IF 1.3 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00801-x

Priyanka Jain, Sachin Kumar, Jyotsana Mandal, Satish, Nidhi Singh, J. C. Biswas

引用次数: 0

PPP Performance of Dual-Frequency, Compact, Low-Cost GNSS Modules: A Novel Study 双频、紧凑型、低成本GNSS模块的PPP性能研究

IF 1.3 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-025-00807-z

Adebayo Segun Adewumi, Somnath Mahato, Susmita Samanta, Anshula Das, Anindya Bose

{"title":"PPP Performance of Dual-Frequency, Compact, Low-Cost GNSS Modules: A Novel Study","authors":"Adebayo Segun Adewumi, Somnath Mahato, Susmita Samanta, Anshula Das, Anindya Bose","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00807-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00807-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This manuscript presents the suitability of the compact, low-cost, dual frequency GNSS modules (CLD) for GNSS precise points positioning (PPP) by comparing the results with simultaneously operating costly geodetic receivers using two CLD modules and two geodetic receivers. Online PPP is done from NRCan, Canada, using the <i>rapid</i>, <i>ultra-rapid,</i> and <i>final</i> IGS products. The results show the similar performance of all the hardware with the clear advantage of cost, size, and power requirements in case of the CLD modules; 3 mm × 3 mm × 10 mm PPP position uncertainty with 95% confidence is achieved in latitude, longitude, and altitude respectively for an uBlox ZED F9P CLD module and similar performance for an NTLab 104v3 CLD module in GPS + GLONASS hybrid operation like the geodetic receivers. It is also observed that the GPS + GLONASS hybrid operation provides better performance than single-constellation operations, and the use of <i>final</i> IGS products marginally improves the solution quality. The results would be useful in implementing cost and power-efficient, precise GNSS PPP for relevant applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"40 2","pages":"421 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dosimetric Comparison of 3DCRT, IMRT, and Rapid Arc Treatment Techniques in Cervical Cancer: Evaluating Plan Quality and Organ at Risk Sparing 3DCRT、IMRT和快速弧线治疗宫颈癌的剂量学比较：评估计划质量和保留危险器官

IF 1.3 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00797-4

Deepali Bhaskar Patil, Mukesh Kumar Zope, Devraj Singh

{"title":"Dosimetric Comparison of 3DCRT, IMRT, and Rapid Arc Treatment Techniques in Cervical Cancer: Evaluating Plan Quality and Organ at Risk Sparing","authors":"Deepali Bhaskar Patil, Mukesh Kumar Zope, Devraj Singh","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00797-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00797-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cervical cancer presents considerable public health issues, particularly in its advanced stages, which require the implementation of effective management strategies. The role of radiation therapy in treatment is vital, highlighting the necessity for enhanced delivery techniques. We retrospectiveselected 15 patients with cervical cancer in FIGO stages IIB to IVA. 3DCRT, IMRT and Rapid Arc plans were compared in terms of target, organs at risk (OARs), conformity index (CI), uniformity index (UI), homogeneity index (HI), grandient index (GI), uniformity dosimetry index (UDI), conformation number (CN) and also recorded eclipse gradient index (GM), the high dose spillage index (outside the PTV) and the dose spillage index (R50%), the number of monitor units (MUs). Both IMRT and Rapid Arc demonstrated significantly better conformity (CN: 0.91 ± 0.012, 0.92 ± 0.002) compared to 3D-CRT (CN: 0.62 ± 0.037; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Rapid Arc not only minimized dose spillage (R50%: 2.91 ± 0.18) but also required fewer monitor units (MU: 578.15 ± 40.27) than IMRT (MU: 1595.7 ± 119.41). Both techniques provided enhanced organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing relative to 3D-CRT, particularly in reducing doses to the bladder and rectum (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Rapid Arc further decreased doses to the femoral head and bowel, highlighting its effectiveness in controlling spillage, improving dose gradient, and achieving overall dose conformity. Both Rapid Arc and IMRT improved dose conformity and provided better protection of organs at risk compared to 3D-CRT. Rapid Arc offered the most effective control over dose spillage, required fewer monitor units, and is an effective option for ensuring optimal target coverage while reducing doses to the OARs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"40 2","pages":"409 - 419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Average Effective Emissivity in the Determination of Radiance Temperature of a Surface 平均有效发射率对表面辐射温度测定的影响

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-025-00806-0

D. Cywiak-Córdova, D. Cárdenas-García, E. Martines-López, H. Rodríguez-Arteaga

{"title":"The Influence of Average Effective Emissivity in the Determination of Radiance Temperature of a Surface","authors":"D. Cywiak-Córdova, D. Cárdenas-García, E. Martines-López, H. Rodríguez-Arteaga","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00806-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00806-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The radiance temperature, determined using a radiation thermometer, depends on the spectral emissivity of the measured surface. If the surface is opaque, to determine its temperature from the signal measured by the thermometer, it is common to use the approximation of an average effective emissivity, weighted over the spectral range of operation of the thermometer, and to consider the average effective reflectivity as its complement, such that the sum of their values is one. We found that, when the spectral emissivity of the surface has relevant variations, such consideration can induce noticeable deviations in the calculated radiance temperature, so besides the average effective emissivity, a true effective reflectivity should be calculated as well. By using the real spectral emissivity values of two different surfaces, we performed numerical calculations of the deviations on the estimated radiance temperature, due to the approximation described above, for different common wavelengths and thermometer spectral responses. We found that for a ceramic sample of known spectral emissivity, the above approximation led to deviations in the estimated radiance temperature of 1.4 K at 348.15 K and 2 K at 723.15 K.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"40 1","pages":"243 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Study of Metrological Comparison of Reference Materials at Multiple Levels of Quantity Value 多量值层次标准物质计量比较研究

IF 1.3 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-025-00803-3

Bin Wang, XiaoHua Lu

{"title":"The Study of Metrological Comparison of Reference Materials at Multiple Levels of Quantity Value","authors":"Bin Wang, XiaoHua Lu","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00803-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00803-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The metrological comparison of reference materials at the multiple levels of quantity value is a relatively complex mode of metrological comparison. To study the determination of comparative reference equations and the calculation method of degree of equivalence, taking the data from CCQM-K80 “Comparison of value-assigned CRMs and PT materials: Creatinine in human serum” comparison project of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM) as an example, while considering both the uncertainty of reference materials and the uncertainty of comparison measurements, a generalized distance regression method is used to determine the comparison reference equation and obtain the comparison reference values and uncertainties of reference materials at different levels of quantity value. Based on the certified values and uncertainties of reference materials, comparison measurement values and uncertainties, and corresponding comparison reference values and uncertainties, combined with comparison reference equations, the Monte Carlo method is used to the calculate degree of equivalence and uncertainty. Compared to <i>ζ</i>, using generalized distance regression to determine the reference equation and then calculate the degree of equivalence and uncertainty, the calculation results are more comprehensive, integrating information such as reference material quantity values, comparison measurement results, and comparison reference values.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"40 2","pages":"397 - 407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the Timing Performance of a Geodetic GNSS Receiver in GPS-Only Mode GPS-Only模式下大地GNSS接收机授时性能研究

IF 1.3 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-025-00804-2

Sukabya Dan, P. Banerjee, Rahul Mondal, Chaitali Koley, Anindya Bose, Ashish Agarwal, Preeti Kandpal, Deepak Sharma

{"title":"Exploring the Timing Performance of a Geodetic GNSS Receiver in GPS-Only Mode","authors":"Sukabya Dan, P. Banerjee, Rahul Mondal, Chaitali Koley, Anindya Bose, Ashish Agarwal, Preeti Kandpal, Deepak Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s12647-025-00804-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-025-00804-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>GNSS receivers provide direct and easy access to the UTC through its hardware 1PPS output. Despite the widespread use of geodetic GNSS receivers, more studies are needed on their timing performance. A campaign mode exercise was conducted with a geodetic GNSS receiver in GPS-only mode to address this gap. The experiment was performed in two modes- without and with an external standard frequency fed to the receiver to study its impact on the performance. The impact of a stable oscillator has been observed by the appreciable improvement in frequency stability of the GNSS time with respect to UTC(NLPI). Though notable improvement in standard deviation is observed with the external reference frequency, the performance in the other mode was within a limit of 10 ns; such results are not reported earlier. Further, this paper proposes a novel method of evaluating the delay of the hardware 1PPS during its derivation from the internal time solution from the measured pseudo ranges. The delay is 30.6 ns for this receiver, though depending on its internal circuit arrangement, it may vary across receivers. Understanding this delay would be crucial for specific timing applications. The importance of finding the delay is explained through a notional application.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"40 2","pages":"325 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and Optimization of a Meander Line Radiator Inspired Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Machine Learning 基于机器学习的弯曲线辐射微带贴片天线设计与优化

IF 1.3 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00802-w

Debajyoti Chatterjee, Anjan Kumar Kundu

{"title":"Design and Optimization of a Meander Line Radiator Inspired Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Machine Learning","authors":"Debajyoti Chatterjee, Anjan Kumar Kundu","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00802-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00802-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research article introduces a design of a meander line incorporated L-band microstrip patch antenna aimed at reducing its size and volume while enhancing its performance characteristics. The proposed design, furthermore is optimized using popular machine learning techniques. The initial simulation presents a conventional rectangular patch antenna characterized by a gain of 2.23 dB and a resonant frequency of 1.38 GHz, with an impedance bandwidth of 20 MHz. The specified dimensions of this design are 150 × 150 × 1.6 mm<sup>3</sup>. This study aims to develop a smaller prototype antenna by incorporating symmetric slots and meandering lines into the patch structure. Consequently, the overall dimensions of the prototype are reduced to 40 × 45 × 1.6 mm<sup>3</sup>, resulting in an impressive volume reduction of 92%. Furthermore, this innovative design yields a substantial increase in bandwidth of 300% and a gain enhancement of 124%, while maintaining the original resonant frequency i.e. 1.38 GHz. Then, four popular machine learning techniques namely Regression Trees, Support Vector Machines under Regression Model (SVR), Kernel Least Squares, and Artificial Neural Networks using Bayesian optimization are compared for antenna parameter optimization. It is observed that the incorporation of different machine-learning approaches in parameter optimization allows us to evaluate potential calculation errors and provide comparatively accurate results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"40 2","pages":"371 - 396"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Study of Microwave Relative Phase Measurement Methods 微波相对相位测量方法比较研究

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00790-x

Dina A. Abd El-Aziz, Ahmed M. Attiya, Hadia M. Elhennawy, Rasha S. M. Ali

{"title":"Comparative Study of Microwave Relative Phase Measurement Methods","authors":"Dina A. Abd El-Aziz, Ahmed M. Attiya, Hadia M. Elhennawy, Rasha S. M. Ali","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00790-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00790-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent advancements in novel radio frequency (RF) microwave phase measurement techniques have generated significant interest. Accurate phase measurement is essential for optimal performance in various applications, including telecommunications, radars, phased array antennas, phase modulators, and GPS receivers. High-precision phase measurement methods are crucial for monitoring subtle phase shift variations accurately. This paper analyzes recent research on microwave relative phase measurement techniques based on homodyne and heterodyne detection principles and the associated challenges related to uncertainty, as utilized by national metrology institutes (NMIs). Under the homodyne principle, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) measured a single phase based on a bridge circuit at 100° with a phase accuracy of 0.5° at a frequency of 4 GHz. This principle is extended by the National Laboratory for Infrared Physics in Japan to measure phase in the range of 0° to 180° in the X-band with a phase accuracy of 2°. Under the heterodyne principle, NIST also implemented phase measurements using a dual-channel phase-shift measurement system from 0° to 360° with an expanded uncertainty of 0.041º at 17 GHz. Several developments in this principle were introduced to address errors and complexity. In addition, a new innovative phase detection methodology based on power measurements was developed by the National Institute of Standards (NIS) in Egypt. This technique offers precise measurements of relative phase shifts in the range from 0° to 180° with a maximum phase variation of ± 3.5°, covering S and C bands. This review aims to contribute to advancing microwave relative phase measurement techniques and provide insights into alternative methods for improvement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"40 1","pages":"253 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comprehensive Review on Real-Time Viscosity and Density Measuring Sensors 实时粘度和密度测量传感器综述

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00799-2

Karchana Kumari, S. Sathiya, Afzal Sikander

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Real-Time Viscosity and Density Measuring Sensors","authors":"Karchana Kumari, S. Sathiya, Afzal Sikander","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00799-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00799-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, the identification of fluid density and viscosity has gained substantial significance across a wide range of industries and scientific fields. These parameters are of utmost importance in comprehending fluid behaviors as accurate measurement of these properties is essential for quality control, process optimization, and product development. A variety of traditional approaches, including capillary, falling ball, volumetry, isochoric, hydrostatic weighing, buoyancy methods, etc., are employed to measure viscosity and density. These traditional approaches require a large amount of samples for measurement and are time consuming. Many modern approaches with different sensing principles have been introduced to overcome the drawbacks of traditional methods. This paper comprehensively describes the densitometers, and viscometers on the basis of different sensing principles such as cantilever, acoustic, tuning fork, diaphragm, pressure, magnetic field, etc. Furthermore, specifications of viscometers and densitometers are briefly summarized, which include the working mechanism, sample range, sample volume, resolution/sensitivity, accuracy/error, testing sample, and temperature. Through this, a mass insight into viscosity and density measurements can be found for wide range of liquids/gas across diverse applications including biopharmaceuticals, protein therapeutics, lubricants, adhesives, healthcare, food production, cosmetics, construction, paints, as well as fuel and petroleum.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"40 1","pages":"287 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

EMC/EMI Compliance for Electromagnetic Field Measurement: An Overview 电磁场测量的EMC/EMI合规性：概述

IF 1 4区工程技术

MAPAN Pub Date : 2025-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00793-8

Abhinav Mishra, Satya Kesh Dubey

引用次数: 0

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