Acta Parasitologica最新文献

{"title":"Differential Strigeid Infection Patterns in Male Morphotypes of Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)","authors":"Erin Atkinson,&nbsp;Brandi Griffith Keller,&nbsp;Nicholas S. Strait,&nbsp;Victoria L. Krist,&nbsp;Michael R. Zimmermann","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00638-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00638-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Behavioral variation among conspecific organisms can have substantial ecological impacts, particularly affecting parasite infection. Bluegill sunfish (<i>Lepomis macrochirus</i>) exhibit multiple male reproductive morphotypes that differ in their size, feeding dynamics, and reproductive behavior. This study investigated how these morphological and ecological differences contribute to the patterns of infection by strigeid trematodes.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 1961 <i>L. macrochirus</i> was collected from 14 lakes and ponds in northwestern Virginia, USA, and were necropsied to identify and enumerate three common strigeid parasites, white grub (<i>Posthodiplostoum</i> spp.), black grub (<i>Uvulifer ambloplitis</i>), and yellow grub (<i>Clinostomum marginatum</i>) infecting the fish and determine if there were different infection patterns among sexes and morphotypes.</p><h3>\u0000Results</h3><p>Strigeid infections in <i>L. macrochirus</i> α-males were in greater abundance compared to females and β-males. Additionally, α-males had greater strigeid infection in the kidneys and fins, while females and β-males accumulated more parasites in the liver and body tissues.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Increased nesting responsibilities and potential interaction with snail intermediate hosts by α-males may lead to the differences in infection patterns. The distinction of morphotypes revealed significant differences in abundance and distribution of parasite infections between the sexes of <i>L. macrochirus</i>, trends that were masked when male morphotypes are combined.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"68 1","pages":"21 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-022-00638-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9461739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Myxobolus planilizae n. sp. (Cnidaria; Myxosporea; Myxobolidae) Infecting the Largescale Mullet Planiliza macrolepis (Smith, 1846) Collected From Cochin Backwaters, India","authors":"Mary Soniya Correya,&nbsp;Vijayagopal Pananghat,&nbsp;Sanil Nandiath Karayi","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00637-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00637-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p><i>Myxobolus planilizae</i> n. sp. is described from the intestinal muscles of the largescale mullet <i>Planiliza macrolepis</i> from Cochin backwaters, Kerala, India.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Host fishes inhabiting Cochin backwaters were collected using Chinese nets/gill nets. The morphometry and morphological studies were carried out using Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) optics, followed by molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene (SSU rDNA).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Plasmodia small, pale white, and infect the muscles of the intestine; measured 0.13–0.22 (0.17) × 0.09–0.14 (0.13) mm. Mature myxospores pyriform in valvular view, and biconvex in sutural and apical views with a short anterior extension, and measured 7.45–8.75 (8.40) × 6.04–6.86 (6.25) µm. Shell valves with sutural ornamentations. Polar capsules two, equal, pyriform, measured 3.96–4.54 (4.45) × 2.22–2.94 (2.52) µm. Polar filament arranged in five coils, measured 24.41–34.44 (28.52) µm when extruded. In morphological and morphometric analysis, the present species exhibit remarkable variations from other species of the genus <i>Myxobolus</i>. In molecular analysis, the present species revealed the highest identity of 91.85% and divergence of 9.95% with related species, underlining its molecular uniqueness. In phylogenetic analysis, species of <i>Myxobolus</i> infecting mullets appeared as a separate clade and the present species was positioned distinctly with a high bootstrap value.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Based on morphology, morphometry, and molecular and phylogenetic analyses, along with tissue/host specificities and geographic location, the present parasite is treated as new and is reported here as <i>M. planilizae</i> n. sp.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"68 1","pages":"42 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-022-00637-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9477477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Clinical and Hematologic Findings in Babesia canis Infection in Eastern Slovakia","authors":"Hana Turna,&nbsp;Bronislava Vichova,&nbsp;Martina Miterpakova,&nbsp;Andrea Szarkova,&nbsp;Gad Baneth,&nbsp;Miroslav Svoboda","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00619-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00619-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"67 4","pages":"1807 - 1807"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40460005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Toxoplasma Activities of Some Egyptian Plant Extracts: An In Vitro Study","authors":"Sara T. Elazab,&nbsp;Fadwa M. Arafa","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00633-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00633-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Toxoplasmosis is a globally widespread parasitic disease which causes major health problems in human and animals. This research was conducted to assess the effect of some Egyptian herbal extracts against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (<i>T. gondii)</i> tachyzoites in vitro.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The methanol extracts of <i>Withania somnifera, Cyper rotundus</i>, <i>Acacia nilotica</i><b>,</b> <i>Chrysanthemum cinerariae folium</i>, <i>Anethum graveolens</i>, <i>Raphanus sativus</i>, <i>Ceratonia siliqua</i>, <i>Elettaria cardamomum</i> and <i>Cuminum cyminum</i> were tested against <i>T. gondii</i> tachyzoites.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Among the tested plants, the extracts from <i>Raphanus sativus, Cuminum cyminum,</i> and <i>Ceratonia siliqua</i> exhibited high <i>anti-Toxoplasma</i> activities at 50 µg/ml, relative to sulfadiazine. They showed low IC₅₀ values on <i>T. gondii</i> (7.92, 9.47 and 13.52 µg/ml, respectively) and high selectivity index values (100.79, 59.19, and 29.05, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) findings indicated evident morphological changes in tachyzoites treated with these three herbal extracts.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p><i>Raphanus sativus</i>, <i>Ceratonia siliqua</i>, and <i>Cuminum cyminum</i> methanol extracts could be promising sources of new medicament for toxoplasmosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"67 4","pages":"1800 - 1806"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-022-00633-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40433248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian Haemosporidian (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) Status in Two Bird Groups (Old-World Flycatchers and Thrushes) of India and Their Phylogenetic Relationships with Other Lineages of the World","authors":"Vipin,&nbsp;Ashutosh Singh,&nbsp;Vinita Sharma,&nbsp;Narinder Kumar Tripathi,&nbsp;Rajnikant Dixit,&nbsp;Bhim Singh,&nbsp;Chandra Prakash Sharma,&nbsp;Sumit G. Gandhi,&nbsp;Dhananjai Mohan,&nbsp;Sandeep Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00626-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00626-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Avian haemosporidian may affect the host from body damage to the extinction of a population. Knowledge of their status may help in future avifauna conservation plans. Hence, their status in two bird groups of India and their phylogenetic relationships with other known lineages of the world were examined.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Cytochrome <i>b</i> gene sequences (479 bp) generated from India and available at MalAvi database were used to study the avian haemosporidian prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of lineages at local and world levels.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>One common (COLL2) and only once in the study (CYOPOL01, CHD01, CYORUB01, EUMTHA01, GEOCIT01) haemosporidian lineages were discovered. 5.88% prevalence of haemosporidian infection was found in 102 samples belonging to 6 host species. <i>Haemoproteus</i> prevalence was 4.90% across five host species (<i>Phylloscopus trochiloides, Cyornis poliogenys, C. hainanus dialilaemus, C. rubeculoides, Eumiyas thalassinus</i>) and <i>Plasmodium</i> prevalence was 0.98% in <i>Geokichla citrina</i>. Spatial phylogeny at the global level showed that COLL2 lineage, found in <i>C. poliogenys</i> in India, was genetically identical to <i>H</i>. <i>pallidus</i> lineages (COLL2) in parts of Africa, Europe, North America, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The <i>Plasmodium</i> lineage (GEOCIT01) was related to PADOM16 in Egypt, but the sequences were only 93.89% alike.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Four new lineages of <i>Haemoproteus</i> and one of <i>Plasmodium</i> were reported. COLL2 similarity with other <i>H</i>. <i>pallidus</i> lineages may suggest their hosts as possible infection sources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"67 4","pages":"1756 - 1766"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40668880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy in Parasitic Infections: Are Anti-parasitic Drugs Combined with MSCs More Effective?","authors":"Mehdi Kian,&nbsp;Somayeh Mirzavand,&nbsp;Sedigheh Sharifzadeh,&nbsp;Tahereh Kalantari,&nbsp;Marzieh Ashrafmansouri,&nbsp;Fatemeh Nasri","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00620-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00620-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are mesodermal-origin postnatal stem cells that are able to self-renew and differentiate into several cell lineages. MSCs possess anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity, immunomodulatory action, as well as regenerative properties. Since MSCs also have antimicrobial properties, it has been suggested that they should be utilized for treating infectious diseases. In this study, the last pre-clinical advances in the efficacy of MSCs’ therapy against parasitic diseases were reviewed.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Data about the effects of MSCs’ therapy on experimental and pre-clinical parasitic infections were collected by searching relevant articles and reviewing them.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In the present study, empirical findings on the impacts of MSCs’ therapy against parasitic diseases were recapitulated. Studies have reported that the administration of MSCs reduces the burden of the parasite and modulates the levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in parasitic diseases, including schistosomiasis, malaria, cystic echinococcosis, toxocariasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis. Also, the administration of MSCs combined with anti-parasitic drugs enhanced anti-parasitic effects and immunomodulatory actions.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Based on this review, empirical studies have revealed the beneficial effects of MSCs against some parasitic infections. This new therapeutic strategy showed both anti-parasitic and immunomodulatory effects. Also, the combination of anti-parasitic drugs with MSCs’ therapy promoted anti-parasitic and immunomodulatory activities against parasitic infections.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"67 4","pages":"1487 - 1499"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40586655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview on the Impact of Microbiota on Malaria Transmission and Severity: Plasmodium–Vector–Host Axis","authors":"Zeph Nelson Omondi,&nbsp;Ayşe Caner","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00631-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00631-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Malaria, which is a vector-borne disease caused by <i>Plasmodium</i> sp., continue to become a serious threat, causing more than 600,000 deaths annually, especially in developing countries. Due to the lack of a long-term, and effective vaccine, and an increasing resistance to antimalarials, new strategies are needed for prevention and treatment of malaria. Recently, the impact of microbiota on development and transmission of <i>Plasmodium</i>, and the severity of malaria has only begun to emerge, although its contribution to homeostasis and a wide variety of disorders is well-understood. Further evidence has shown that microbiota of both mosquito and human host play important roles in transmission, progression, and clearance of <i>Plasmodium</i> infection. Furthermore, <i>Plasmodium</i> can cause significant alterations in the host and mosquito gut microbiota, affecting the clinical outcome of malaria.</p><h3>Methodology</h3><p>In this review, we attempt to summarize results from published studies on the influence of the host microbiota on the outcome of <i>Plasmodium</i> infections in both arthropods and mammalian hosts.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Modifications of microbiota may be an important potential strategy in blocking <i>Plasmodium</i> transmission in vectors and in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of malaria in humans in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"67 4","pages":"1471 - 1486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40657670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of Haemogregarine Parasites Infecting Brazilian Anurans, with a Description of New Species of Dactylosoma (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Dactylosomatidae)","authors":"Letícia Pereira Úngari,&nbsp;Edward Charles Netherlands,&nbsp;André Luiz Quagliatto Santos,&nbsp;Edna Paulino de Alcantara,&nbsp;Enzo Emmerich,&nbsp;Reinaldo José da Silva,&nbsp;Lucia Helena O´Dwyer","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00624-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00624-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Brazilian anurans are considered the most diverse and species rich around the world. Although in recent years there has been a strong focus on research related to this group of animals, their parasites have not received the same attention. Thus, this study aimed to provide morphological and molecular data on haemogregarines biodiversity infecting Brazilian anurans.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>During 2020, 116 anurans were collected from four Brazilian States and their blood and fragment of organs were screened for haemogregarine parasites.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>From the total, seven (6.03%) animals were found infected with species of <i>Hepatozoon</i> and <i>Dactylosoma</i>. Based on the morphological and molecular analysis, four anurans were found infected with <i>Hepatozoon latrensis</i>. The phylogenetic analysis has shown the isolates from this study grouping with the Brazilian anuran <i>Hepatozoon</i> clade, also with gene similarity ranging from 99.70 to 100% to <i>H. latrensis</i> isolates available on GenBank. Furthermore, three specimens (<i>Trachycephalus typhonius</i>, <i>Leptodactylus latrans,</i> and <i>Rhinella diptycha)</i> were infected with the same species of <i>Dactylosoma</i> (100% genetic similarity), with a genetic similarity of 98.56% to <i>Dactylosoma piperis</i> the only other species described in Brazil. In support of the molecular data, different morphological characters were observed in the blood smears as compared to <i>D. piperis</i>, suggesting that the species of <i>Dactylosoma</i> from the present study infecting three different species of Brazilian anurans is an undescribed species.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Thus, this study increases the knowledge of Brazilian anuran blood parasites and demonstrates the importance of using integrative approaches for the diagnosis of haemoparasites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"67 4","pages":"1740 - 1755"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40645934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria Knowledge-Base and Prevalence of Parasitaemia in Asymptomatic Adults in the Forest Zone of Ghana","authors":"Raymond Charles Ehiem,&nbsp;Bernard Walter L. Lawson,&nbsp;John Asiedu Larbi","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00629-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00629-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To determine the levels of knowledge, awareness and perception of malaria, and to determine the infection status among asymptomatic adults in selected districts.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This descriptive, cross-sectional study recruited 849 participants from seven districts in the malaria meso-endemic forest zone of Ghana. Questionnaires were administered to elicit responses from asymptomatic adults on malaria awareness, knowledge and insecticide-treated net (ITN) usage. Capillary blood samples were taken from study subjects for malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and microscopy. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative and qualitative data.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Ninety-eight percent of participants were aware of malaria, 94.0% owned ITNs but only 35.5% consistently used them. Also, 56.7% correctly associated malaria with mosquitoes and 54.5% identified stagnant water as the breeding site. Twelve percent (12.2%) and 13.1% of the subjects tested positive for malaria via RDT and microscopy, respectively. Of the 111 confirmed malaria cases, 107 had <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> infections, two had <i>Plasmodium ovale</i> infections and there were two <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>–<i>Plasmodium ovale</i> mixed infections.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Awareness and knowledge of malaria was satisfactory but this did not translate into mosquito avoidance behaviour due to deep-seated perceptions and myths. With the prevalence of asymptomatic parasitaemia observed, this reservoir of infection could be dislodged with appropriate health education targeted at women in the rural communities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"67 4","pages":"1719 - 1731"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40645412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manipulation by Plasmodium Parasites of Anopheles Mosquito Behavior and Human Odors","authors":"Tristan Sanford,&nbsp;Dave Shutler","doi":"10.1007/s11686-022-00621-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-022-00621-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The phenomenon of parasites manipulating host phenotypes is well documented; the best-known examples are manipulations of host behavior. More recently, there has been interest in whether parasites can manipulate host odor phenotypes to enhance their attractiveness to vectors. We review here evidence that <i>Plasmodium</i>-infected mosquitoes have enhanced attraction to human hosts, especially when the parasite is sufficiently developed to be transmissible. We also review evidence suggesting that malaria-infected host odors elicit greater mosquito attraction compared to uninfected controls.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We reviewed and summarized the relevant literature.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Though evidence is mounting that supports both premises we reviewed, there are several confounds that complicate interpretation. These include differences in <i>Plasmodium</i> and mosquito species studied, stage of infection tested, age of human participants in trials, and methods used to quantify volatiles. In addition, a key requirement to support the hypothesis of manipulation by parasites is that costs of manipulation be identified, and ideally, quantified.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Substantial progress has been made to unlock the importance of odor for enhancing transmission of <i>Plasmodium</i>. However, there needs to be more replication using similar methods to better define the odor parameters involved in this enhancement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"67 4","pages":"1463 - 1470"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40340815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}