{"title":"Facile, reproducible, and high-throughput production of human dermal fibroblast spheroids","authors":"A. Aslihan Gokaltun","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00348-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00348-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spheroids offer a three-dimensional environment that more closely mimics physiologic conditions than traditional two-dimensional cultures. However, conventional spheroid formation methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and struggle to produce high-throughput and uniform-sized spheroids. This work demonstrated an efficient, high-throughput method for generating human dermal fibroblast (HDF) spheroids (up to 1,200 spheroids/well) within 24 h using AggreWell™ plates. Spheroid formation was evaluated over 14 days using two initial seeding densities (100 and 300 cells per microwell). Larger spheroids, ranging from 127–142 µm in diameter, were observed with the higher seeding density, compared to 88–108 µm at the lower seeding density. The spheroids exhibited consistent and uniform size distributions, with a coefficient of variation under 11% on day 1 for both conditions. Key morphological parameters, including perimeter, circularity, spheroid area, and aspect ratio, were assessed on days 1, 7, and 14, revealing stable values, with circularity and aspect ratio remaining above 0.86 and 0.90, respectively. Cell viability exceeded 90% by day 7 and remained above 85% on day 14 for both seeding densities. These results highlight the scalability and reproducibility of HDF spheroid formation for drug screening, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 3","pages":"355 - 366"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minji Park, Yeonjin Lee, Jaehyeok Kyung, Chang-Min Yoon, Seulki Song
{"title":"Optimized activated carbon pellets for effective cobalt ion adsorption","authors":"Minji Park, Yeonjin Lee, Jaehyeok Kyung, Chang-Min Yoon, Seulki Song","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00340-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00340-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Technologies for treating and removing the radioactive element cobalt, released during nuclear decommissioning, are necessary to address the health risks it poses to humans. A pelletized activated carbon material is considered the best option for effectively eliminating dissolved cobalt in water, addressing the physical constraints of traditional activated carbon. This study involved producing optimized activated carbon pellets by combining activated carbon with a polymer binder and a triethylenediamine (TEDA) attachment agent. The activated carbon pellets incorporating the TEDA attachment agent and polymer binder were used as adsorbents to observe the Co<sup>2+</sup> adsorption characteristics based on attachment concentration, leading to the development of a combination of pellets with optimized adsorption capacity. It was confirmed that the C–N amine functional groups introduced by TEDA help to enhance interactions within the chemical adsorption environment with Co<sup>2+</sup> ions. In experiments, the removal rates were 99.1% and 93.4% for AC@PU@0.2T with 20 wt% TEDA when treating Co<sup>2+</sup> concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. It was confirmed that the pores inside the activated carbon were significantly reduced during the pelletization process, and high adsorption performance was maintained even after pelletization due to the chemical adsorption ability of TEDA added at the optimal ratio. It was identified that both physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms operate simultaneously, allowing effective adsorption of Co<sup>2+</sup> ions while maintaining the physical properties of the pellets.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"523 - 531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mapping the photocurrent and photovoltage of hybrid perovskite thin films under concentrated sunlight","authors":"Chandra Shakher Pathak","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00349-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00349-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we study spatially resolved generation of photocurrent and photovoltage of mesoporous PbI<sub>2</sub> scaffolds CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite film with and without polyaniline (PANI) to reveal the microscopic effects of material degradation under concentrated sunlight. The degradation in absorption of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> film after exposure to concentrated sunlight is mainly due to the decomposition of perovskite, and no degradation was observed for PANI-CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> film. Direct measurement of photocurrent and photovoltage have been investigated for PbI<sub>2</sub> scaffold perovskite films at the nanoscale. These results reveal substantial variation in the photocurrent and photovoltage that correlated with the microstructural features of the perovskite film with degradation under concentrated sunlight.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>Schematic diagram of the CAFM and KPFM measurements and corresponding current and CPD maps.</p>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"439 - 449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyeonho Jeong, So Mi Lee, Yong Min Kim, Min Jae Shin
{"title":"Extraction of active components from the bark of Fraxinus Rhynchophylla and their encapsulation","authors":"Hyeonho Jeong, So Mi Lee, Yong Min Kim, Min Jae Shin","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00339-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00339-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we extracted active components from the bark of <i>Fraxinus rhynchophylla</i> and encapsulated them to assess their potential use as cosmetic ingredients. During the extraction process, we identified the heat-treatment conditions that maximized esculetin content. Encapsulation of the active components was performed using the solvent evaporation method, with polycaprolactone as the wall material. The formed microcapsules were examined using scanning electron microscopy, and it was confirmed that controlled release occurred effectively. Regarding the properties of cosmetic materials, we first conducted toxicity tests, which revealed no issues. In addition, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the anti-aging efficacy, confirming that the material has anti-aging effects and likely improves wrinkles.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div><div><p>We extracted active components from the bark of <i>Fraxinus rhynchophylla</i> and encapsulated them to assess their potential use as cosmetic ingredients</p></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"497 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutawakkil Isah, Farrukh Shehzad, Muhammad Daud, Mamdouh A. Al-Harthi
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of phosphonium-based ionic liquid anchored graphene functionalized ZnAl-ldh nanocomposite for polystyrene applications","authors":"Mutawakkil Isah, Farrukh Shehzad, Muhammad Daud, Mamdouh A. Al-Harthi","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00350-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00350-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites were synthesized by incorporating layered double hydroxide (LDH) functionalized with graphene (G) and phosphonium-based ionic liquid (PCL). These nanofillers were added to PS at varying weight contents of 5%, 10%, and 15% to evaluate their effect on thermal stability and mechanical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the nanomaterial exhibited the successful intercalation of graphene and PCL into the ZnAl-LDH matrix. The PS nanocomposite exhibited improved thermal stability and mechanical properties, attributed to the synergy between the functionalized LDH and graphene. The addition of a mere 5% of nanofillers improved the limiting oxygen index (LOI) from 18.51 to 19.11 for pure PS and PS-LDH-G-PCL, respectively. Although the enhancement in the LOI was modest, the nanocomposite (PCL-G-LDH) demonstrated excellent char-forming abilities and increased graphitization during combustion, contributing to flame retardancy and less smoke production and dripping. The findings demonstrate the successful intercalation of graphene and PCL into ZnAl-LDH interlayers and their potential applications as flame retardants for PS.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"507 - 522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moon Sik Park, Min Ji Kim, Ju Yeong Jeong, Do Young Han, Soaram Kim, Geon-Tae Hwang, Hocheon Yoo, Eun Kwang Lee
{"title":"A Self-powered Kinetic Motion Sensor Fabricated from Electrospun MOF-5/PVDF-TrFE Composites Piezoelectric Nanogenerators","authors":"Moon Sik Park, Min Ji Kim, Ju Yeong Jeong, Do Young Han, Soaram Kim, Geon-Tae Hwang, Hocheon Yoo, Eun Kwang Lee","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00341-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00341-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Poly(vinylidene fluoride-<i>co</i>-trifluoroethylene) PVDF-TrFE is known for its low dielectric loss, high biocompatibility, safety, and durability. However, its piezoelectric performance alone is insufficient. In this study, we aim to enhance the piezoelectric performance by incorporating electrospinning and metal–organic framework-5 (MOF-5). Under high voltage conditions (15 kV), electrospinning is performed to increase the ratio of the highest dielectric constant <i>β</i> phase. Additionally, MOF-5, a porous material with high surface area and thermal stability, is added to form a metal–organic framework scaffold and create a micro-capacitor structure in the active layer. The power density of the 5 wt% MOF-5/PVDF-TrFE piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) obtained from the experiments exhibits excellent performance with a power density of 0.3 µWcm<sup>–2</sup>, which is 132 times higher than that of pristine PVDF-TrFE PENG. This fabricated PENG possesses advantages such as biocompatibility and flexibility, making it suitable for sensing devices used in a self-powered kinetic motion sensor.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>A self-powered piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) was developed using electrospun PVDF-TrFE/MOF-5 composites to enhance energy harvesting and sensing performance. The incorporation of MOF-5 significantly increased the <i>β</i>-phase content and piezoelectric output, achieving a power density of 0.3 μWcm<sup>−2</sup>, 132 times higher than pristine PVDFTrFE. This biocompatible and flexible PENG demonstrates potential for applications in energy-efficient wearable electronics and self-powered kinetic motion sensors.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"451 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shockwave dissipation strategies harnessing soft composites with ionic liquid inclusion","authors":"Junwoo Park, Jaejun Lee","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00343-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00343-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a novel approach for dissipating shockwave pressure by leveraging ionic liquids (ILs) within a soft composite matrix. Ionic liquids are known for their exceptional ability to dissipate shockwave energy due to their nano-phase-separated microstructures. However, their liquid or pseudo-gel phases hinder their integration into structural materials, such as shockwave-resistant armors. To overcome this limitation, we designed a composite in which ILs are incorporated as discrete droplets within a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer network, crosslinked via thiol-ene chemistry. This composite design preserves the material’s structural integrity while enhancing shockwave dissipation through scattering effects. By homogenizing ILs with PDMS precursors, we successfully embedded well-dispersed IL droplets into the matrix. Our findings demonstrate that the incorporation of IL droplets significantly improves both shockwave energy dissipation and the stiffness of the composite, attributed to hydrogen bonding interactions between the ILs and thiol groups in the PDMS matrix. This study highlights the potential of IL-based soft composites as an effective strategy for shockwave mitigation, offering a promising new direction for protective applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>Ionic liquids inclusions in silicone-based soft composites enhance shockwave pressure attenuation performance by dissipating and scattering the input shockwaves. These results provide a novel strategy for developing shockwave pressure dissipating materials.</p>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"415 - 421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparative evaluation of sponges using demineralized bone particles derived from poultry for bone regeneration","authors":"Jeong Eun Song, Cheol Ui Song, Seung Ho Choe, Gilson Khang, Sun-Jung Yoon","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00345-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00345-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bone regeneration is essential for treating critically sized bone defects, which are challenging to restore naturally. The traditional methods like autogenous bone grafting have limitations, prompting research into alternative materials such as demineralized bone matrix (DBM). While bovine and porcine DBMs are common, they have stability and safety concerns, leading to the exploration of poultry-derived DBPs. The study aimed to fabricate scaffolds using DBPs from different poultry species and compare their effectiveness in bone regeneration. DBPs were extracted from the femurs and tibias of chickens, ducks, and Yeonsan ogolgye (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson</i>). These DBPs were used to create sponges, which were then characterized for their physical and chemical properties. The bone marrow-derived stem cells (rBMSCs) from rabbits were seeded onto these sponges to evaluate their biocompatibility and bone regeneration potential in vitro. The sponges were porous, facilitating cell infiltration and nutrient exchange, with different compressive strengths and porosity levels based on the poultry source. The sponges supported cell proliferation, with the Yeonsan ogolgye-derived sponge (GDS) showing the highest levels of osteogenic markers, likely due to its melanin content, which enhances bone growth factors. The study found that all sponges were biocompatible, with the GDS being the most effective in promoting bone regeneration. Poultry-derived DBP sponges, especially those from Yeonsan ogolgye, are promising candidates for bone graft materials due to their favorable properties in supporting bone regeneration.</p><h3>Graphic abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"27 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research progress of enzyme-like behavior nanoparticles in tumor treatment","authors":"Yilin Wang, Jiali Zhang, Qiang Liu, Zhengzou Fang","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00338-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00338-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tumor is one of the major diseases threatening human health. Traditional treatment methods (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) can effectively suppress tumors, but they often accompanied with unnecessary side effects. Thanks to the development of nanoparticles that can accumulate at tumor tissues through permeability and retention effects, and release the loading drugs triggered by the unique tumor microenvironment to enhance tumor therapy effect and reduce toxic side effects on normal tissues. In particular, nanoenzyme prepared based on nanoparticles not only exhibit biological activity similar to natural enzymes, but also undergo Fenton-like reactions with the high expression of hydrogen peroxide in tumor tissues to generate hydroxyl radicals and oxygen, inducing apoptosis and necrosis of cells while alleviating the hypoxic state of tumor tissues. Moreover, the utilization of the biological properties of nanoparticles themselves achieves a cascade effect in tumor treatment. Comparing to natural enzyme, nanozyme features in easy fabrication, high stability, high recycling efficiency and the capability of achieving targeted delivery to tumor tissues, and are thus widely employed in tumor combination therapy based on chemodynamic therapy. Therefore, this review summarizes and reviews the cascade effect of nanoenzyme designed based on the specific tumor microenvironment for tumor treatment in recent years and also looks forward to their potential applications in future tumor treatment.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"385 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fluorescent nanoparticles using hyaluronic acid-histidine-based manganese dioxide for hydrogen peroxide imaging in inflammatory macrophages","authors":"Ji Yeon Hong, Ji Sun Park, Kyeongsoon Park","doi":"10.1007/s13233-024-00337-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13233-024-00337-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The presence of excessive hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) in the body plays a key role in inflammatory diseases. Among the various methods available, fluorescent nanoparticles have been used to detect H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in living cells. Herein, the design of CD44-targetable fluorescent nanoparticles is presented for intracellular H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> imaging in inflammatory macrophages. Accordingly, CD44-targetable hyaluronic acid-histidine (HA–His) conjugates were sequentially reacted with permanganate and fluorescein (FL) to synthesize HA–His/MnO<sub>2</sub>/FL nanoparticles. These prepared HA–His/MnO<sub>2</sub>/FL nanoparticles exhibited good dispersibility in water and 10% fetal bovine serum solution. Owing to their rapid responsiveness to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, the HA–His/MnO<sub>2</sub>/FL nanoparticles showed a good linear relationship with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration (0–100 μM). Moreover, the CD44-targetable HA–His/MnO<sub>2</sub>/FL nanoparticles were readily internalized in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory macrophages, allowing successful imaging of intracellular H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in inflammatory macrophages.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><p>The HA-His/MnO<sub>2</sub>/FL nanoparticles with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> responsiveness were readily internalized into activated macrophages, allowing successful intracellular H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> imaging in inflammatory macrophages\u0000</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":688,"journal":{"name":"Macromolecular Research","volume":"33 3","pages":"271 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}