Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society最新文献

{"title":"Hydrophobic HY zeolite with enhanced stability in hot liquid water","authors":"Yuni Susanti,&nbsp;Ainul Maghfirah,&nbsp;Adroit T. N. Fajar,&nbsp;Rino R. Mukti,&nbsp;Grandprix T. M. Kadja","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03157-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03157-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The low tolerance of zeolite in hot liquid water (HLW) could induce crystalline structure destruction and decrease the catalytic activity in aqueous system. Herein, we report modification on the zeolite external surface using organosilane to enhance the hydrophobicity. Pristine NaY was synthesized with a Si/Al ratio of 2.314. HY parent was prepared by ion exchange of NaY zeolite in ammonium chloride solution 0.1 M. External surface of HY zeolite was modified with 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES-HY). The structural stability of HY parent and modified HY after exposure to HLW was investigated at various times (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 10, and 72 h) at 200 °C. The modification with organosilane led to enhanced hydrophobicity and stability in the biphasic system. It was confirmed by XRD and SEM characterizations where the crystallinity and morphology of the treated APTES-HY were more preserved compared to the treated HY parent. XRF characterization showed that the ratio of Si/Al decreased as the time of HLW treatment increased. The decreasing trend of Si/Al ratio might be due to the hydrolysis of Si⁴⁺ species from zeolite framework. TGA characterization supports that organic compound protects the external surface of zeolite from degradation in a HLW environment. These studies are expected to upgrade the applications of hydrophobic zeolite as a catalyst in biomass conversion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 2","pages":"397 - 405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step synthesis of methyl glycolate by hydrolysis and esterification in an autoclave reactor","authors":"Yu-Sung Choe,&nbsp;Su-Gyong Kang,&nbsp;Kum-Ju Jang,&nbsp;Kum-Ryong Li,&nbsp;Kum-Chol Ri","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03154-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03154-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The conventional route for the synthesis of methyl glycolate (MG) from chloroacetic acid (CA), sodium hydroxide and methanol involves mainly three steps: (1) hydrolysis of CA with aqueous sodium hydroxide to give glycolic acid, (2) condensation of glycolic acid to give glycolic acid oligomer, (3) transesterification of glycolic acid oligomer with methanol to give MG. In the present study, MG was synthesized in a single step by reaction of CA with sodium hydroxide and methanol in an autoclave reactor. The highest MG yield of 81.4% was obtained under suitable conditions of 8:1:1 methanol: sodium hydroxide: CA (molar ratio), after 5 h at 150 °C, in a laboratory autoclave reactor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 2","pages":"363 - 370"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green, reusable, efficient aluminium-based metal–organic aerogels for wastewater treatment","authors":"Monty Gulia,&nbsp;Archana Thakur","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03165-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03165-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of novel, green, reusable aluminium metal–organic aerogels (Al-MOAs) designed for wastewater treatment. Using aluminium nitrate nonahydrate as metal precursor, glutaric acid and phloroglucinol as organic linkers, two aluminium metal–organic aerogels [Al-MOA (1) and Al-MOA (2)] were synthesized followed by thermal. The successful synthesis of aerogels was confirmed via IR, FE-SEM, EDX, and powder XRD analyses. The FE-SEM analysis revealed microporous surface favorable for Victoria blue dye adsorption and catalytic applications in phenol degradation. The effects of key parameters such as pH, time, and the concentration of Al-MOA (1) and (2) on dye adsorption efficiency were studied. The Al-MOAs also demonstrated catalytic efficiencies in phenol degradation indicating potential in wastewater treatment. Optimal adsorption efficiency was observed at 3 pH demonstrating 99% dye removal by Al-MOA (1). Additionally, in dye adsorption, Al-MOA (1) and (2) highlighting the potential for multiple reuse cycles, thus offering a sustainable, green, cost-effective approach towards wastewater treatment. This study contributes to the development of advanced, non-toxic, insoluble, reusable, sustainable solutions for wastewater treatment utilizing metal–organic aerogels.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 3","pages":"517 - 533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13738-024-03165-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZnO-carbon nanomaterials-based hybrid platforms for electrochemical sensing of favipiravir as an antiviral medication for COVID-19","authors":"Mobina Neshati,&nbsp;Bahare Sabeti,&nbsp;Fereshteh Chekin","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03160-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03160-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Favipiravir (FAV) is an antiviral drug that was recently approved for the management of COVID-19 infection. This work aimed to develop a validated sensitive method, using sensor based on porous reduced graphene oxide decorated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-prGO) for the determination of FAV in pharmaceutical and biological samples. FE-SEM images showed that prGO nanosheets were decorated by flower-like ZnO nanoparticles with a diameter in the range of 23–63 nm found to be in good agreement with the reported XRD patterns. Electrochemical test showed that the ZnO-prGO modified carbon paste electrode (ZnO-prGO/CPE) had stronger electrochemical activity and higher effective real surface area than that of prGO/CPE and CPE toward FAV oxidation. Interestingly, ZnO-prGO/CPE indicated an excellent electrocatalytic activity for FAV. Under the optimal experimental conditions, a good linear in the concentration range of 0.05–15 μmol L⁻¹ with the low limit of detection (7.32 nmol L⁻¹) and high sensitivity (8.90 μA μmol L⁻¹) was achieved. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to the determination of FAV in tablets, plasma and urine. The unique physical structure of prGO-ZnO, as well as its chemical and electrical properties, make it ideal to use in sensor technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 2","pages":"433 - 444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, synthesis and characterization of ceria: assessment of crystallite size and intrinsic strain using XRD profile analysis and its photocatalytic applications","authors":"Laouedj Nadjia,&nbsp;Elaziouti Abdelkader","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03149-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03149-w","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ceria (CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) was synthesized via ethylene glycol precursor and then calcined at 500 °C for 2 h (assigned as CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-500) to assess its photocatalytic performance through the degradation of Congo red (CR) and Indigo Carmine (IC) dyes. The physicochemical properties of the catalyst were deeply assessed by using TGA-MS, XRD, SEM–EDX, FTIR, UV–vis-DRS and surface charge (pH &lt;sub&gt;PZC&lt;/sub&gt;) technique. Here, several methods have been explored to estimate the crystallite size and strain in the CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-500 using X-ray peak profile analysis. XRD results revealed the formation of crystalized face-centered cubic fluorite-type CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; phase with the special group Fm-3 m (N°.225). The results of crystallite size and Microstrain estimated by various methods for the CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-500 sample demonstrate that the Size-Strain Plot (SSP) and Halder–Wagner (H–W) methods are more accurate, the values of &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.9975) are for both models. In comparison with Scherrer, W–H and SSP methods, H–W model exhibited a minimum of microstrain (&lt;i&gt;ε&lt;/i&gt; = 0.000225) which indicate the narrower size distribution, trivial strains and the presence of defects and size-shape isotropy in the CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-500 environment. Further, the estimated higher value of strain (&lt;i&gt;ε&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt; = &lt;/b&gt;0.109) for SSP method may be accredited to the lattice dislocations. All the methods provide crystallite sizes within 10 nm for the as synthesized CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; NPs, excluding for LSLM model which resulted in a crystallite size of 22.72 nm, which proved to be invalid crystal. The Rietveld refinement was robust and convergence was achieved, yielding to low Rp (3.2808%), Rwp 4.3959%) and &lt;i&gt;χ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (0.6187) difference indices. The crystallite size of 10.8306 nm and microstrain of 0.46588 were obtained. SEM analysis showed spherical-like in shape NPs with strong agglomeration of CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-500. The DRS study estimated band gap energies using both absorption edge wavelengths and the Kubelka–Munk model. The band gap energy of 3.2 eV was obtained for the direct allowed electronic transitions of CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-500 NPs. Functional group, especially the Ce–O bonding, was confirmed by the FTIR data. The pH&lt;sub&gt;PZC&lt;/sub&gt; of 7.2 was estimated for CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-500. Finally, the synthesized CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-500-based photocatalyst revealed substantially enhanced photocatalytic effectiveness 76.44% of CR and 63.41% of IC removed within 100 min, outperforming all other removal processes. Experimental kinetic study was correlated with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model for pseudo-first-order reaction (&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.7903 for CR vs. 0.9705 for IC). The mechanistic understandings for the design of CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-500 NPs photocatalyst and their applications I n the degradation of CR and IC dyes is covered in this investigation. Consequently, the outstanding degradation of CR and IC could be can be synergys","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 2","pages":"297 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of photocatalytic and dielectric properties of bismuth ferrite nanoparticles with Cr doping","authors":"Jamal Ahmad Khan,&nbsp;Irfan Ahmad,&nbsp;Mohammad Jawaid,&nbsp;Aatikah Meraj,&nbsp;Shoaib Mukhtar,&nbsp;Jaya Lakkakula,&nbsp;Imran Uddin","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03152-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03152-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The degradation of dyes in the wastewater from the industrial wastes has been an environment concern with the rapid industrialization of the economy, requiring the need for the development of dye degradation strategies. In the present work, we employed a facile sol–gel method for the synthesis of Cr-doped bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles. The as-prepared nanoparticles were exploited to degrade the Eosin-Y dye under visible light irradiation. The XRD measurement confirmed the formation of pure phase BiFeO₃ nanoparticles, with average crystallite size varying from 32.13 to 17.38 nm for pristine and 5% Cr-doped BFO samples, respectively. The XPS measurements were performed to ascertained the chemical state of the elements present in the BFO sample. The band gap of BFO was observed to evolve from 2.12 to 2.18 eV with Cr doping, indicating high light absorbing capability particularly within the visible spectrum. SEM and TEM was used to examine the morphological characteristics of the prepared samples. The photocatalytic degradation of the Eosin-Y dye was investigated under visible light with the doped as well as the undoped samples. A highest photodegradation efficiency of 80.6% for the time period of 75 min have been achieved for the 5% Cr-doped BFO samples. This work provides a new insight for the application of Cr-doped BFO nanoparticles for the remediation of industrial wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 2","pages":"337 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and evaluation of potential multitargeted ligands based on chromene analogs for suppressing lysozyme amyloid aggregation","authors":"Hassan Fazelinejad,&nbsp;Reza Tayebee,&nbsp;Shahrbanoo Rostami","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03155-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03155-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The formation, accumulation, and deposition of proteins aggregates are fundamental pathological characteristics underlying various disease states. Thus, the discovery and development of innovative compounds capable of impeding amyloid formation and mitigating its associated toxicity represent a highly promising therapeutic strategy. This study focused on developing a series of 2‐Amino‐4‐(phenyl) ‐3‐cyano‐4H,5H-pyrano[3,2‐c] chromene‐5‐one derivatives as multitargeted directed ligands (MTDLs) for inhibition of amyloid aggregation. The compounds were evaluated for their capacity to hinder amyloid formation by hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), a well-established model protein for amyloid investigations. The inhibitory impact of the compounds was assessed through a range of methods, such as Congo red and Thioflavin T binding assays, atomic force microscopy, and cell-based cytotoxicity assays. The results provide compelling evidence that all tested compounds effectively inhibit HEWL amyloid fibril formation and reduce its associated cytotoxicity with different efficiencies. Our investigation reveals those hydrophobic substituents, such as -O-Methyl and -NO₂, significantly enhance the inhibitory potential of our compound's basic structure, while the presence of -Br diminishes it. Methoxy and nitro substituents exhibit a greater affinity for participating in hydrogen bonding, potentially leading to an augmented inhibitory efficacy when compared to bromo derivatives. The results highlight the importance of hydrophobicity, aromaticity, and hydrogen bonding capability in determining the amyloid inhibition activity exhibited by our compounds. These findings provide valuable insights for future rational designs of amyloid inhibitors for potential therapeutic interventions in amyloid-associated diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 2","pages":"371 - 382"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congo red dye removal from aqueous solution using Algerian clay: adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics","authors":"Bouchra Mekidiche,&nbsp;Khadidja Khaldi,&nbsp;Ahmed Dali,&nbsp;Sanaa El Korso,&nbsp;Abderrahim Choukchou-Braham,&nbsp;Ilhem Rekkab-Hammoumraoui","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03141-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03141-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of natural adsorbents that are abundant, cost-effective, and efficient for the treatment of ecosystems is a significant challenge. In this study, the sorption of Congo red, as a toxic dye, from aqueous media was investigated using an Algerian clay sample from the western town of Maghnia as a low-cost adsorbent that has undergone simple purification. Different parameters such as contact time (5–120 min), initial dye concentration (5–20 mg/L), solution pH (4–12), adsorbent weight (10–100 mg), and temperature (15–50 °C) have been investigated. The equilibrium (9.8 mg g⁻¹) was obtained for a contact time of 60 min, and the maximum sorption occurred at pH 8.5. The adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a high degree of correlation coefficient (<i>R</i>² = 0.99). The adsorption isotherm showed an appropriate fit to the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic investigations revealed that the adsorption process is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. These results demonstrate that Algerian clay can be employed as a low-cost alternative for the removal of recalcitrant dyes from industrial wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 1","pages":"191 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel coumarin derivatives bearing sulfonamide moiety as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors","authors":"Alim Alsukor,&nbsp;Nurul Alam Inayatsyah,&nbsp;Mohamad Jemain Mohamad Ridhwan,&nbsp;Noraini Kasim,&nbsp;Syahrul Imran","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03143-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03143-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Acarbose, miglitol and voglibose are <i>α</i>-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors that are clinically used to treat type-II diabetes mellitus. However, they are also associated with several adverse side effects. In this study, a series of sulfonamide-substituted coumarin was synthesised in a three-step reaction from precursor, 2-oxo-2<i>H</i>-chromene-3-carboxylic acid. The structure of all synthesised compounds was confirmed using NMR, FTIR and LCMS analysis and found to be in good agreement with the calculated values. Synthesised coumarin derivatives were screened for their in vitro<i> α</i>-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Besides compound <b>8</b>, <b>15</b> compounds demonstrated good to excellent inhibitory activity with the IC₅₀ values ranging from 40.6 to 2021 µM as compared to acarbose (IC₅₀ = 3410 ± 1.54 µM). A structure–activity relationship was established to form correlation of the substituents effect with inhibitory activity. It was found that chlorine substituent played an important role in the activity compared to other halogen substituents. Derivatives showing inhibition activity were subjected to docking studies to identify the binding modes contributing towards the inhibition activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 1","pages":"207 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds via multicomponent reaction and their emerging biological applications: a review","authors":"Mallappa,&nbsp;Mamta Chahar,&nbsp;Nisha Choudhary,&nbsp;Krishna Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Maytham T. Qasim,&nbsp;Rustem Zairov,&nbsp;Ashish Patel,&nbsp;Virendra Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Mukesh Jangir","doi":"10.1007/s13738-024-03142-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-024-03142-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (NCHCs) have an important role in the field of medicinal chemistry due to their extensive biological activities and their prevalence in natural compounds, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. Here, we have reviewed the recent advancements in the formulation of NCHCs via multicomponent reactions (MCRs). These reactions, which allow the efficient and eco-friendly formulation of complex molecules, have revolutionized the synthesis of heterocycles such as triazoles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyrimidines, and pyridazines. This review has further emphasized the key MCR strategies, including the Biginelli, Ugi, Hantzsch, and Passerini reactions, highlighting their mechanisms, scope, and applications in drug discovery. Finally, we have emphasized the biological evaluation of synthesized NCHCs possessing several pharmacological features like antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, neurological, and analgesic activities. The synthesis of specific NCHC scaffolds and their structure–activity relationships are also explored, emphasizing the significance of these compounds in the development of novel therapeutics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"22 1","pages":"1 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}