Accident; analysis and prevention最新文献

{"title":"REViVe: Development of a reactive environmental vigilance in-vehicle system to mitigate drowsiness-induced inattention during automated driving","authors":"Chiho Lim ,&nbsp;Ryan Thomas Villarreal ,&nbsp;Mansoor Nasir ,&nbsp;Chiu Yu-Chin ,&nbsp;Denny Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With monotonous or conditionally automated driving conditions that may lead to the degradation of driver vigilance and increase the risk of drowsy driving, it is crucial to implement advanced systems that assist drivers in returning to a state of optimal driving readiness. While these systems have shown significant effects in reducing the risks related to drowsy driving, most warning systems heavily rely on auditory and visual sensory channels. These modalities are susceptible to “alarm fatigue” due to frequent and annoying alarms, which may lead drivers to ignore or deactivate the systems entirely, thus rendering them less suitable for preemptive cautionary warnings. To address these limitations, a Reactive Environmental Vigilance in-Vehicle (REViVe) system was developed to counteract driver drowsiness by utilizing alternative sensory modalities. A total of 35 drivers were divided into three condition groups: olfactory, climate, and control. To evaluate the effectiveness of the system, five dependent measurements were analyzed: time taken for PERCLOS to return to baseline and engagement index to measure salient effect; time interval between drowsiness events and peripheral detection task score difference to measure sustained arousal effect; and satisfaction rating to measure driver acceptability. Both the olfactory and climate REViVe systems showed potential as effective preemptive warnings compared to control. With REViVe, drowsy drivers quickly returned to an awake state and sustained vigilance significantly longer than control, while driver satisfaction was positive. Thus, the REViVe system provides a balanced solution for alert functionality and driving experience, suggesting a novel approach to designing preemptive warning systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108045"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A before-after safety evaluation of wide centerline treatment considering the simultaneous changes in lane width and sealed shoulder width","authors":"Yanqi Lian ,&nbsp;Shamsunnahar Yasmin ,&nbsp;Jaeyoung Jay Lee ,&nbsp;Md Mazharul Haque","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wide Centerline Treatment (WCLT) is typically implemented by simultaneous adjustments to lane widths and sealed shoulder widths to minimize the need for road widening. Studies to date, however, have overlooked these concurrent changes when assessing the safety effectiveness of WCLT, potentially leading to unreliable conclusions. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the safety effectiveness of WCLT while accounting for simultaneous changes in the lane width and sealed shoulder width to provide a more reliable and comprehensive evaluation. A before-after simulation-based Empirical Bayes approach is adopted by using a Panel Random Parameters Negative Binomial model with parameterized overdispersion. Specifically, the study evaluates crash modification factors of WCLT for nine treatment conditions in combinations of lane width and sealed shoulder width changes (increase, decrease, and constant). The results suggest that WCLT with both increased lane width and sealed shoulder width reduces total injury crashes by 74.33%, fatal and serious injury crashes by 73.40%, head-on crashes by 41.16%, and run-off-road crashes by 72.54%. On the other hand, WCLT with both decreased lane width and sealed shoulder width is found to be less effective, with a reduction in total injury crashes by 43.79%, fatal and serious injury crashes by 42.54%, head-on crashes by 60.66% and run-off-road crashes by 0.76%. This study will assist roadway designers in making informed decisions for implementing WCLT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108049"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of anger-inducing situations on driver takeover behavior in highly automated vehicles","authors":"Robin Cazes ,&nbsp;Valérie Camps ,&nbsp;Céline Lemercier","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motor vehicle accidents, often caused by human error, remain a significant concern. While automated vehicles have the potential to reduce these accidents by handling driving tasks, unnecessary human takeovers, especially when the automated system is operational, can reintroduce error. This study investigates how situational factors known to trigger anger influence takeover behavior and emotional responses in levels 4 and 5 automated vehicles. Using a driving simulator, 60 participants were randomly assigned to either a goal-aligned condition (clear weather, on-time departure, no traffic) or a goal-conflicting condition (dense fog, delayed departure, slow vehicles). Participants could freely choose between manual and automated driving modes. Results showed a significant increase in takeover frequency, higher negative affect and anger in the goal-conflicting condition compared to the goal-aligned condition. Qualitative data gathered from open-ended questions revealed increased stress and frustration leading to more frequent manual takeovers in goal-conflicting conditions, while participants felt calmer with fewer takeovers in goal-aligned conditions. No link was found between takeover behavior and trust in driving automation. These findings highlight the importance of designing Automated Driving Systems (ADS) that minimize stressors and consider drivers’ emotional states to enhance safety and comfort. In this regard, incorporating real-time emotional monitoring and employing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) strategies (e.g., situation reappraisal) may help mitigate driver emotional states and prevent unnecessary takeovers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108051"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating crash risk factors of farm equipment vehicles on county and non-county roads using interpretable tabular deep learning (TabNet)","authors":"Md Monzurul Islam,&nbsp;Jinli Liu,&nbsp;Rohit Chakraborty,&nbsp;Subasish Das","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crashes involving farm equipment vehicles are a significant safety concern on public roads, particularly in rural and agricultural regions. These vehicles display unique challenges due to their slow-moving operational speed and interactions with faster vehicles, often leading to severe crashes. This study analyzed crashes involving farm equipment vehicles to examine the factors influencing crash severity, with a particular focus on comparing incidents on county roads to those on non-county roads. The dataset included key variables such as road geometry, lighting conditions, and traffic interactions, with preprocessing techniques like Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) applied to address class imbalance. The TabNet model, a tabular deep learning model, was employed to analyze crash dynamics, offering both predictive accuracy and interpretability through feature importance and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) plots.</div><div>Findings revealed that crash severity on county roads is primarily influenced by crash speed limit, first harmful event, traffic control, and person age, reflecting the role of road geometry and demographic risk in rural settings. In contrast, non-county roads were more affected by lighting conditions, intersection-related features, and population group, emphasizing the impact of visibility and traffic complexity in urban areas. Speed limit consistently emerged as a critical factor across all road types and severity levels. The study emphasized the need for targeted safety interventions, including visibility enhancements, speed management, and enhanced education campaigns for county and non-county areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108048"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A game theoretical model to examine pedestrian behaviour and safety on unsignalised slip lanes using AI-based video analytics","authors":"Md Eaysir Arafat ,&nbsp;Sherrie-Anne Kaye ,&nbsp;Ronald Schroeter ,&nbsp;Md Mazharul Haque","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Left-turn slip lanes, also known as channelised right-turn lanes in right-hand driving countries, are widely implemented to facilitate left-turning at signalised intersections. However, pedestrian safety on slip lanes is not well known. At unsignalised crosswalks, the joint decision-making process of both pedestrians and motorists is complex, involving joint communication dynamics, yet current research primarily focuses on examining individual decisions. This study proposes a game theory-based approach, formulating the interaction as a two-player, non-cooperative, simultaneous game to examine those joint decision-making dynamics, their resulting behaviours, and associated crash risks. The approach compares two well-known equilibriums of game theory, namely Quantal Response Equilibrium (QRE) and Nash Equilibrium (NE), based on real-world pedestrian-motorist interaction video data collected over two days, each day spanning 12 h, from two slip lanes with zebra crossings at signalised intersections in Brisbane, Australia. Artificial intelligence-based video analytics extracted interaction data, which was modelled using binary logit models to understand the crossing and yielding decisions of pedestrians. Results demonstrate that the QRE outperforms the NE in predicting the crossing intention of pedestrians and the yielding intention of motorists. Results indicate that a) motorists are less likely to yield to pedestrians when the vehicle speed is higher, b) pedestrians are more likely to let the motorists go first if they start crossing from the curbside of the road, and c) motorists are more likely to yield to pedestrians when the distance between pedestrians and vehicles is longer. According to the QRE model, the probability of conflict is 5.8%, indicating that 5.8% of pedestrian interactions with vehicles in these slip lanes result in conflicts. Similarly, the confusion probability indicates that about 5.2% of pedestrians were confused about initiating crossing in the presence of zebra crossing even though drivers yielded them on slip lanes at signalised intersections. This study highlights the significance of using game theory-based approaches to understand road users’ behaviour on slip lanes. These findings can help to identify pedestrian crossing intentions and support connected automated vehicles in making stopping decisions to enhance pedestrian safety and reduce potential conflicts with other road users.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108034"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal crash severity analysis with cost-sensitive multi-graphs attention network","authors":"Jianwu Wan ,&nbsp;Siying Zhu ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most conventional crash severity models attempt to achieve a low classification error rate, implicitly assuming the same losses for all classification errors. In this paper, we suggest that this setting has limitations in terms of reasonableness, as accurately identifying the significant contributing factors to more severe crashes is more important than identifying those for less severe crashes in crash severity analysis. In addition, the spatio-temporal heterogeneity in existing crash severity models is usually explored utilising statistical models or pre-learned by shallow machine learning models. To the authors’ best knowledge, the advanced deep neural networks have received less attention in the context of learning spatio-temporal crash severity structure. To tackle these two issues, this paper firstly reformulates the crash severity analysis as a cost-sensitive learning problem, where a cost matrix is defined to measure the unequal misclassification losses in crash severity analysis. Furthermore, to obtain a more accurate representation of spatio-temporal heterogeneity for crash severity analysis, we develop the multi-graphs attention mechanism, which takes the advanced graph convolutional network as the base learner. As a result, a cost-sensitive multi-graphs attention network (CSmGAT) model is finally proposed, which, on the one hand, learns the optimal spatio-temporal affiliations from crash severity data by performing multi-graphs attention convolutions to filter out the error affiliations in pre-defined spatio-temporal graphs and, on the other hand, embeds the cost matrix and aims to perform cost-sensitive crash severity analysis by minimising the overall misclassification losses of training data. In the experimental part, a five-year vehicle–vehicle crash dataset from Victoria State, Australia is utilised for crash severity analysis. In comparison with 23 state-of-the-art crash severity models, our proposed CSmGAT model can reduce the overall misclassification losses by at least 11.31%. The most significant crash contributing factors have also been identified and interpreted based on the pseudo-elasticity values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108007"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of the socio-economic appraisal methodologies of the road safety measures","authors":"Arunava Putatunda,&nbsp;Christelle Al Haddad,&nbsp;Constantinos Antoniou","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Road safety measures, e.g., speed limits, are widely used globally to prevent and reduce the number of road crashes, injuries, and fatalities. However, implementing such preventive measures has long-term and complex social, environmental, and economic interdependencies and impacts. Therefore, socio-economic appraisals of road safety measures are crucial for identifying such complex interdependencies and impacts on the well-being of individuals, society, the economy, and the environment. The study carries out a comprehensive review of the scientific literature dealing with socio-economic appraisal methodologies of road safety measures. The study comprehensively reviewed the scientific literature on socio-economic appraisal methodologies for road safety interventions. The review follows PRISMA guidelines for selecting scientific articles across Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. From 535 records identified on 18 January 2025, 80 studies (including grey and peer-reviewed articles in English) were selected. These studies are reviewed based on six themes, namely: (a) methodological frameworks of the methodologies, (b) classification, (c) key indicators, (d) datasets, (e) strengths, limitations, and biases, (f) stakeholders’ involvement and impacts on policymaking. The review indicates that the existing socio-economic appraisal methodologies for road safety measures effectively capture specific dimensions, e.g., crash rate reduction, willingness-to-pay for road safety and improved social well-being. However, these methodologies also exhibit inconsistencies while accounting for factors like price inflation and replicability. The review identifies six methodological limitations that accentuate significant future research and innovation opportunities. The review also presents recommendations for future research to address the identified limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108021"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reliability analysis method based on cross-entropy importance sampling for lateral safety assessment of misaligned autonomous truck platoons under crosswinds","authors":"Jilong Chen,&nbsp;Feng Chen,&nbsp;Suiyang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autonomous truck platooning offers a range of advantages in freight transportation, including energy efficiency and operational effectiveness, and has garnered increasing attention. But traditional truck platoons, typically aligned in a straight line, can cause channelized damage to road surfaces due to the concentrated load over short durations. To enhance pavement sustainability, the concept of misaligned truck platoons has been explored, wherein trucks within the platoon intentionally drift laterally by varying amounts. Nevertheless, the misalignment introduces concerns regarding the lateral safety performance of the trucks. To investigate the lateral safety of misaligned autonomous truck platoons under crosswinds, this paper introduces an innovative and efficient approach. Using a three-truck platoon as an example, Cross-Entropy Importance Sampling (CE-IS) is utilized to estimate the lateral risk probability of misaligned truck platoons with a randomized distribution across multiple indicators, and the results are compared with those obtained using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The results indicate that CE-IS significantly reduces computation time while maintaining high accuracy. This computational efficiency makes CE-IS particularly suitable for intelligent freight systems, where rapid and reliable risk assessment is critical for dynamic platoon coordination, real-time safety management, and optimization under uncertain conditions. Under a consistent in-lane lateral distribution control mode, misaligned truck platoons are more prone than aligned platoons to encroaching into adjacent lanes, thereby increasing the risk of accidents. However, reorganizing the middle truck in a misaligned platoon to establish a misalignment distance away from the lane marking can reduce the lateral risk probability, though it remains slightly higher than that of aligned platoons. This study contributes to the efficient and accurate quantification of lateral risk in vehicle platoon systems. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into enhancing the lateral safety of coordinated truck platoons and mitigating their impact on road surfaces. And this method combining CE-IS proposed in this study can efficiently quantify and calculate the lateral risk of vehicle platoons in intelligent freight systems, providing suggestions for real-time operational strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108044"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the self-explaining performance of visual guidance facilities in extra-long spiral tunnels based on drivers’ spatial perception and visual attention distribution","authors":"Guanyang Xing ,&nbsp;Yongfeng Ma ,&nbsp;Shuyan Chen ,&nbsp;Yaqian Xing ,&nbsp;Qianqian Pang ,&nbsp;Lu Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the weak visual reference system is crucial for improving drivers’ spatial perception in extra-long spiral tunnels, which require continuous turns and uphill/downhill maneuvers. Using the Midicun Tunnel as a prototype, we tested three common visual guidance facilities—horizontal stripes, retroreflective rings, and edge markers—by constructing scenarios with each facility individually and in combinations of these facilities. A comprehensive indicator framework was developed to assess the impact of these facilities on drivers’ spatial perception and attention distribution. The self-explaining performance of each facility was evaluated using the matter-element model combined with the entropy weight method. Additionally, drivers’ subjective acceptance of each facility was measured using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which offered insights into their internal expectations and cognitive state. The results reveal that drivers tend to drive close to the inside wall of the curve in the continuous curved section of a spiral tunnel. Installing edge markers improves the self-explaining performance of the tunnel’s horizontal right-of-way, increasing the distance between the vehicle and the tunnel wall. Installing the retroreflective ring guides drivers’ attention to the central area ahead, enhancing the longitudinal right-of-way. However, when used alone, it can lead to longer fixation durations and lower saccade frequencies, an issue that can be mitigated by combining them with other features. Comprehensive evaluations and subjective acceptance surveys indicate that scenarios with multiple facilities provide optimal self-explaining performance and best meet drivers’ psychological expectations. Among individual installations, edge markers are the most effective, followed by retroreflective rings, with horizontal stripes showing the weakest performance. Based on these findings, specific recommendations for optimizing visual guidance in spiral tunnels are provided, offering valuable insights for improving tunnel environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108040"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact zone at spiral tunnel entrances and exits: Analyzing the vehicle control process from invalidation to recovery under environmental perturbations","authors":"Guanyang Xing ,&nbsp;Yongfeng Ma ,&nbsp;Shuyan Chen ,&nbsp;Yaqian Xing ,&nbsp;Chenxiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At tunnel entrances and exits, rapid transition in cross-sections and abrupt lighting changes create a brief “environmental perturbation period,” characterized by unstable vehicle dynamics until drivers regain control required by the new driving situation. During this period, the transition of vehicle control from invalidation to recovery is a critical zone for tunnel traffic safety. Different alignment radii may introduce unexpected perturbation to vehicle control in spiral tunnels with small-radius curves. This study adopts the Midicun Spiral Tunnel as a prototype, with three alignment design schemes for driving simulation experiments. A sliding window-based sample entropy method is applied to reveal the adaptation process of vehicle control from invalidation to recovery, and two indicators, model invalidation position (P_MI) and model recovery position (P_MR), are introduced for analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics of the perturbations. By considering both lateral steering and longitudinal speed control, the impact zone length of environmental perturbations at spiral tunnel entrances and exits is quantified using the 15 % and 85 % quartiles of P_MI and P_MR, respectively. Results reveal that vehicle control often invalidates before the tunnel entrance/exit and recovers within a certain distance afterward. While spiral tunnels do not significantly increase the overall impact zone compared to straight tunnels, the spatial distribution of these zones differs. At tunnel entrances, lateral steering control is the key to determining the impact zone length, which is longer than that influenced by speed control. Smaller alignment radii in spiral tunnels reduce steering impact zones before entrances but extend them after, with longer zones observed as the radius decreases. At the tunnel exit, steering control remains the key to determining the impact zone length. Before the exit, spiral tunnels exhibit larger steering impact zones than straight tunnels, especially with a 530 m radius. Conversely, straight tunnels show longer pre-exit impact zones due to earlier speed control invalidation. These findings, using straight tunnels as a reference, provide valuable insights into the safety management zones at spiral tunnel entrances and exits, offering theoretical support for optimizing alignment design and safety management. Furthermore, this study provides a methodological insight for investigating the impact of perturbations on the recovery mechanisms of vehicle control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108046"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}