the role of other solitary experiences and motivations for solitary behavior in PSMU. Accordingly, the current study investigated the relationships between various solitary experiences (i.e., trait loneliness, perceived isolation, lack of relational connectedness, positive solitude, and frequency of solitary behavior), motivations for solitary behavior (i.e., autonomous and controlled), motives for social media use (i.e., enhancement, coping, conformity, and social), and core and peripheral symptoms of PSMU in young adults. Eight hundred twenty-nine young adults (65 % females), aged 18 to 30 years (<em>M</em> = 23.76, <em>SD</em> = 3.16), completed self-report measures assessing the variables of interest. Psychometric network analysis was performed to estimate regularized partial correlations among variables across the entire sample. Gender differences in network properties were evaluated using the network comparison test. Results showed that controlled motivations for solitary behavior and perceived isolation were indirectly linked to core symptoms of PSMU through conformity motives. Additionally, perceived isolation was also associated with core PSMU symptoms through coping motives. No significant gender differences were found in the network properties. These findings suggest that PSMU might serve as a maladaptive strategy to temporarily compensate for involuntary solitary experiences and to seek relief from perceived isolation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ecological momentary assessment of adolescents’ affective states and game craving","authors":"Camilla K.M. Lo ,&nbsp;Edward W.W. Chan ,&nbsp;Yuet Wing Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Aims</h3><div>Craving plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of addiction, including gaming disorder. While affective states are associated with cravings in substance-related use and disorders, the relationship between affect and game craving remains understudied. This study employs an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) approach to investigate how momentary positive and negative affect are related to game craving in adolescents, and whether these associations vary by individual differences in gaming disorder risk.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 317 Hong Kong Chinese adolescents who self-reported as regular gamers completed a pre-EMA survey, followed by a 14-day EMA protocol. Participants reported their momentary positive affect, negative affect, and game craving at four time points daily.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At the within-person level, elevated momentary positive and negative affect were significantly associated with increased odds of game craving. However, adolescents at higher risk for gaming disorder showed a reversed pattern, reporting reduced craving when experiencing greater affect intensity than their personal average.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion and Conclusions</h3><div>These findings illustrate the complex dynamics between affect and game craving, highlighting the moderating role of an individual's gaming disorder risk. Understanding how affect interacts with game craving in real-word setting may inform targeted interventions for adolescents vulnerable to problematic gaming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108510"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reciprocal relationships among problematic social media use, depression, and social anxiety of Chinese university students: Disentangling between- and within-person effects","authors":"Ziwei Ren ,&nbsp;Hui Lu ,&nbsp;Peng Zheng ,&nbsp;Huijuan Lu ,&nbsp;Zixin Su ,&nbsp;Ziyou Huang ,&nbsp;Yun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The associations between problematic social media use (PSMU), depression, and social anxiety (SA) remain a topic of debate. Hence, this study investigated the bidirectional longitudinal relationships of PSMU with depression and SA in a sample of Chinese university students, with an additional emphasis on potential sex differences. A total of 378 students (56.3 % male, 43.7 % female; Mage = 20.49 years, SD = 0.65) completed three waves of survey data. Random Intercept Cross-lagged panel model analysis and multi-group analysis by sex were conducted. At the within-person level, a reciprocal relationship was observed between PSMU and depression over time. Furthermore, SA predicted later increases in PSMU, whereas the reverse associations were not significant. These results highlight the dynamic interplay among emotional symptoms and digital behavior, and underscore the importance of considering both individual differences and temporal fluctuations in future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 108515"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145246142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}