Acta Parasitologica最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Phylogeographic Characterization of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) in Algeria","authors":"Fedwa Betka, Younes Boukert, Tahar Kernif, Naouel Eddaikra, Amina Boutellis, Saïd Chaouki Boubidi","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01020-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01020-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report on Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Farmed Rabbits in Algeria","authors":"Mina Henneb,&nbsp;Naouel Feknous,&nbsp;Rafik Belabbas,&nbsp;Rami M. Mukbel,&nbsp;Haifa B. Hammad,&nbsp;AbdElkarim Laatamna","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01017-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01017-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Relatively, the epidemiology of giardiasis in rabbits has been poorly documented worldwide. In Algeria, few molecular studies reporting <i>G. duodenalis</i> genotyping/subtyping have been conducted only in livestock and in humans. The present study aims to perform genotyping and subtyping of <i>G. duodenalis</i> in farmed rabbits using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. Forty-four faecal samples were collected from 23 rabbit farms in Boumerdes and Tizi Ouzou provinces, located in central Algeria. Firstly, the detection of <i>Giardia</i> cysts in the faeces of rabbits was performed using the ELISA method (RIDASCREEN^® Giardia test). Subsequently, positive ELISA samples were subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing of three genetic loci, including the <i>triose phosphate isomerase</i> (<i>tpi</i>), <i>beta-giardin</i> (<i>bg</i>), and <i>glutamate dehydrogenase</i> (<i>gdh</i>) genes. ELISA test detected 13 (29.5%) positive samples among 44 screened samples. Of which, molecular analysis showed the presence of nine positive samples at least by one gene. Eight positive samples were determined as <i>G. duodenalis</i> assemblage B based on phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the three loci. One sample was clustered with assemblage E reference sequences for the <i>gdh</i> gene, while <i>tpi</i> and <i>bg</i> results showed assemblage B. The present study reports valuable data on the epidemiology of giardiasis in rabbits in Algeria, particularly the occurrence of zoonotic <i>G. duodenalis</i> assemblage B.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the Helminth Community of the Mountain Gazelle (Gazella gazella Pallas, 1766) Through DNA Metabarcoding","authors":"Mina Cansu Karaer,&nbsp;Büşra Karataş,&nbsp;Elif Madak,&nbsp;Hande İrem Sönmez,&nbsp;Emre Keskin,&nbsp;Hıfsı Oğuz Sarımehmetoğlu,&nbsp;Tolga Kankılıç,&nbsp;Çağatay Tavşanoğlu","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01018-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01018-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Understanding parasite diversity in wild and captive animal populations is vital for their individual health and ecosystem dynamics. The helminth community in mountain gazelles (<i>Gazella gazella</i> Pallas, 1766), particularly in the isolated northernmost population in Türkiye, remains poorly understood, posing challenges for conservation. This study aimed to identify and compare the diversity of helminths in captive and free-ranging mountain gazelles in Hatay, Türkiye, while assessing potential zoonotic risks.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We collected a total of 188 fresh fecal samples from both captive and free-ranging populations. The samples were analyzed using DNA metabarcoding to assess helminth species and their species diversity across seasons.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Our findings revealed eight helminth taxa in <i>Gazella gazella</i>, including six intestinal and two lung nematodes, with four of these species previously unreported in Türkiye. We also found seasonal differences in helminth composition and abundance.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The identification of these helminth taxa highlights the value of advanced molecular techniques in uncovering parasite diversity in ungulates. Seasonal differences in helminth composition and abundance, and the biological characteristics of the detected helminth species align with the climatic parameters of the seasons in which they were identified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-025-01018-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redescription and Molecular Characterisation of Gnathia tridens Menzies & Barnard, 1959 (Isopoda: Gnathiidae), a Presumed Ubiquitous Nearshore Isopod from the Temperate Northern Pacific","authors":"Anja Erasmus,&nbsp;Nico J. Smit,&nbsp;Claire A. Spitzer,&nbsp;Paul C. Sikkel,&nbsp;Niel L. Bruce,&nbsp;Kerry A. Hadfield","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01005-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01005-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p><i>Gnathia tridens</i> Menzies &amp; Barnard, 1959, is redescribed from material collected from San Diego, California and compared to the original description, as well as material held at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.</p><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><p>A full redescription is given based on both morphological and molecular characteristics of the male using light and scanning electron microscopy, and COI mtDNA and ITS2 rDNA genes, respectively.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The key distinguishing characters that set <i>G. tridens</i> apart from other congeners are the equally trifid mediofrontal process, the mandible with a large incisor; the mesioventral margin anterior tip dorsally visible; pereonite 4 with distinct visible anterior constriction; and the three proximal tubercles on the antenna articles. Based on the molecular data for COI, the closest congener differs with 122 base pairs.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Together, the combined morphological and molecular characterisation will provide a foundation for future, taxonomic, phylogenetic and biogeographical studies within the genus <i>Gnathia</i> and the Gnathiidae.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-025-01005-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spiky Side of Urban Wildlife, First Detection of a Zoonotic Assemblage of Giardia duodenalis in European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from Italy","authors":"Leonardo Brustenga,&nbsp;Giulia Rigamonti,&nbsp;Iolanda Moretta,&nbsp;Giulia Morganti,&nbsp;Valentina Calgaro,&nbsp;Giuseppe Giglia,&nbsp;Manuela Diaferia,&nbsp;Elvio Lepri,&nbsp;Livia Lucentini,&nbsp;Marco Lalle,&nbsp;Fabrizia Veronesi","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01009-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01009-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose of Review</h3><p><i>Giardia duodenalis</i> is a flagellate protozoan parasite of several mammals, that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and causes gastrointestinal diarrheal illness. Molecular analyses of several genetic markers have classified <i>G. duodenalis</i> into eight assemblages (A to H) exhibiting different host specificities. Assemblages A and B have zoonotic potential and infect a broad range of hosts. The European hedgehog (<i>Erinaceus europaeus</i>) is one of the wild species well-adapted to live in close proximity to humans. Therefore, surveying potential zoonotic parasites harbored by hedgehogs can also be of public health concern, particularly in urban settings with high animal densities.</p><h3>Recent findings</h3><p>Coproparasitological examinations are routinely conducted on hedgehogs admitted to WildUmbria Wildlife Rescue Center. <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> cysts were found in the fecal flotation of a hedgehog and were further tested using a direct immunofluorescent assay and PCR-RFLP molecular analysis of the <i>β</i>-giardin gene for assemblage and sub-assemblage characterization. The RFLP protocol attributed the samples to the AI-like zoonotic assemblage. Additionally, trophozoites attached to the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine were detected via histological techniques.</p><h3>Summary</h3><p>Although <i>G. duodenalis</i> has been detected in hedgehogs from several countries, it was never before reported in Italian hedgehogs. The identification of a zoonotic assemblage in hedgehogs suggests the potential for the parasite to be shared between wild and domestic environments, with pets possibly serving as bringing hosts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-025-01009-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-Parasite Relationships Between Dolops spp. (Crustacea: Branchiura) and Freshwater Fish from the Neotropical Region","authors":"Vinicius Cesar do Bonfim,&nbsp;Letícia de Oliveira Manoel,&nbsp;Alini Beloto Parra,&nbsp;Igor Paiva Ramos,&nbsp;Lidiane Franceschini","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01008-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01008-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Ectoparasitic crustaceans can harm their hosts due how they attach to and feed on their hosts. Consequently, host fish with high infestation intensities show reduced survival rates, which can negatively affect host populations. Understanding host-parasite relationships and monitoring parasitic infestations in wild fish can provide epidemiological information and help avoid ecological damage. This study aimed to document and characterize the occurrence of ectoparasitic crustaceans in <i>Serrasalmus maculatus</i> and conducted a systematic bibliographic review of fish species previously reported as hosts for the parasite taxa found in this study.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fifty specimens of <i>S. maculatus</i> were collected in 2018. For each parasite species detected, the attribute prevalence (P), mean intensity of infestation (MII), and mean abundance (MA) were calculated. In addition, the main databases were reviewed to document the fish species reported as hosts of the branchiurans in this study.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 195 specimens of <i>Dolops carvalhoi</i> (<i>P</i> = 72%) and 121 of <i>Dolops bidentata</i> (<i>P</i> = 58%) were identified. Here, we report the first record of <i>D. bidentata</i> in the Paraná River and the first record of a <i>D. carvalhoi</i> and <i>S. maculatus</i> interaction. This review shows that <i>D. bidentata</i> and <i>D. carvalhoi</i> have low parasite specificity.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The association between <i>Dolops</i> spp. and <i>Serrasalmus maculatus</i> is epidemiologically important because these branchiurans are potential vectors for <i>Epistylis</i> spp.. <i>Serrasalmus maculatus</i> is attracted to cage fish farm areas and can transmit parasites to farmed fish. Our study contributes to the knowledge of host-parasite specificity and geographical distribution of this poorly studied ectoparasitic group.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-025-01008-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are There Atypical Leishmania Species Responsible for the Kala-Azar Persistence in Northeast Iran?","authors":"Reza Shafiei,&nbsp;Amir Azimian,&nbsp;Mahdi Mohebali,&nbsp;Zahra Badiei,&nbsp;Nima Firouzeh,&nbsp;Saber Raeghi","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01015-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01015-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Porpuse</h3><p>Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) is a severe form of leishmaniasis caused by protozoan parasites of the genus <i>Leishmania</i>.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>From 2013 to 2022, this study, molecular diagnosis was conducted on 50 pediatric bone marrow aspiration samples from northeast Iran, all of which had previously been confirmed to have visceral leishmaniasis. The ITS-rDNA gene and phylogenetic analysis were performed.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results revealed that 49 samples tested positive for <i>L. infantum</i> species, whereas 1 sample was identified as <i>L. major.</i> All three <i>L. infantum</i> isolates showed similar haplotypes, whereas the <i>L. major</i> isolate exhibited nucleotide differences in the sequence analyzed.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>It could be concluded that visceral manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children living in endemic areas should be considered a contributing factor to the development of HVL. The present study provides a relatively comprehensive snapshot of unusual <i>leishmania</i> species status that could be responsible for HVL development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-025-01015-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zoonotic Parasites in Hoplosternum littorale Acquired in the Market of Santa Clara, in the City of Iquitos, Loreto-Peru","authors":"Germán Augusto Murrieta Morey,&nbsp;Stephanie Geovana Reyes Llanos,&nbsp;Luciano Alfredo Rodriguez Chu,&nbsp;Avita Celeste Taricuarima Dreyfus,&nbsp;Luis Armando García Solsol,&nbsp;Roger Fernando Chuquipiondo Sánchez,&nbsp;Ehrlich Yam Llasaca Calizaya","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01019-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01019-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The present study aims to report zoonotic parasites in <i>Hoplosternum littorale</i> (Hancock, 1828), acquired in a fish market in the Peruvian Amazon.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Forty specimens of <i>H. littorale</i> with an average size of 12.3 ± 2.5 cm and weight 58.3 ± 10 g were acquired in the “Santa Clara” Market, in the city of Iquitos, Loreto-Peru. Fish samples were taken alive, placed in plastic bags with water, and transported to the laboratory of “Parasitologia y Sanidad Acuicola” of “Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana” in Iquitos, Peru for analyses.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Two groups of endoparasites were identified: Trematoda, with specimens of <i>Clinostomum</i> sp. parasitizing the musculature and skin, and Nematoda, with specimens of <i>Eustrongylides</i> sp. parasitizing the intestine.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings of the present study constitute a health risk in the event of accidental ingestion of any of these parasites. Socialization campaigns on the dangers of raw or undercooked fish consumption should be implemented by the competent authorities to guarantee the health of the Amazonian population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-025-01019-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasiticidal Activity of Citral Against Enteromyxum leei (myxozoa: myxosporea) in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","authors":"Jiwon Kim,&nbsp;Seonyoung Yoon,&nbsp;Sheikh Mansoor,&nbsp;Chul-Yeon Jung,&nbsp;Chang Sook Kim,&nbsp;Kyung-Hwan Boo","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01011-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01011-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Myxosporean parasites pose a serious challenge in the aquaculture industry, particularly for species such as olive flounder (<i>Paralichthys olivaceus</i>). Infected fish can experience a range of health issues including stunted growth, degraded flesh quality, and a high mortality rate, significantly impacting farmers and the entire industry. This study explored the effectiveness of essential oil as potential parasiticidal agents against myxosporean parasite infections in olive flounder. Using molecular techniques, we identified <i>Enteromyxum leei</i> as the causative agent of myxosporean parasite infection, and screened essential oils for parasiticidal activity. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that treatment with one essential oil, citral, at 100 µg/mL achieved a parasiticidal rate of ~ 20% after 6 h, which increased to ~ 85% after 12 h of treatment. The parasiticidal rate with 250 µg/mL citral was ~ 60% after 6 h and 100% after 12 h. The results suggest that citral treatment at 100 µg/mL or higher for durations exceeding 12 h could effectively kill <i>E. leei</i> parasites. This study provides a molecular-based technique for determining <i>E. leei</i> infectivity in flounder, and highlights the promising parasiticidal properties of citral as a potential therapeutic agent in aquaculture management strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Effects of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles Against Hydatid Disease Through Inhibiting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis","authors":"Zafer Saad Alshehri,&nbsp;Abdullah D. Alanazi,&nbsp;Hanadi B. A. Baghdadi","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01013-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01013-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aimed to green synthesized copper nanoparticles (CNP) using <i>Lupinus arcticus</i> extract and assess the protoscolicidal effects and the effectiveness of these nanoparticles in experimental animal settings to combat hydatid cysts.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The protoscolicidal properties of CNP were examined in vitro on hydatid cyst PS via the eosin exclusion assay. The in vivo effectiveness of CNP at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day for 28 days on hydatid cyst-infected mice was determined by assessing the number, size, weight of hydatid cysts the gene expression levels of caspase-3, antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) in the infected mice were also assessed by Real-time PCE.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Analyses revealed that the CNP had a spherical shape, ranging in size from 10 to 85 nm. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for CNP against protoscoleces ranged from 39.9 to 341.3 µg/mL. Caspase-3 gene expression in the PS treated with CNP at 1/3 IC50, ½ IC50, and IC50 was 1.79-, 3.11-, and 5.39-fold change (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Upon administration of CNP, particularly at doses of 80 mg/kg, a significant decrease (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) in hydatid cysts’ quantity, size, and weight was evident. CNP treatment caused a notable reduction in oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines and increased the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), whereas it modulated the serum levels of liver function parameters.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The study indicated the potential of green-synthesized CNP for eliminating the protoscoleces and in managing hydatid cysts through leveraging its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Nevertheless, additional investigations are necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action and evaluate its effectiveness in clinical trials.</p><h3>Clinical Trial Number</h3><p>Not applicable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}