Acta historica Leopoldina最新文献

{"title":"[The psychophysiological founding of the analogy concept by Ernst Mach].","authors":"Hayo Siemsen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ernst Mach's (1838-1916) epistemology demands that concepts be consistent with every possible known empirical fact. Ideas are brought into conformity with one another as well as with facts. In the long run, however, facts take precedence. Otherwise, Mach preceived the danger that concepts would not be subjected to any kind of empirical controls and would thus become arbitrary, i.e., 'metaphysical' in the Machian sense. Mach consistently deduced his concept of analogy from Darwin's theory of evolution, hence from the biological, psychophysiological and cultural foundations of our human thought. Facts from biology, psychology or anthropology, for example, form the bases of a monistic concept of 'analogy'. Mach's considerations had substantial impact not only on scientific research but also on the training of aspiring scientists.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 56","pages":"279-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29873271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The function of analogies in natural sciences, also in contrast to metaphors and models].","authors":"Klaus Hentschel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This introduction surveys the various functions of analogies in science, medicine and technology. The focus is on their heuristic importance. The productiveness of analogies is linked to the systematic depth and breadth of the established connections. Various examples are presented from different periods in the history of science, most notably Galileo; such late-Victorian Maxwellians as George Francis FitzGerald and Oliver Lodge; and Heinrich HERTZ and Niels BOHR. These examples are examined in terms of the specific differing temporal ranges of their claimed validities. They serve as evidence or counterevidence for various systematic analyses of analogies as put forward by various philosophers of science, most notably Francis Bacon, John Stuart Mill, Ernst Mach, Harald Høffding, Ernest Nagel, Mary Hesse and Peter Achinstein. The analytic framework for analogies supported here is what the cognitive scientist Dedre Gentner has termed structure-mapping.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 56","pages":"13-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29873269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The Leopoldina--a terra incognita in German academic historiography. Johann Laurentius Bausch on his 400th birthday].","authors":"Richard Toellner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper deals with the stupendous and strange fact, that up to now the general history was not been noticing the oldest European Academy of Sciences, the Academia Naturae Curiosorum, which was founded in 1652 and has been continuously active since their establishment. In the most cases the Leopoldina is not named at all, but if the Academy is mentioned--mostly in short--it will be entirely misjudged in its nature, its essence and its importance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 49","pages":"177-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29109937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[A tale of 2 cities. The dispute over the true origins of the Royal Society].","authors":"Philip Beeley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When the Royal Society was founded in November 1660 it took scientific societies already existing in other European countries as its model. However, at a time when the new mathematical and experimental sciences were still generally without a secure institutional foundation there was also great interest in the new society on the part of scientists and scholars abroad. Soon visitors such as Christiaan Huygens and Balthazar de Monconys were able to report positively on its practical orientation, while among others Johannes Hevelius and Philipp Jacob Sachs von Lewenhaimb in letters to the founder member John Wallis and to the secretary Henry Oldenburg requested more information on its origins and statutes. Meanwhile, in England the Royal Society found itself the object of vociferous criticism, especially from the universities, which saw their own role as centres of learning increasingly compromised by the existence of an institution dedicated to the promotion of modern science. The Royal Society responded to this interest from abroad and criticism at home by commissioning an official history written by Thomas Sprat, a man with a university as well as a literary background. However, despite the author's good credentials, the History of the Royal Society presents a one-sided account of the institution, mainly from the perspective of the circle around John Wilkins to which Sprat had belonged. According to their point of view the Royal Society arose from meetings which Wilkins had organized at Wadham College in Oxford in the early 1650s. For members of the old guard, such as Wallis and William Brouncker, the origins of the Royal Society were, however, not in Oxford but rather in London, where meetings involving a significant number of members of the future institution had taken place already in the mid-1640s. This was not simply a question of historical accuracy, but also of the way in which the Royal Society conceived itself: while the circle around Wilkins was in decisive respects experimentally orientated, Wallis, Brouncker and their friends stood for a more mathematical approach to physics as well as for the promotion of mathematics itself. By taking into account a number of sources not previously considered in context, the paper seeks to shed new light on a problem which has remained largely unresolved since the debate began in the late Seventeenth Century.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 49","pages":"135-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29109935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Medicine, natural philosophy and magic. Johann Laurentius Bausch from the medical history viewpoint].","authors":"Heinz Schott","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Bausch reception created a double image: On the one hand he is appreciated as the outstanding founder of the Academy (later called Leopoldina) with its most important impact on the history of science, on the other hand he appears as a rather mediocre doctor and natural scientist, an \"uninteresting man\", whose scientific ideas soon turned out to be obsolete. This contribution tries to illuminate especially the neglected shady side of Bausch. For this purpose, four of his major writings are analysed: the \"Apothecken Tax\" and the monographs on the blood stone, the eagle stone and the unicorn. Here, the author intended a synopsis as broad as possible; in his opinion, the collecting of historical documents was as valid as own observations and experiments. Although Bausch again and again alludes to ideas of natural philosophy and magic he does not follow a specific doctrine and particularly keeps out of the controversy between galenism and paracelsianism.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 49","pages":"191-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29109938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The laws of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum 1652 - 1872].","authors":"Uwe Müller","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The leges of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum, valid until 1670, exist in three transmissions (part I): a manuscript of Metzger in 14 paragraphs (1651/1652), one of Bausch and Fehr in 15 paragraphs, printed in the history of the academy by Büchner (1755), and the version of 18 paragraphs amended and promulgated in Salve Academicum (1662). Part II shows the constitutive revised form of 1671 after appearancing the new journal (Miscellanea or Ephemerides since 1670) containing the footnotes published by Büchner (1755) for the first time, which complete the leges successively. All versions are edited with accurate consideration according to the relevant modifications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 49","pages":"243-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29112064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Academy idea and Curiositas as leitmotif of the early modern Leopoldina].","authors":"Laetitia Boehm","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Founded in 1652, the Academia Naturae Curiosorum fiercely defended this name, which it wished to bear. On the occasion of the founder's 400th birthday, this article will try to examine the objectives of the concept of academia and the understanding of curiositas in its historical context, with a focus on the early history of the academy up to its receipt of imperial privilege in 1687/88. This is done in four chapters (I-IV). The memorial occasion suggests a preliminary note on our contemporary situation: I. The Jubilee Triangle--Berlin (Berlin academies), Halle-Wittenberg (university), Schweinfurt-Halle (Leopoldina)--considering the fate of the different historical models of scholarly organizations before and after the political turnaround (die \"Wende\") in 1989/90. The main questions about the 17th century orient themselves around the founding documents, the imperial status of the foundational city, as well as the Bausch family's places of study, educational travels, and library.--II. The Imperially Privileged Leopoldina--\"Academy\" or \"Society\"? This question's point of departure is the incipient engagement--the year after J. L. Bausch died (1665)--of G. W. Leibniz, who had likewise earned his doctorate at the University of Altdorf. He was engaged for his state-based vision of society that considered scholarly critique of hitherto extant academies, including the curiosité of the Collegium Medicorum. The summing up of the naturae-curiosi's pursuit of imperial privilege emphasizes the denominational controversy, which pitted the imperial counsellors against the societal Nomen preferred by Vienna. The attempt to interpret both sides of the argument deals on the one hand with the semantic expansion to universities of the concept of academia, inspired by humanism and the reception of Roman law; this expansion also affected the imperial reservation rights (exemplary references to legal argumentation from the work on imperial publicity by Ch. Besold). On the other hand, it deals with aspects of privilege law, regarding the development of new kinds of higher learning institutions and university politics in the imperial city in the confessional era (\"Semi-Universities\"/\"Academies\" Strassburg, Nuremberg-Altdorf). This is followed by a thematic balancing.--Chapter III. Curiositas as an Early Modern Leitmotif of Natural Science Academies refers first to the multivalent popular usage of the fashionable and borrowed German word \"Kuriosität\" [curiosity] during the Enlightenment, then inquires about the word's original definitions in ancient and medieval scholarly traditions. In the age of humanist source study and expeditions into \"new worlds\", the concept of curiositas as an (ethically ambivalent) \"desire for knowledge\" was revitalized; this is exemplified by two types of sources: the report of the Orient and Brazil explorer André Thevet and the literarily virulent figure (around 1600) of knowledge-thirsty Faust. A reexamination of the academy's foundati","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 49","pages":"63-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29109933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[In search of new paths. The self image of the Leopoldina and the Royal Society in London in its correspondence 1670-1677].","authors":"Philip Beeley,&nbsp;Christoph J Scriba","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article investigates the correspondence between members of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum and Henry Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society, from 1670 until his death in 1677. In these years Oldenburg, originally a citizen of Bremen, continued to give support to fellow-countrymen such as Major and Sachs von Lewenhaimb whenever he could. But in contrast to the first ten years of the Royal Society, in which Oldenburg had often stressed differences in the character of the two scientific institutions, the future Leopoldina was able to establish a position of almost equal footing from 1670 onwards through its journal the Miscellanea curiosa medico-physica Academiae Naturae Curiosorum. This new self-confidence is reflected in the correspondence between Oldenburg and members of the first German academy. Alongside discussions on curiosities and monstrosities as well as on the topic of artificial gold, the discovery of phosphorus is a major theme of the correspondence in these later years. Oldenburg immediately recognized the importance of this German discovery and thereafter sought to obtain a sample of the substance for display to the Royal Society in London. His efforts were however fraught by various difficulties. Admittedly, Balduin early on sent a sample of his phosphorus to London, but it ultimately turned out not to be genuine. In the meantime Kunckel pretended to be the discoverer of the true phosphorus which he had seen when visiting Brand in Hamburg. When, in September 1677, Crafft eventually arrived in London with a sample of Brand's phosphorus Oldenburg had died tragically just a few days beforehand.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 49","pages":"305-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29112067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Johann Laurentius Bausch and Philipp Jacob Sachs of Lewenhaimb. Foundation of the Academia Naturae]].","authors":"Uwe Müller","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biographical notes of the two municipal physicians of Schweinfurt, Leonhard Bausch (1574 to 1636) and Johann Laurentius Bausch (1605-1665) and another three physicians (Johann Michael Fehr, Georg Balthasar Wohlfarth and Georg Balthasar Metzger) who founded the Academia Naturae Curiosorum together with the younger Bausch in 1652, show that this founding was initiated by a surprisingly homogenous group, sharing the same social, educational and professional background as well as ancestral and acquired experiences. They all had been influenced by the immigration fate of their families, the rapid rise to the politically or academically educated elite in the imperial city of Schweinfurt, worn out by war and plagues. They all had studied at universities in protestant territories of the Holy Roman Empire, finishing with an educational journey (peregrinatio academica), usually to Italy. Experience of the flourishing university life beyond the frontiers of the Holy Roman Empire laid waste by the \"Teutsche Krieg\", the great variety of academies in Italy, the narrowness of contemporary medicine and the inability of the individual to explore the immense variety of nature: all this leads to the founding of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum and it is the point of reference of the founding documents of 1651/1652, which were first printed in 1662 (Salve Academicum). What is innovative about this is not the establishment of an academy but the desired aim and the way of achieving this. The tenor of these documents--to medically explore the variety of the divine \"res naturals\" in a cooperative and regulated way for the benefit of medicine and mankind and to publish the results in monographes (utilitas by curiositas)--was condensed by the later Leopoldina to the still used motto \"to explore nature for the benefit of mankind\". Due to Breslau's municipal physician Philipp Jacob Sachs von Lewenhaimb (1627 - 1672) the publishing activities of the academy came into being. But before the death of BAUSCH only three titles could be published ad normam et formam Academiae Naturae Curiosorum in the context of the work programme: Sachs' Ampelographia (1661), Gammarologia (1665) and Bausch's Haematite et Aetite (1665). The way to international exchange, essentially created by SACHS, led to a new definition of academic tasks by critically reflecting other models (London, Paris, and Florence). Out of this reform process emerged the new Leges with 21 paragraphs (published in 1671). The new concept focussed on the issue of the journal exclusively for medicine and natural science as well as the striving for imperial recognition and privileges. The first volume of the Ephemerides could be presented in 1670: Miscellanea curiosa medico-physica Academiae Naturae Curiosorum sive Ephemeridum medico-physicarum Germanicarum curiosarum annus primus. The new journal, which is still published today under the title Nova Acta Leopoldina, represented the way to a successful future without ","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 49","pages":"13-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29109931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Universities and learned societies in the 17th century].","authors":"Detlef Döring","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article questions the widely disseminated thesis that the rise of learned academies in Germany, as elsewhere, was a result of insufficient scholarly achievement on the part of the universities, particularly in the natural sciences. An examination of individual universities and professors, however, reveals that they were in fact receptive to modern scholarly advances, especially in medicine and natural sciences, and faithfully transmitted this knowledge to students. The second part of the paper examines the creation of the learned societies, which regarded themselves not as competitors with, but rather as extensions of the universities. They cultivated a culture of scholarly discourse distinct from that of the universities, embracing a collective search for knowledge rather than a battle for a monopoly on truth.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 49","pages":"43-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29109932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}