Acta historica Leopoldina最新文献_第9页

[The foundation of the Paris Academy of Sciences in the political and scientific context]. [巴黎科学院在政治和科学背景下的成立]。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2008-01-01

Claude Debru

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[Bibliography of previous models and precursors for the foundation program of the Academia Curiosorum Naturae 1661 monographs]. [1661年自然博物馆专著基础项目以前的模型和前体参考书目]。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2008-01-01

Ute Grad, Uwe Müller

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[The Accademia dei Lincei (1603-1630) and the Accademia del Cimento (1657-1667]. 林西学院(1603-1630)和门托学院(1657-1667)。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2008-01-01

Renato G Mazzolini

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[Systematic study of natural artifacts. On the program of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum of 1652 and its early history]. 对自然产物的系统研究。[论1652年自然博物馆的计划及其早期历史]。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2008-01-01

Wieland Berg, Jochen Thamm

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[The art cabinet and its current significance. Museum establishment of natural history in early modern times]. 艺术柜及其当前意义。近代早期博物博物馆的建立]。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2008-01-01

Robert Felfe

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[Between research and genocide. The Nuremberg physician trials 1946/47: Raphael Lemkins point of view on human experimentation and genocide]. [在研究和种族灭绝之间。纽伦堡医生审判1946/47:拉斐尔·莱姆金斯对人体实验和种族灭绝的观点]。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2007-01-01

Paul Weindling

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[The establishment of psychiatric genetics in Germany, Great Britain and the USA, ca. 1910-1960. To the inseparable history of eugenics and human genetics]. [1910-1960年，德国、英国和美国精神病遗传学的建立]。到优生学和人类遗传学不可分割的历史]。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2007-01-01

Volker Roelcke

{"title":"[The establishment of psychiatric genetics in Germany, Great Britain and the USA, ca. 1910-1960. To the inseparable history of eugenics and human genetics].","authors":"Volker Roelcke","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The article reconstructs the emergence of institutionalized research programs in the field of psychiatric genetics. It focuses on the first institutions in this field in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States: the Genealogisch-Demographische Abteilung (GDA) at the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie in Munich founded in 1917/18; the Program (later: Department) of Medical Genetics at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, associated with Columbia University, and founded in 1936; and the Psychiatric Genetics Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, founded in 1959. The early protagonists which today are considered the founding-fathers of this field in Britain and the USA, Eliot Slater and Franz Kallmann, both had been research fellows at the Munich GDA in the mid-1930s which at that time was directed by Ernst Rüdin. Rüdin was perceived as the leading personality in the field internationally; at the same time, he was one of the protagonists of the German movement of eugenics and racial hygiene, and after the Nazi-takeover in 1933 closely co-operated with the regime in regard to health and racial policies. The contribution documents that not only Rüdin, but also Kallmann and Slater throughout their career in medical genetics until the 1960s were motivated by eugenic ideas, and engaged in eugenic organisations, - however, with different consequences, and in different political contexts. It is further argued that these eugenic motivations had repercussions on the topics and questions pursued in the protagonists' genetic research.","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 48","pages":"173-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27414933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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[The Watson-Crick model of the DNA doublehelix. The history of the discovery and the role of the protein paradigm]. DNA双螺旋结构的沃森-克里克模型。发现的历史和蛋白质范式的作用]。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2007-01-01

Rudolf Hagemann

{"title":"[The Watson-Crick model of the DNA doublehelix. The history of the discovery and the role of the protein paradigm].","authors":"Rudolf Hagemann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning, the two fundamental papers by Watson and Crick published in 1953 are presented. Subsequently, the main phases of protein and nucleic acids research, starting in the middle of the 19th century, are shortly reviewed. It is outlined, how the 'protein-paradigm' was gradually developed and ultimately became widely accepted. It is then described how Caspersson in 1936 newly raised the question what the chemical nature of genes was: proteins or nucleic acids ? In the main part of this report six lines of research are reviewed, the results of which led to the demise of the 'protein paradigm', the creation of the Watson-Crick model of the DNA and the elaboration of the mechanism of DNA replication: (a) mutation experiments with UV and determination of the UV action spectrum, (b) determination of the chemical identity of the transforming agent in bacteria, (c) detailed chemical analysis of the DNA of different organisms, (d) molecular investigation of the infection of bacteria by bacteriophages, (e) X-ray analysis of DNA fibers, (f) model building and theoretical treatment of all data obtained. In this article, the factors promoting and inhibiting scientific progress in this field are described (and, above all, the relations between scientists with fixated concepts). The results from these lines of research led to the recognition of the decisive role of nucleic acids as the carriers of genetic information and, in this way, formally established the 'nucleic acid paradigm'. Finally the question is discussed why Watson and Crick found the right solution for the DNA structure (and not one of their competitors).","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 48","pages":"113-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27413324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

[Without sense and understanding? Rudolf Virchow's strategy of collecting by the example of his pathological museum]. 没有理智和理解?Rudolf Virchow的收藏策略，以他的病理博物馆为例。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2007-01-01

Thomas Schnalke

{"title":"[Without sense and understanding? Rudolf Virchow's strategy of collecting by the example of his pathological museum].","authors":"Thomas Schnalke","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The Berlin pathologist Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) has been called a \"m anic\" collector in the most recent studies on the history of science and culture because of his collection of over 23,000 pathoanatomical wet and dry specimens. A closer look at Virchow's collecting efforts, however, reveal that there was system behind the relative abundance of objects. This contribution will attempt to reconstruct Virchow's collection concept as well as his ideas about a meaningful arrangement of the specimens in the museum he founded in 1899. The study follows a reference of Virchow's to the corresponding specimen collections in the English hospital schools, which Virchow had always seen as exemplary. In this connection, the strategies and concepts of the British pathologist Thomas Hodgkin (1798-1866) will be investigated more closely as they relate to the specimen collection he administered at Guy's Hospital in London. There, abnormally changed organ specimens were presented along the two axes of anatomy and nosology. Virchow encountered this practice under the Charité prosector, Robert Froriep (1804-1861), where he experienced his socialization as collector and presenter in pathology between 1844 and 1847. In his second Berlin phase between 1856 and 1902, he expanded his institute at the Charité to a worldwide renowned center for pathology. During this time, Virchow added a third dimension to his collection strategy under the heading \"progression\", in order to document whole series in the developmental process of all diseases in all primarily and secondarily affected organs. After the opening of his Pathological Museum on the grounds of the CharitY, he strove until his death to arrange his specimens in the form of a three-dimensional textbook. Various structural conditions, a dearth of exhibition cases, as well as his decreasing vitality limited the scope of Virchow's achievements. The most essential reason why Virchow realized only a small portion of his exhibition concept, however, lay in the sheer endlessness of diseases to be portrayed in their being and manifestation.","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 48","pages":"217-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27414934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

[Two hundred blood tests from Auschwitz. A notorious research project and the question about the contribution Adolf Butenandts]. 奥斯威辛集中营的200份血液测试一个臭名昭著的研究项目和关于阿道夫·布特南茨贡献的问题]。

Acta historica Leopoldina Pub Date : 2007-01-01

Achim Trunk

{"title":"[Two hundred blood tests from Auschwitz. A notorious research project and the question about the contribution Adolf Butenandts].","authors":"Achim Trunk","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The 1939 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry and later President of the Max Planck Society Adolf Butenandt has been increasingly exposed to criticism in recent years. One far-reaching accusation against him is his postulated participation in the human experiments executed by the SS-physician Josef Mengele in the Auschwitz concentration camp. It concerns a project initiated by anthropologist Otmar von Verschuer in 1943. For this, Verschu-ER Obtained blood samples from his assistant Mengele in the Auschwitz concentration camp. When methodological problems occurred in the project Butenandt helped Verschuer. According to the reconstruction of geneticist Benno Müller-Hill the research project included lethal human experiments: Mengele had selectively infected concentration camp detainees with tuberculosis to observe their racially conditioned resistibility against that disease, he claims. This reconstruction, however, contradicts other sources. Therefore an alternative reconstruction is offered here. According to that, the project represented a large-scale attempt of serological race diagnosis in man. Human experiments are not plausible for this project. Yet it is clearly connected to race biological research and implementation.","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 48","pages":"9-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27413320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0