Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis, mesomorphism and dual-state emission behavior of hexacatenar liquid crystals based on cyanostilbene architecture","authors":"Huiting Zhang,&nbsp;Qianjin He,&nbsp;Yanming Ren,&nbsp;Menghan Chen,&nbsp;Yulong Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03637-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03637-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To advance the development of dual-state emissive liquid crystals, a series of hexacatenar molecules featuring two cyanostilbene units directly linked within the aromatic core and three terminal alkyl chains on each end was rationally designed and synthesized <i>via</i> Suzuki and Knoevenagel reactions. All compounds self-organized into a rectangular columnar mesophase, with the number of molecules per columnar slice systematically tunable by varying the alkyl chain length. Photophysical studies in different states revealed that these derivatives exhibited dual-state emission and slight positive solvatochromism attributable to an extended π-conjugated aromatic core with distorted conformation and moderate intramolecular charge transfer, respectively. Notably, these hexacatenars exhibited an anomalous temperature-dependent fluorescence behavior wherein the emission intensity initially increased upon heating but progressively diminished at higher temperatures, a trend ascribed to thermally induced conformational variations and molecular motions that modulated the non-radiative decay pathways. This work establishes a molecular design strategy that integrates building blocks into a single liquid crystalline molecule with tunable mesophase and emission behaviors, positioning them as promising candidates for stimulus-responsive materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148987133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable removal of methylene blue from wastewater using green-synthesized copper-modified black urad dal shell composite: adsorption equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies","authors":"Dasari Kiran Kumar,&nbsp;Pulipati King","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03635-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03635-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Agricultural residues represent an attractive resource for developing sustainable adsorbents for wastewater treatment. In this study, black urad dal shell (BUDS), an abundant lignocellulosic waste, was utilized as a supporting matrix for the green synthesis of copper particles to produce a bio-composite adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solution. Copper particles were synthesized using biomass extract as both the reducing and stabilizing agent, thereby avoiding hazardous chemicals commonly employed in conventional synthesis routes. The synthesized BUDS-Cu composite was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming successful BUDS-Cu-composite formation and the presence of functional groups responsible for dye adsorption. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of solution pH (4–9), contact time (5–100 min), adsorbent dosage (0.1–0.8 g L⁻¹), initial dye concentration (10–100 mg L⁻¹), and temperature (303–318 K). Maximum dye removal of 95.59% with an adsorption capacity of 158.28 mg g⁻¹ was achieved under optimized conditions. Equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.9848), indicating predominantly monolayer adsorption. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that surface chemical interactions governed dye uptake. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that adsorption occurred spontaneously and became increasingly favorable at elevated temperatures, confirming an endothermic process. The excellent adsorption performance of the developed BUDS-Cu Composite demonstrates the potential of agricultural waste valorization for environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment. The findings highlight a simple, cost-effective, and green approach for producing high-performance adsorbents suitable for dye-contaminated water remediation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in carbazole-based Schiff bases for metal ion sensing: structures and functions","authors":"Kardos M. Khorsheed,&nbsp;Ahmad F. Hama Sdiq,&nbsp;Hani K. Ismail,&nbsp;Aseel A. Kareem,&nbsp;Hani K. I. Sultan,&nbsp;Hana H. Abdulrahman","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03629-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03629-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbazole involving Schiff bases as chemosensors have gained considerable interest as they provide a versatile platform to use to detect various metal ions due to their excellent photophysical properties, a strong ability to coordinate metal ions, and tunable molecular structures. By combining the electron-rich carbazole fluorophores with azomethine (C = N) binding sites, researchers have been able to produce highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probes to detect a wide variety of environmentally and biologically significant analytes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in carbazole-based Schiff base sensors, focusing on their structural design, fluorescence-sensing mechanisms, analytical performance, and practical applications. The relationship between molecular structure and sensing response (i.e., donor atoms, rigid or flexible ligands, π-conjugated systems) will be emphasized, including the effects of these characteristics on sensitivity and specificity. A critical review of: photoinduced electron transfer (PET), intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF), and excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) as the main mechanisms of fluorescence response will be addressed. Comparison between the use of “representative sensors for Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Cr³⁺, Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cd²⁺ with respect to detection limit, fluorescence response characteristics, binding properties and applicability in real-world samples” will be included. Current issues such as low aqueous solubility, hydrolysis of linkage in Schiff bases, and interference of competing metal ions will be discussed as well. Future development of water soluble, highly stable, multifunctional sensing platforms for environmental monitoring and biomedical applications will also be discussed. Overall, carbazole-based Schiff base systems represent a rapidly growing, highly promising class of fluorescent chemosensors for next generation detection of metal ions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid-pretreated flax straw-derived biochar for the adsorptive removal of Pb (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), and Ni (II) from aqueous solutions: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic evaluation","authors":"Sandhya Gaikwad,&nbsp;Arvind Patil","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03617-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03617-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Transforming agricultural residues into functional adsorbents provides a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional options made from costly synthetic or non-renewable materials. This research focused on synthesizing and analyzing an adsorbent derived from flax straw waste. It is an affordable agro-polymer designed to eliminate dangerous heavy-metal ions from contaminated water. The adsorbent was created through acid treatment and thermal pyrolysis at 400 °C. Its properties were analyzed using FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TGA. Additionally, batch experiments were conducted to examine how adsorbent mass, heavy metal ion concentration, contact time, and temperature influence the removal efficiency of Pb (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), and Ni (II) from water. The point of zero charge (PZC) was also assessed to gather information about the adsorbent’s surface charge. The equilibrium data were analyzed and modeled using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, while the equilibrium kinetics were evaluated with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰, and ΔS⁰) were also calculated. The adsorbent derived from flax straw waste demonstrated high removal efficiencies for four heavy metal ions. The observed results include 92% for Pb (II), 83% for Cu (II), 80% for Cd (II), and 77% for Ni (II). The Langmuir isotherm model closely matched the experimental data, with maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of 48.07 mg/g for Pb (II) and 56.49 mg/g for Ni (II). Furthermore, the adsorption process adheres to pseudo-second-order kinetics, suggesting mechanistic control. The uptake of Pb (II) and Ni (II) on flax straw changed the rate-limiting step from mass transfer to the actual chemical reaction, emphasizing flax straw’s role in adsorption. Results demonstrated that flax straw has a high adsorption capacity and effectively facilitates the removal of Pb (II) and Ni (II) from wastewater. Additionally, analysis of the straw treatment confirmed that adsorption control was a key factor in wastewater treatment.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic structure and adsorption behavior of glycine on multi-doped carbon nanostructures: a DFT approach","authors":"Daniel G. Malu,&nbsp;Bassey E. Inah,&nbsp;Pelumi Oladipo,&nbsp;Jeremiah E. Ochepo,&nbsp;Benjamin Etinwa,&nbsp;Nwagu Chinenye Mary,&nbsp;Godswill Ernest Irilochuwe,&nbsp;Runde Musa","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03622-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03622-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a Density Functional Theory (DFT) investigation into the structural, electronic, and adsorption properties of glycine on doped fullerene surfaces (C59Cu, C58CuS, C58AlCu, and C60AlCuS), which was conducted using the M06-2x functional and the LANL2DZ auto basis set. Geometry optimization revealed significant structural distortions and bond rearrangements resulting from the doping of Cu, Al, and S atoms, accompanied by notable variations in bond lengths. Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) analysis showed that Al doping significantly reduces the HOMO-LUMO energy gap (Eg = 2.660 eV), enhancing reactivity, while GLY-C58AlCu and GLY-C57AlCuS retained moderate Energy gap values of 2.693 and 3.107 eV, respectively. Adsorption energy analysis confirmed that GLY-C59Cu (4.600 eV) and GLY-C58AlCu (4.653 eV) exhibited the most favourable interactions, whereas GLY-C58CuS showed the highest (least favourable) value of 6.433 eV; despite physisorption properties portrayed by all the systems. BSSE corrections yielded adsorption energies of 4.82–6.54 eV, with relatively small corrections of 0.11–0.22 eV, confirming that BSSE has a limited effect on the observed adsorption-energy trend. Charge transfer values supported this trend, with GLY-C57 AlCuS showing the highest magnitudes of 0.477 eV. Dipole moment calculations revealed higher polarity in GLY-C57AlCuS (17.946 Debye) compared to GLY-C58CuS (6.094 Debye), indicating greater charge separation and stronger interaction potential. Hence, the C58AlCu system emerged as the most promising material for glycine detection and adsorption due to its balanced geometry, electronic reactivity, strong adsorption energy, and favourable charge transfer. Further experimental validation should involve structural characterization, adsorption behaviour analysis, and electrochemical and sensor performance testing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Sn content on the electro-oxidation of ethanol as C/Pt–Sn electrocatalysts in direct ethanol fuel cell","authors":"Susmita Singh,&nbsp;Moupiya Ghosh,&nbsp;Sinthia Saha,&nbsp;Mainak Bose,&nbsp;Anushna Dutta,&nbsp;Chandan Ghorui,&nbsp;Anil Kumar Chaudhary","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03621-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03621-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFCs) are promising alternative energy sources, but their widespread use is limited by slow reaction kinetics and incomplete ethanol oxidation (EOR). The most effective way to enhance fuel cell performance is to incorporate oxophilic properties into their nanostructure catalyst. This study explores how varying tin (Sn) content affects the performance of MWCNT-supported platinum-tin (C/Pt–Sn) electrocatalysts for the EOR. Catalysts with different Pt: Sn atomic ratios (e.g., 91:9, 50:50, and 84:16) were synthesized, and their electrochemical activity and stability were assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and chronoamperometry (CA). Results show that electrocatalytic activity strongly depends on Sn content. An optimum Pt: Sn ratio significantly improves performance, featuring a lower onset potential and higher mass activity compared to pristine C/Pt catalyst. This enhancement is due to the bifunctional mechanism, where SnO₂ helps form oxygenated species like OH_ad at lower potentials, which then effectively remove poisonous CO-like intermediates from Pt active sites. Additionally, the optimal C/Pt–Sn catalyst demonstrated excellent long-term stability in CA tests. These findings emphasize the importance of Sn content in boosting both activity and stability of Pt-based catalysts for DEFC applications. The C/Pt₈₄Sn₁₆ catalyst showed five times higher electrocatalytic performance and outstanding stability with minimal poisoning in acidic environments, while also improving CO removal through a bifunctional mechanism. Furthermore, it exhibited the lowest Tafel slope and the highest peak current density (423 μA/mm²) at low potentials during ethanol oxidation.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><p>C/PtSn electrocatalysts with intriguing structural characteristics have been produced here in a variety of compositions. The catalyst’s exceptional electrocatalytic behavior toward ethanol electro-oxidation and remarkable stability in an acidic environment were both demonstrated by the electrochemical investigations.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient synthesis of novel indole-N-arylthiazole-4-carboxamide derivatives","authors":"Nesimi Uludag,&nbsp;Naki Colak","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03624-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03624-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A new series of amide derivatives of containing indole and thiazole scaffolds was successfully synthesized and characterized. The core structure, N-aryl-2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)thiazole-4-carboxamide, was designed to combine the pharmacophoric features of the indole nucleus with the heterocyclic thiazole ring, both of which are well known for their significant biological activities. The synthetic route involved the reaction of readily available 1 H-indole-3-carbonitrile <b>(1)</b> with ethanethioamide <b>(2)</b> under reflux conditions to afford 1 H-indole-3-carbothioamide (<b>3</b>), which was subsequently converted into the key thiazole-4-carboxylic acid intermediate (<b>4</b>). Subsequent coupling of compound <b>4</b> with various arylamines, mediated by ethyl chloroformate in the presence of triethylamine, successfully afforded the target N-aryl-2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)thiazole-4-carboxamide derivatives (<b>5a–i</b>) in 65–96% yields. Among these, five compounds (<b>5d</b>,<b> 5e</b>,<b> 5 g</b>,<b> 5 h</b>, and <b>5i</b>) are novel and are reported here for the first time. Their structures were confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the present protocol suggests that the indole–thiazole–carboxamide framework represents a versatile scaffold for the synthesis of structurally diverse heterocyclic compounds and provides an important structure motif in organic and synthetic medicinal chemistry.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wettability-driven separation of two-phase liquid–liquid emulsions in laser-engraved PMMA microchannels","authors":"Saeed Derakhshan,&nbsp;Ataallah Kamyabi,&nbsp;Donya Zamani Nezhad,&nbsp;Sanaz Merci","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03618-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03618-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Separating immiscible liquid phases at the microscale is a persistent challenge in process intensification, particularly where sample volumes are small and conventional equipment is impractical. In this study, a passive radial multi-channel microfluidic device was fabricated from poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by CO₂ laser micromachining and sealed by solvent-free thermal bonding a route that requires no cleanroom facilities and is achievable with standard laboratory equipment. The device was used to investigate wettability-driven separation of water and paraffin oil emulsions under both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface conditions, across four volumetric flow rates (0.25, 0.38, 0.50-, and 1.60-mL min⁻¹) and four water-to-oil feed ratios (30:70, 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40). The underlying transport mechanism was interpreted through capillary number analysis. In the hydrophilic configuration, water was preferentially drawn into the narrower branches by surface tension while oil became retained in the wider sections; in the hydrophobic configuration, the preferential pathways were reversed. The highest separation efficiency (0.92) was achieved under both surface conditions at 0.25 mL min⁻¹, and declined progressively with increasing flow rate as viscous forces grew dominant over capillary forces. Three-dimensional response surfaces confirmed that flow rate exerted a substantially greater influence on separation efficiency than feed composition across all tested conditions. Because separation relies on wettability contrast rather than density difference, the device performs effectively where gravity-driven settling is insufficient. Its passive operation, low fabrication cost, and continuous-flow design make it a promising candidate for integration into laboratory-scale essential-oil recovery systems as an inline, solvent-free phase-splitting step.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4 H-benzo[h]chromenes: recent advances in synthetic strategies, green methodologies, structure-activity relationships, and emerging therapeutic applications","authors":"Naman Maradiya,&nbsp;Shani Parmar,&nbsp;Biplob Sen,&nbsp;Apurva Prajapati,&nbsp;Hitesh Patel","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03619-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03619-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>4 H-Benzo[h]chromenes are valuable fused oxygen-heterocycles with diverse synthetic and biomedical potential. This review highlights recent advances (2015–2025) in their synthesis, structural diversification, structure-activity relationships, and biomedical applications. Emphasis is placed on multicomponent, microwave-assisted, solvent-/catalyst-free, heterogeneous catalytic, and biocatalytic/green approaches, alongside reported anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antiviral activities. Future research should prioritize sustainable scalable synthesis, rational molecular design, advanced computational SAR, and rigorous pharmacological and toxicological evaluation to accelerate their development as therapeutic candidates.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted magnetic dispersive liquid phase microextraction based on natural hydrophobic deep eutectic ferrofluid for the determination of crystal violet in water and disinfectant samples","authors":"Shima Zeinali,&nbsp;Farzaneh Shemirani,&nbsp;Ghazale Daneshvar Tarigh","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03614-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03614-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To develop a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method with ultrasonic assistance for the preconcentration and determination of crystal violet (as a cationic dye model) using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, this study proposes a ferrofluid based on a natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (NHDES). NHDES is synthesized using decanoic acid and DL-menthol as a carrier liquid. It is then combined with magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂) to form a ferrofluid that exhibits both fluidic and magnetic properties. In this case, using the magnetic nanoparticle as the DES’s supporter and dispersant greatly increased the contact surface area, and phase separation can be effectively accomplished with an external magnet instead of centrifugation. The structural characteristics and surface studies were characterized using FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, and SEM techniques. The Analytical Greenness Metric Approach was used to assess the procedure’s level of greenness. The experimental parameters were thoroughly investigated (pH, type, and volume of DES and eluent, amount of sorbent, extraction time, and effect of interfering ions). Under the optimal conditions, pH, volume of DES, and the amount of sorbent were 8, 200 µL, and 20 mg, and the linear range was 10–500 µg L⁻¹; the limit of detection and quantification were 2.68 µg L⁻¹ and 8.95 µg L⁻¹, respectively. The intra-day relative standard deviations and inter-day RSDs for extraction reproducibility (<i>n</i> = 5) were 3.73% and 7.26%. The enrichment factor was obtained at 100. The proposed natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based ferrofluid to develop an ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was eco-friendly, efficient, and speedy, and verified to apply to the extraction of crystal violet dye.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div><p>Schematic illustration of Ultrasound-assisted magnetic dispersive liquid phase microextraction based on natural hydrophobic deep eutectic ferrofluid for the determination of crystal violet.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}