Acta Ophthalmologica最新文献

{"title":"Risk factors of ocular graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Denmark","authors":"Helene Jeppesen","doi":"10.1111/aos.17481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17481","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is used to cure both malignant and non-malignant haematological diseases. HSCT can be either myeloablative (MA) or non-myeloablative (NMA) depending on the conditioning regimen given to the patient before transplantation. Despite HSCT having been available for more than 50 years, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a difficult immunologically mediated challenge, which increases morbidity and mortality after transplantation. When cGVHD targets the eyes, it causes reduced tears and inflammation, which lead to red, irritated eyes, corneal damage and blindness in worst cases. Furthermore, ocular cGVHD significantly reduces the quality of life after HSCT. More knowledge of who develops the disease and why is needed to predict the disease and optimize treatment in this patient group.</p><p>The overall aim of this PhD project (Jeppesen <span>2025</span>) was to investigate the incidence and risk factors for developing ocular cGVHD in both adults and children. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate possible associations between ocular cGVHD and cGVHD in other organs and mortality after HSCT.</p><p>The studies were based on data from ophthalmological and haematological medical records from a large group of consecutive patients receiving HSCT at Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, during 1980–2016, <i>N</i> = 1936 (1452 adults and 484 children). According to the hospital guidelines, the patients had a baseline ophthalmological examination performed before HSCT, annually up to 5 years after HSCT, and more frequently if ocular symptoms occurred.</p><p>Our studies showed that in adults, the 5-year cumulative incidence of ocular cGVHD was 18% after MA and 35% after NMA regimen (Jeppesen et al., <span>2021</span>). Several factors were associated with a higher risk of ocular cGVHD after both conditioning regimens. In the MA group, malignant disease, Schirmer's test ≤10 mm/5 min before HSCT, the use of a matched unrelated donor or female donor, peripheral blood as stem cell source and acute GVHD (grades III–IV) increased the risk of ocular cGVHD. In the NMA group, Schirmer's test ≤10 mm/5 min before transplantation and higher recipient age increased the risk of ocular cGVHD (Jeppesen et al., <span>2021</span>).</p><p>In children, the incidence of ocular cGVHD was 6%, and therefore less common than in adults (Jeppesen, Kielsen, et al., <span>2022</span>). Ocular cGVHD was more frequent in patients with extensive cGVHD and when other ectodermal-derived organs were involved (skin, mouth, genitals and nails). (Jeppesen, Gjærde, et al., <span>2022</span>) The frequency of ocular cGVHD was especially high in patients with skin sclerosis as a manifestation of cGVHD (70%) (Jeppesen, Gjærde, et al., <span>2022</span>). Our studies suggest that target antigens in ectodermal-derived organs might be involved in the complex pathophysiology of ocular cGVHD, but more studies are needed to ","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":"103 3","pages":"363-364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aos.17481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular graft-versus-host disease: Risk factors of ocular graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Denmark","authors":"Helene Jeppesen","doi":"10.1111/aos.17452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17452","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is used to cure both malignant and non-malignant haematological diseases. Despite HSCT has been available for more than 50 years, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a difficult immunologically mediated challenge, which increases morbidity and mortality after transplantation. When cGVHD targets the eyes, it causes reduced tears and inflammation which lead to red, irritated eyes, corneal damage and blindness in worst cases. Ocular cGVHD significantly reduces quality of life after HSCT. We need to gain further knowledge about this disease to help this patient group.</p><p>The overall aim of this PhD project was to investigate the incidence and risk factors for developing ocular cGVHD in both adults and children. Furthermore, the objective was to investigate possible associations between ocular cGVHD and cGVHD in other organs, and mortality after HSCT.</p><p>A conditioning regimen is given to the patient before transplantation, which can be either myeloablative (MA) or non-myeloablative (NMA). Our studies showed that in adults, the 5-year cumulative incidence of ocular cGVHD was 18% after MA and 35% after NMA regimen. Several factors were associated with a higher risk of ocular cGVHD after both conditioning regimens. In the MA group, malignant disease, Schirmer's test ≤10 mm/5 min before HSCT, the use of a matched unrelated donor or female donor, peripheral blood as stem cell source and acute GVHD (grade III–IV) increased the risk of ocular cGVHD. In the NMA group, Schirmer's test ≤10 mm/5 min before transplantation and higher recipient age increased the risk of ocular cGVHD. In children, the incidence of ocular cGVHD was 6% and therefore less common than in adults. Ocular cGVHD was more frequent in patients with extensive cGVHD, and when other ectodermal derived organs were involved (skin, mouth, genitals and nails). The frequency of ocular cGVHD was especially high in patients with skin sclerosis as a manifestation of cGVHD (70%). Our studies suggest that target antigens in ectodermal derived organs might be involved in the complex pathophysiology of ocular cGVHD, but more studies are needed to explore this. Ocular cGVHD was furthermore found to be associated with a higher non-relapse mortality.</p><p>In conclusion, several risk factors for developing ocular cGVHD exists. This knowledge may be applied to guide clinical trials (i.e. power calculations), to inform patients of their risk of developing ocular cGVHD and to guide clinicians in scheduling patient follow-up. Because of the many patients with signs of dry eyes before HSCT (which increase the risk of ocular cGVHD), we recommend performing a baseline ophthalmological examination before HSCT.</p><p>More studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of ocular GVHD. In the future, this could lead to better treatment options and potentially prevention of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":"103 S286","pages":"3-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aos.17452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying gyrate atrophy: Why is the retina primarily affected?","authors":"Mark J N Buijs, Berith M Balfoort, Marion M Brands, Anneloor L M A Ten Asbroek, Camiel J F Boon, Roselie M H Diederen, Corrie Timmer, Margreet A E M Wagenmakers, Hans R Waterham, Ronald J A Wanders, Riekelt H Houtkooper, Clara D van Karnebeek, Arthur A Bergen","doi":"10.1111/aos.17498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GACR; OMIM #258870) is a rare early-onset autosomal recessive disorder, caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the gene coding for ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) resulting in hyperornithinaemia. Clinically, GACR is characterized by the concentric loss of visual fields due to progressive chorioretinal atrophy. Because OAT is systemically expressed, it is not clear why primarily the retina is damaged in GACR patients. In this review, we first provide an extensive overview of the clinical features and current treatment modalities for GACR. Next, we discuss the different pathways involved in ornithine metabolism, including the urea cycle, polyamine synthesis, creatine synthesis, proline synthesis and degradation and provide our vision on how OAT deficiency is thought to affect these pathways in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We provide several hypotheses to explain the retinal pathology observed in GACR and discuss perspectives on future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning model for detecting cystoid fluid collections on optical coherence tomography in X-linked retinoschisis patients.","authors":"Jonathan Hensman, Yasmine El Allali, Hind Almushattat, Coen de Vente, Clara I Sánchez, Camiel J F Boon","doi":"10.1111/aos.17495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To validate a deep learning (DL) framework for detecting and quantifying cystoid fluid collections (CFC) on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A no-new-U-Net model was trained using 112 OCT volumes from the RETOUCH challenge (70 for training and 42 for internal testing). External validation involved 37 SD-OCT scans from 20 XLRS patients, including 20 randomly sampled B-scans and 17 manually selected central B-scans. Three graders manually delineated the CFC on these B-scans in this external test set. The model's efficacy was evaluated using Dice and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) scores, assessed exclusively on the test set comprising B-scans from XLRS patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the randomly sampled B-scans, the model achieved a mean Dice score of 0.886 (±0.010), compared to 0.912 (±0.014) for the observers. For the manually selected central B-scans, the Dice scores were 0.936 (±0.012) for the model and 0.946 (±0.012) for the graders. ICC scores between the model and reference were 0.945 (±0.014) for the randomly selected and 0.964 (±0.011) for the manually selected B-scans. Among the graders, ICC scores were 0.979 (±0.008) and 0.981 (±0.011), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our validated DL model accurately segments and quantifies CFC on SD-OCT in XLRS, paving the way for reliable monitoring of structural changes. However, systematic overestimation by the DL model was observed, highlighting a key limitation for future refinement.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating uveal melanoma volume with ellipsoid tumour models.","authors":"Lisa Klaassen, Teresa A Ferreira, Gregorius Luyten, Jan-Willem M Beenakker","doi":"10.1111/aos.17492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Ellipsoid tumour models are used to approximate the tumour volume of uveal melanomas, as the conventionally used ultrasound does not provide a three-dimensional visualization of the tumour. However, these models are a simplification of the actual tumour geometry. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent several of these frequently used ellipsoid tumour models accurately describe uveal melanoma volume.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Tumours were delineated on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI for 70 uveal melanoma patients. The MRI-delineated volume was compared with three ellipsoid models, which used two-dimensional measurements such as thickness and basal diameters as input: half ellipsoids with round (V_roundbase) or oval base (V_ovalbase) and a paraboloid consisting of two parts, also incorporating the curvature of the eye wall (V_twoparts).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant relative differences between MRI-delineated and model volume of 53 ± 32% (V_roundbase), 26 ± 24% (V_ovalbase) and 15 ± 24% (V_twoparts) were observed (p < 0.001). Tumour volume and shape did not influence the difference between the model volumes and MRI-delineated tumour volume.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All tumour models result in considerable systematic overestimations of tumour volume, with large variations in overestimation between patients. Adding the perpendicular basal diameter to the model decreases this variation. Although ellipsoid tumour models have been shown to be valuable on a group level, they should be used with caution for individual patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and histopathological prognostic factors in uveal melanoma in a large Spanish series of enucleated eyes.","authors":"Patricia Valencia Nieto, Ciro García Álvarez, María Elena García Lagarto, María Fe Muñoz Moreno, Patricia Diezhandino García, María Antonia Saornil Álvarez","doi":"10.1111/aos.17493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17493","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze clinical and histopathological prognostic factors and overall and specific survival after enucleation in a Spanish cohort diagnosed with uveal melanoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective analysis was performed in a single-center case series of 138 patients with posterior uveal melanoma seen in the Adult Intraocular Tumour Unit at the University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid and treated by enucleation as the primary treatment between January 2006 and December 2021. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean follow-up time was 54 months. Mean overall and melanoma-specific survival were 119 months (95% CI: 103.82-133.92) and 133 months (95% CI: 118.52-147.90) respectively. In univariate analysis of clinical parameters, only scleral extension was associated with poorer survival (p < 0.001). The histopathological characteristics associated with poorer survival were epithelioid cell type (p = 0.021), high Ki-67 expression (≥15%; p = 0.037), vortex vein invasion (p < 0.001), emissary canal invasion (p = 0.005), extrascleral extension (p = 0.001), and low percentage of necrosis (<10%; p = 0.015). In multivariate analysis, scleral extension (p = 0.008) and vortex vein invasion (p = 0.001) were associated with poorer overall survival.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Spanish population has different racial characteristics to those of Anglo-Saxon cohorts in which uveal melanoma has been studied previously and shows a higher specific survival rate. Classic histopathological features have been confirmed as prognostic factors, but further studies should be performed to evaluate genetic and molecular factors to improve the prediction of survival in enucleated uveal melanoma patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cumulative incidence of macular edema in non-infectious uveitis indicates an early therapeutic window.","authors":"Bawan Halgurd, Viktor Skalkhøj Oest, Oliver Niels Klefter, Yousif Subhi, Maria Vittoria Cicinelli, Jimmi Wied, Steffen Heegaard, Piergiorgio Neri, Henrik Vorum, Marie Ørskov, Lasse Jørgensen Cehofski","doi":"10.1111/aos.17497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Uveitis-associated macular edema (UME) is a significant cause of visual impairment in non-infectious uveitis (NIU). However, the UME incidence remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the cumulative incidence of UME.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical records of patients registered with a uveitis diagnosis code between 2010 and2024 were assessed to validate uveitis diagnoses of the patient registry of the North Denmark Region, a region of 600 000 inhabitants. Positive predictive values (PPV) were calculated for uveitis diagnosis and subtypes. The data from medical records were used to estimate prevalence, incidence and cumulative incidence of UME. The group differences were analysed by chi-squared test and cox proportional-hazards model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1476 medical records were reviewed. The PPV for a uveitis diagnosis was 92.2% (95% CI: 90.7-93.5) and 88.4% (95% Cl: 86.8-90.0) for uveitis subtypes. Among 1218 patients with NIU, 6.9% had UME at referral. During follow-up, 8.3% of the NIU patients developed UME with an incidence rate of 1.4 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 1.3-1.7) and a cumulative incidence of 10.7% (95% CI: 8.5-13.5). A higher incidence of UME was observed for patients with bilateral uveitis, systemic disease, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis and panuveitis (p < 0.001). A substantial increase in the cumulative incidence of UME was observed in the first 2 years post-referral.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high PPV supported the registry's reliability for uveitis research. UME was frequently present at the first uveitis clinic visit. NIU patients were at heightened risk of UME within the first 2 years after referral, indicating an early time window with a critical need for inflammation management.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACTA NOG abstracts","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/aos.17463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17463","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":"103 S285","pages":"3-49"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'EarlyAMDRate': A grading instrument for OCT-based assessment of early lesions caused by age-related macular degeneration.","authors":"Marcus Wagner, Thomas Peschel, Carla J Leutloff, Franziska G Rauscher","doi":"10.1111/aos.17479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Long before any signs of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) become clinically noticeable, the disease starts with accumulation of deposits of extracellular debris and formation of lesions within the outermost layers of the retina. For a reliable imaging of lesions in these early stages, optical coherence tomography (OCT) turned out to be largely preferable to colour fundus photography. However, an adequate grading instrument for Early-AMD lesions within OCT data is missing in the literature as yet. The present paper aims to fill this gap.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>'EarlyAMDRate', an instrument for OCT-based grading of Early-AMD lesions, is presented and documented. It comprises a questionnaire assessing a given lesion with respect to its relative position and interaction with the surrounding retinal layers, its brightness, special properties and state of progression (if applicable). Furthermore, the grading procedure includes a graphical masking of the lesion within the OCT image.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For a consecutive sample of N = 100 Early-AMD patients, the 'EarlyAMDRate' grading instrument has been applied to leading OCT scans. Examples of masked lesions and processed grading questionnaires are provided. Both raw lesion diameters and cutting sizes follow a log-normal sample distribution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>'EarlyAMDRate' allows for unprecedented detail of description for single Early-AMD lesions which is adequate to the precision of underlying OCT imaging. The obtained grading information allows for a tracking of single lesions and their properties over time as well as for the generation of well-differentiated metric phenotypes for description of Early-AMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considerations on the Haigis formula: Are better outcomes possible with tuning?","authors":"Achim Langenbucher, Nóra Szentmáry, Jascha Wendelstein, Alan Cayless, Benj Fassbind, Peter Hoffmann","doi":"10.1111/aos.17491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To design a vergence-based lens power formula based on the classical Haigis formula for better outcomes while retaining the original formula architecture.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four new formula variants (A-D) incorporating a sum of segments correction for axial length, harmonic mean of corneal radii instead of arithmetic mean (all variants), and differing combinations of lower keratometer index (C, D) and an additional term (a3) representing the lens thickness in the effective lens position (B, D) were assessed in an analysis based on four datasets of IOLMaster 700 biometric data for eyes treated with the Hoya Vivinex lens (dataset 1), Alcon SA60AT lens (2), Johnson & Johnson ZCB00 lens (3), and the Bausch & Lomb MX60 lens (4). All parameters (formula constants and keratometer index) were calculated by nonlinear iterative optimisation techniques for minimising the root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE). Performance was assessed in terms of the final RMSPE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All four variants showed reductions in RMSPE ranging from 2.8% to 12.6% over the original Haigis formula. For each of the four datasets, variants B and D (with the additional a3 constant) performed better in this respect than variants A and C. In all four cases, variants C and D (with the adjusted keratometer index) performed slightly better than A and B, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although not amenable to statistical analysis, the % improvements in RMSPE would appear to be clinically relevant. However, the benefit has to be proven in a prospective multicentric study with a large sample size.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}