Acta Ophthalmologica最新文献

{"title":"The efficacy and safety of dichoptic therapy in comparison to patching in children with amblyopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mumen H Halabi, Bashaer Aldhahwani","doi":"10.1111/aos.17583","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aos.17583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amblyopia is the leading cause of monocular vision loss in children. Standard treatment begins with refractive correction, followed by interventions to stimulate the amblyopic eye. Dichoptic therapy (DT) and patching therapy (PT) are commonly used but differ in mechanism. This systematic review and meta-analysis compares their efficacy, compliance and safety in paediatric amblyopia. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing DT and PT in children with amblyopia. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Pooled data were analysed using a random-effects model, reported as mean differences (MD) or risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Twelve RCTs involving 1034 children were included. No significant differences were observed between DT and PT in visual acuity (MD = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.03], p = 0.54; I² = 85%), stereoacuity (MD = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.08], p = 0.84; I² = 17%), compliance (RR = 0.91, 95% CI [0.71, 1.18], p = 0.49; I² = 85%) or adverse events (RR = 1.46, 95% CI [0.53, 4.04], p = 0.46; I² = 54%). DT and PT show comparable outcomes in visual acuity, stereoacuity, compliance and safety based on pooled data. However, these findings may not apply to all amblyopia types, particularly strabismic amblyopia, where binocular function is often absent. Future studies should include subtype-specific analyses to better define the roles of each treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144870721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical outcomes of the PAUL glaucoma implant in primary open-angle and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma eyes after failed glaucoma surgeries.","authors":"Constance Liegl, Leonie Bourauel, Benjamin Aretz, Diana Samarghitan, Wolfgang Walz, Michael Petrak, Frank G Holz, Raffael Liegl, Karl Mercieca","doi":"10.1111/aos.17581","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aos.17581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study assesses the PAUL® glaucoma implant (PGI) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG) after failed glaucoma surgery. Given PEXG's more aggressive nature, limited research exists on PGI outcomes in this subgroup. This study aims to compare PGI's efficacy and safety in both conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study including patients undergoing PGI surgery at the University Eye Hospital Bonn, Germany, from April 2021 to January 2024. Patients were enrolled in a database at the time of surgery, with follow-up data collected at each visit. Success was defined according to four criteria, using intra-ocular pressure (IOP) thresholds of ≤21 mmHg (Criterion A), ≤18 mmHg (Criterion B), ≤15 mmHg (Criterion C) and ≤12 mmHg (Criterion D).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-eight eyes of 48 patients were included. Qualified and complete success rates (95% CI) were 60.4% (45.8-72.9) and 93.8% (87.5-100) for Criterion A, 60.4% (45.8-72.9) and 85.4% (75-95.8) for Criterion B, 43.8% (29.2-56.3) and 58.3% (43.8-72.9) for Criterion C and 33.3% (20.8-47.9) and 35.4% (22.9-50) for Criterion D. Mean IOP decreased from 23.52 mmHg (7-45) to 11.65 mmHg (3-20 mmHg) with a mean reduction of 43.55% (0-82%) at 12 months, with a reduction in IOP-lowering agents from 3.13 (1-5) to 0.44 (0-3). Postoperative complications occurred in 33.3% of cases. Approximately 6.3% required additional glaucoma procedures, leading to surgical failure. Regarding primary outcomes, no significant differences were observed for qualified or complete success rates between POAG and PEXG. Both groups had similar preoperative IOP and experienced significant postoperative reduction, with no statistically significant differences in IOP, medication use, visual outcomes, complications, revision rates or surgical failure at 12 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, the PGI demonstrated significant IOP reduction and decreased need for medication in both POAG and PEXG patients, with no major differences between the two groups at 12 months. The implant's overall safety and efficacy make it a viable surgical option for both conditions. Further studies are needed to assess long-term outcomes and refine patient selection criteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144870797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The tale of Nebenchari: Fictional story mistaken for historical fact.","authors":"Michał Rydzewski, Jan Skrobut, Andrzej Grzybowski","doi":"10.1111/aos.17580","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aos.17580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The story of Nebenchari, an ancient Egyptian ophthalmologist, has been cited as an early reference to cataract surgery in ancient Egypt. However, a critical analysis of historical sources reveals no concrete evidence to support this account. Despite claims that Herodotus documented the tale, no such reference exists in his writings. The earliest known source appears to be Georg Ebers' 19th-century novel, 'The Daughter of an Egyptian King', which fictionalized Nebenchari's role in Egyptian and Persian history. Subsequent scholars, including Charles Joe Snyder (1914-1996) and Thomas Hall Shastid (1866-1947), seem to have misinterpreted Ebers' fictional narrative as historical fact, leading to its widespread acceptance in ophthalmological literature. This case highlights the importance of verifying original sources when assessing historical claims and serves as a cautionary example of how fiction can be mistaken for fact in academic discourse.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment following pars plana vitrectomy for full-thickness macular hole and epiretinal membrane in pseudophakic eyes.","authors":"Birgitte Romme Nielsen, Morten la Cour, Mark Alberti, Ulrik Christensen, Thomas Scheike, Jakob Grauslund, Lonny Stokholm","doi":"10.1111/aos.17579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To estimate the risk of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) or epiretinal membrane (ERM) in pseudophakic eyes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a nationwide Danish registry-based cohort study from 2010 to 2023. Eyes entered the study at phacoemulsification surgery (age ≥ 50) and were followed until outcome (RRD), exposure (PPV), or censoring (death, end of study, or competing events). PPV was analysed as a time-dependent exposure occurring after phacoemulsification surgery, with eyes considered exposed from the time of PPV onwards.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 680 858 eyes were included. Median follow-up was 4.8 years (IQR, 2.5-7.9) after phacoemulsification and 5.0 years (2.5-7.9) after PPV, with a median interval of 76 days (39-328) between procedures. The 1-year cumulative incidence of RRD after PPV for FTMH was 0.62% (95% CI, 0.40-0.93), significantly higher in males. For ERM, it was 0.43% (0.27-0.66), with no sex difference. Compared to phacoemulsification alone, the hazard ratio (HR) for RRD was increased in males operated on for FTMH (HR 2.60; 1.62-4.17) and in females operated on for ERM (HR 1.93; 1.07-3.49). Among those who remained event-free 1 year postoperatively, no significant difference in RRD risk was observed between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PPV in pseudophakic eyes has a low risk of RRD but higher than that of phacoemulsification surgery after the first year, with notable sex variations for FTMH. Among those who remained event-free 1 year postoperative, no difference in RRD risk was observed between PPV and phacoemulsification surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeatability of retinal vessel flicker responses in healthy individuals.","authors":"Angelos Kalitzeos, Robert J Summers, Rebekka Heitmar","doi":"10.1111/aos.17578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the repeatability of retinal blood vessel parameters (from proprietary software and the raw vessel data) measured in vivo in healthy individuals at rest, during and post flicker light (FL) provocation using a standardised protocol.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recorded the diameters of one retinal artery and one vein in each of 33 healthy adult volunteers at rest, during and post FL provocation on two occasions using the Retinal Vessel Analyser (RVA). Repeat visits were scheduled at three different timepoints: (1) within 30 mins on the same day, (2) within a fortnight and (3) within a month (n = 11, each). All participants underwent intraocular and systemic blood pressure assessment to ensure these were comparable between visits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Retinal vessel parameters at rest, during and post FL provocation were comparable between all pairs of visits for all three groups. Repeatability between visits was assessed using Bland-Altman Analyses and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs). Maximum dilation for arteries and veins and maximum constriction for arteries due to FL provocation computed from raw dilation data showed better repeatability than that generated by the RVA software. Time to reach maximum dilation in arteries and veins and maximum constriction in arteries was on average comparable but least repeatable between visits.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Retinal vessel parameters computed from the raw RVA data may be superior in quality to the output from the proprietary software because the latter uses fixed narrow time-windows to determine the parameters. Variance within healthy controls, pathology groups and repeatability parameters alongside systemic haemodynamic parameters should be considered when utilising dynamic retinal vascular parameters as study endpoints.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144820330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competency-based European training requirements for the specialty of ophthalmology. Recommendations from the UEMS section of ophthalmology and the European Board of Ophthalmology.","authors":"Helena Prior Filipe, Rémi Yaïci, Renata Ivekovic, Denise Curtin, Rimvydas Asoklis, Huban Atilla, Elske Bak, Ana Pueyo-Bestué, Michèle Beaconsfield, Catherine Creuzot-Garcher, Barbara Cvenkel, Lisa Flanagan, Saskia Imhof, Tero Kivelä, Carina Koppen, Ewa Mrukwa-Kominec, Anna Maino, Frédéric Mouriaux, Aurore Muselier, Sorcha Ni Dhubghaill, Karsten Paust, Siegfried Priglinger, Marcin Stopa, Brendan Strong, Felix Tanner, Marie-José Tassignon, Paul Ursell, Wagih Aclimandos, Tristan Bourcier","doi":"10.1111/aos.17575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Ophthalmology encompasses comprehensive medical and surgical care for patients with diverse visual system disorders, significantly impacting eye health, vision, and quality of life. European ophthalmologists undergo specialized residency training to acquire necessary competencies, emphasizing theoretical knowledge, clinical and surgical skills, and professional behaviour. The European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) and the European Board of Ophthalmology (EBO) advocate for competency-based medical education (CBME), standardized training frameworks, and harmonized assessments across Europe.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In 2023, a survey among European ophthalmologists demonstrated broad consensus on establishing unified training requirements. Subsequently, a Core Working Group developed European Training Requirements (ETRs) for ophthalmology, detailing curricula, subspecialty rotations, and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) across a structured four-year residency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>These ETRs, formally approved by UEMS in October 2024, incorporate simulation-based training, workplace-based assessments (WPBA), and innovative evaluation methods such as electronic portfolios. Certification as a European Specialist in Ophthalmology involves passing rigorous summative assessments, including the European Board of Ophthalmology Diploma (EBOD) examination. Training institutions must offer substantial clinical exposure, robust infrastructure, and comprehensive educational resources. Faculty support, continuous quality assurance, regular audits, and clinical governance frameworks are essential.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ETRs also highlight the importance of interprofessional collaboration and encourage subspecialty expansion in emerging areas like ophthalmic oncology and global ophthalmology. Designed as a dynamic, \"living document,\" the ETRs will evolve with scientific and technological advancements, supporting high-quality ophthalmic education and practice while respecting national diversity and sovereignty.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interventions for submacular haemorrhage: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of controversies-On behalf of the Spanish Vitreo-Retinal Society (SERV).","authors":"Salvador Pastor-Idoate, Pablo Redruello-Guerrero, Laura de Juan Hernández, Gregorio Benites-Narcizo, Mario Rivera-Izquierdo, José García-Arumí, José Carlos Pastor Jimeno","doi":"10.1111/aos.17570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This systematic review aims to evaluate and synthesize the existing literature on the interventions used for submacular haemorrhage (SMH), highlighting the controversies and differences in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed across multiple databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library, to identify studies on SMH treatment. Inclusion criteria encompassed randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case series that focused on different therapeutic interventions. Data on functional outcomes, efficacy and safety of the interventions were extracted and analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review included 150 studies, of which 38 were included in the network meta-analysis. The analysis of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) Included 26 studies, 20 interventions and 2125 eyes. Heterogeneity was moderate (I² = 28.9%). Non-vitrectomy therapies showed better BCVA outcomes and fewer complications (e.g. retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage), while vitrectomy-based treatments achieved better anatomical results. According to P-score ranking, \"Observation\" had the highest probability of being most effective for BCVA (P-score = 0.8051), followed by anti-VEGF monotherapy and non-vitrectomy combinations. However, this result should be interpreted cautiously, as the \"Observation\" group was based on only two studies (26 eyes) with clinical heterogeneity. No publication bias was detected (Egger's test p = 0.582).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is no consensus on a standard evidence-based treatment for SMH. Minimally invasive strategies are promising, but factors such as timing, lesion size and anti-VEGF use remain critical. Further large-scale randomised trials are needed to define optimal management.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single oral administration of dronabinol increases ocular blood flow in patients with glaucoma.","authors":"Theresa Lindner, Viktoria Pai, Patrick Janku, Nikolaus Hommer, Anton Hommer, Marihan Abensperg-Traun, Liudmyla Petric, Leopold Schmetterer, Gerhard Garhöfer, Doreen Schmidl","doi":"10.1111/aos.17573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, primarily driven by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Still, some patients progress despite significant IOP lowering, potentially due to impaired ocular blood flow. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dronabinol, a synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol derivative, on ocular blood flow in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, cross-over study included 23 patients with treated POAG (mean age 68 ± 7 years). All participants received dronabinol (11 patients received 5 mg and 12 received 10 mg in a randomized fashion) on one study day and placebo on the other study day. The primary outcome was optic nerve head blood flow (ONHBF) measured by laser speckle flowgraphy. Mean blur rate was determined for the large vessel area (MV), the tissue area (MT) and the total ONH area (MA). Secondary outcomes included vessel densities assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography, IOP, and blood pressure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Administration of 10 mg dronabinol significantly increased ONHBF (MA: 10.8 ± 20.6%, p = 0.018, MV: 12.0 ± 24.8%, p = 0.042, and MT: 11.0 ± 22.6%, p = 0.022, each vs. placebo) up to 4 h post-administration without affecting IOP or mean arterial pressure (p > 0.548 each). Additionally, a significant increase in vessel density in the superficial vascular plexus was found after administration of 10 mg dronabinol (6.7 ± 14.7%, p = 0.040 vs. 5 mg).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This pilot study demonstrates that systemic dronabinol enhances ONHBF in glaucoma patients, suggesting its potential as adjunct therapy for glaucoma by targeting vascular dysfunction. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore its long-term impact on disease progression and visual field preservation.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04596826.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transition to high-dose aflibercept and intraocular pressure risk: A two-step approach to injection volume at Oslo University Hospital.","authors":"Øystein Kalsnes Jørstad, Eva Meling Ødegaard, Morten Carstens Moe","doi":"10.1111/aos.17571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17571","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144783187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-step formula constant optimization strategy for minimal standard deviation and zero mean prediction error in IOL power calculation.","authors":"Achim Langenbucher, Nóra Szentmáry, Jascha Wendelstein, Alan Cayless, Peter Hoffmann, Damien Gatinel","doi":"10.1111/aos.17569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the precision and accuracy performance of a two-step approach for optimizing lens formula constants (FC) with a refractive offset correction (RO) as a second tuning parameter.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using IOLMaster 700 biometric data from 4 datasets (886/613/821/467 eyes treated with the Hoya Vivinex/Johnson&Johnson ZCB00/Alcon SA60AT/Bausch&Lomb MX60 lens), and the power of the implanted lens and postoperative spherical equivalent refraction, FC and RO were optimized for SRKT, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and Haigis formulae using an iterative nonlinear optimization for RMSPE and sequentially according to Gatinel, optimizing first FC for standard deviation prediction error (SDPE) and then RO by the resulting mean prediction error.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The simple two-step approach yielded comparable results for the FC and RO for all four formulae and datasets under test. The differences in the formula prediction error were commonly in the third decimals comparing both optimization strategies without clinical relevance. Direct optimization of the FC for SDPE showed large offsets in the formula constant for all datasets and especially for the Hoffer Q and Haigis formulae, resulting in systematic refractive offset values in the formula prediction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This simple two-step approach using FC with a second tuning parameter performs excellently for the four formulae and four datasets under test and allows for both reducing the scatter and zeroing the refractive offset. Multicentric studies with other populations and biometers are required to further investigate the clinical applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":6915,"journal":{"name":"Acta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144783185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}