Acta historica Leopoldina最新文献

{"title":"[Status of research: history of the Academy 1652 - 1818].","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 60","pages":"12-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32455641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The active core in the early epoch of the Leopoldina. Member selection 1652 -1779 from proposed candidates].","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 60","pages":"378-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32455643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Science in the crosshairs of enlightenment. Significance of hypothetical thinking].","authors":"Wolfgang Wieland","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To further the enlightenment primarily or even only by means of science was the hope of most representatives of the movement of the enlightenment which gave its name to a whole period of European cultural history. Only a few of its representatives, like Montesquieu and Rousseau, doubted for good reasons, whether and how the goals of the enlightenment can be reached at all by the means of science alone. In his Discours préliminaires to the Encyclopédie D'Alembert still wanted to limit science proper to the narrower field of those kinds of research which were strictly based on observations and calculations alone. In this way he remained committed to Descartes' ideal method of receiving authentic knowledge only by deduction from evident axioms or fundamental theorems. Pascal's casual discovery of the calculation of probabilities allowed to apply mathematics on the hidden laws of the apparent casualties of the human life world. Bacon's project of empirical science as a rational and methodological art of conducting experiments could replace the methodological ideal of science more geometrico. Lichtenberg's refined sensibility for the subjunctive linguistic forms of hypothetical thinking indicates a new understanding of inventing and testing hypotheses as the two most important methods of the experimental sciences when compared to the formal sciences of logic and mathematics. Whoever is studying the history of science of modern times in the cross wire of the enlightenment, will realize soon that science has always been in need of being illuminated about its own chances, risks and side effects. The project of enlightenment through science had to be complemented by the project of an enlightenment about science right from its beginning. Because of the implicit risks and side effects the project of enlightenment has to be enlightenment despite of science and because of science. On the one hand, as a special form of human practice the sciences are directed towards theoretical goals and practical purposes such that their agents cannot be conscious of all aspects of their practices in advance and reflect about all of them at the same time. On the other hand, the agents of such scientific practices are rarely trained, to analyze the cognitive implications of their own actions with the conceptual means of philosophical analysis. Furthermore, the agents of scientific research are hardly able to foresee the theoretical results of their research or even predict the chances and risks of eventual applications with the methods of the social sciences. Despite of the chastening experiences with the ambivalence of the theoretical results and practical applications of the modern sciences and despite of the illuminating effects of modern history and theory of science, contemporary scientists are not fully conscious yet of what they are really doing and what science really is. The contemplative ideal of scientific investigations for their own sake has been replaced i","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 57","pages":"99-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40145808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Euthanasia in history and the present - in the spectrum between euthanasia and terminal care].","authors":"Dietrich von Engelhardt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Euthanasia signifies in antiquity an easy and happy death and not at all an active termination of life, which was forbidden in the Hippocratic oath, but justified by philosophers. In the Christian middle ages active euthanasia and abortion are explicitly refused. At the beginnings of modern times MORE (1516) and BACON (1623) plead for euthanasia and differentiate for the first time between \"euthanasia interior\" as a mental preparation and \"euthanasia exterior\" as a physical and direct termination of life. Around 1900 a change takes place--in medicine as well as in the humanities and arts. The lawyer Karl BINDING and the psychiatrist Alfred HOCHE (1920) support active euthanasia in the case of mental deficiency; similar views are taken by the population. Under the \"Third Reich\" euthanasia unlawfully is carried out as termination of life without or even against consent. Today oaths, declarations and laws are intended to prevent such a \"medicine without humanity\" (MITSCHERLICH and MIELKE 1947). Active voluntary euthanasia is under certain conditions allowed by the legislation in some countries (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg). Essential seem the consideration of different types of euthanasia and above all a psychical-mental assistance in the process of dying. The height of culture is measured by dealing with death and dying.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 55","pages":"187-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29873214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Analogies and analogy research in technical biology and bionics].","authors":"Werner Nachtigall","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The procedural approaches of Technical Biology and Bionics are characterized, and analogy research is identified as their common basis. The actual creative aspect in bionical research lies in recognizing and exploiting technically oriented analogies underlying a specific biological prototype to indicate a specific technical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 56","pages":"383-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29873272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Matthias Jacob Schleiden and the Meetings of German Natural Scientists and physicians].","authors":"Ilse Jahn,&nbsp;Isolde Schmidt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Making use of two non published and hand-written documents it will be described the travel of the botanist M. J. Schleiden (1804-1881) from Jena to Nurnberg in September 1845 to the 23rd Meeting of the German naturalists and physicians, his stopovers and acquaintances. About this journey Schleiden wrote a little journal, and in November 1845 he had given a lecture (\"Pawlowna-lecture\") in Weimar about this congress. Also it will touch on Schleidens first years as university teacher at Jena likewise his participation in other meetings of the naturalists in the following years.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 55","pages":"9-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29873260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[A good start for future reformation in rebus medicis\". Georg Ernst Stahl's medical theory and piousness of the 18th century].","authors":"Jürgen Helm","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Historical research has generally claimed a close connection between Georg Ernst STAHL'S (1659-1734) medical theory and 18th century Pietism. STAHL himself has been often presented as a religious Pietist and as a follower of August Hermann FRANCKE (1663-1727). The present paper analyses the relationship between STAHL'S theory and the medical concepts of Pietist physicians. It is shown that (1.) the assertion, that STAHL'S theory was essentially influenced by religious Pietism, cannot be proved, and that (2.) Pietist physicians adopted, but also simplified and distorted STAHL'S medical theory. Furthermore it is shown, that STAHL kept himself aloof from the Halle Pietists and their institutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 55","pages":"23-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29873262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Nature as magician: on the Paracelsus heritage of modern medicine].","authors":"Schott Heinz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The concept of \"natural magic\" (magia naturalis) was very important for medicine and natural science of the early modem period. It stressed a new scientific world view (Weltanschauung) moving away from \"supernatural\" (superstitious) perceptions and trying to explain all spectacular marvels as results of natural processes. So, Nature (natura), often personified as a female figure, was considered as a (female) magician. Physicians and naturalists should learn from her art to become able to imitate and accomplish her work. In particular this concept was relevant for the al-chemical and magical medicine as the writings of PARACELSUS show. He perceived like many of his contemporaries Nature as a servant of God producing all things according to his will supplying them with \"signatures\" indicating the scholar (philosophus) their hidden (\"natural\") powers. The iconography and emblematics of the early modem period--partly directly influenced by the paracelsian thinking--illustrate in different ways the concept of natural magic. Especially the hierarchy God--Nature--Human and the phenomena of light representing divine wisdom and power were imagined. It is remarkable, that also during the enlightenment in regard to artificial electricity and animal magnetism analogous ideas appeared in connection with the light imagery (ether, fluidum). Finally, the romantic natural philosophy dealt with them intensively, and they stimulated not only natural scientific respectively (neuro) physiological, but also psychological (experimental) research.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 55","pages":"39-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29873264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Tamil medicine and the perception of pietist missionaries of the Danish-Halle Tranquebar Mission in the 1st half of the 18th century].","authors":"Josef N Neumann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cooperation between medical systems of different cultures is a widely discussed problem. In an historical example, the perception of Tamil medicine by the Pietist missionaries of the Danish-Halle Mission in the first half of the 18th century illustrated the different meaning assigned to diseases and cures as well as differences in medical treatments compared to European medicine. Published for over 60 years starting in 1708, the Halle Reports enable us to understand the changes and developments in the relationship between the European and Tamil cultures that met in Southern India. The entrance of the first-generation Pietist missionaries (until 1720) was clearly silhouetted against a behavior that was directed at suppressing the traditional and asserting the European forms of cultural practice. They developed forms of a partnership-like association which is still discernable in the edited reports. The encounter between the Pietist missionaries and Tamil culture can be characterized as both empirical and critically reflective thanks to excellent language skills and an open-minded perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 55","pages":"75-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29873213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Magician nature and human magician: on a fundamental analogy of alchemy].","authors":"Heinz Schott","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This contribution discusses Paracelsism-influenced early-modern alchemy. There are notably two forms of analogy, each hierarchically arranged: a vertically ordered analogy (\"as above, thus below\") in which Nature is situated as mediator between God and man, and a horizontally ordered analogy (\"as without, thus within\") in which Nature's magic is regarded as a model for man, particularly expressed in the metaphor of \"Vulcan\" (smith) and doctor (e.g., Nature as inner healer). In alchemy the conventional \"healing power of Nature\" is pin-pointed: The doctor (as alchemist, magician) must unravel Nature's secrets and emulate her magic to perfect her work -particularly medicine production. Diagrams and historical depictions illustrate this.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 56","pages":"151-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29873270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}