Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society最新文献

{"title":"Regioselective synthesis of dydrogesterone conjugates as anti-lung cancer agents, a study via in-vitro cytotoxic activity, DFT, docking and ADMET","authors":"Saumya Pandey,&nbsp;Sangeeta Srivastava,&nbsp;Astha Srivastava,&nbsp;Garima Singh,&nbsp;Saurabh Kumar,&nbsp;Shama Parveen,&nbsp;Monisha Banerjee","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03687-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03687-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, three novel dydrogesterone conjugates were synthesized regioselectively by steglich esterification and their structures were confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FTIR, UV as well as HRMS data. In the in vitro anticancer activity, all the compounds were tested using MTT-based assay against lung cancer (A549) cell line. Among the three synthesized compounds, compound <b>3</b> as well as <b>4</b> exhibited the most potent activity which was further evidenced by docking analysis into the active site of collapsing response mediator protein 1 (CRMP-1). Ramachandran plot for the protein (4B3Z) was constructed to analyse the energetically allowed and favourable regions of amino acid residues in it. DFT studies were carried out using B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) basis set to explore the topological and intramolecular interactions present within molecules and it was found that all the experimental data is in good agreement with the theoretical data. The global electrophilicity index showed that compound <b>5</b> (ω = 3.232 eV) is a strong electrophile among all the three studied compounds. Thereafter in silico ADMET study was carried out to set effective lead candidates for the future anti lung cancer drug discovery initiatives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave-assisted green synthesis of alkaline deep eutectic solvent for protein extraction","authors":"Yong-Yong Ong,&nbsp;Pei-Gee Yap,&nbsp;Chee-Yuen Gan,&nbsp;Hendrix Yulis Setyawan,&nbsp;Nurul Huda","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03693-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03693-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microwave irradiation offers a rapid and energy-efficient method for synthesizing deep eutectic solvents (DES), but its impact on DES extraction efficiency, stability, or selectivity remains underexplored. This study compares novel alkaline DES preparation via microwave approach (MW-DES) and conventional approach (C-DES) in terms of eco-friendliness and physicochemical properties. An alkaline DES was successfully synthesized using glycerol as the hydrogen bond donor and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate as the hydrogen bond acceptor at a 5:1 molar ratio. The microwave method improved energy efficiency by 99% and accelerated the reaction rate by 2300 times. The DESs exhibited similar densities (i.e., C-DES = 1.39 g/cm³; MW-DES = 1.41 g/cm³), apparent pH (C-DES = pH 8.80–8.88; MW-DES = pH 8.71–8.80), and hydrophilic characteristics. However, rheological studies showed C-DES (19.62 Pa.s) had lower viscosity compared to MW-DES (229.9 Pa.s), and the complete dissociation temperatures were 122 and 143 ℃, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed the interactions of DES which were further supported by FTIR analysis. Further investigation on its application using the formed DESs were performed. No different protein yield between these DESs, and SDS-PAGE showed similar protein profiles, demonstrating their equivalent extraction capabilities. These findings collectively position the DESs as promising solvents for protein extraction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sol-gel-derived γ-Al2O3-supported superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanocatalyst for efficient nucleophilic ring-opening of epoxides","authors":"Mohammad M. Mojtahedi,&nbsp;Nabi Ghorbani,&nbsp;M. Saeed Abaee,&nbsp;Aliakbar Tarlani,&nbsp;Maryam Ahmariniyat,&nbsp;Behrouz Notash,&nbsp;Soheila Naderi","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03672-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03672-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydroxyl-rich mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ (GA) was synthesized by a sol-gel method and used as a support for the preparation of a superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄/γ-Al₂O₃ nanocatalyst (GAF). The two catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption, FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. GA exhibited a specific surface area of 196 m^²g^−¹, a pore volume of 1.39 cm^³g^−¹, and an average pore diameter of 28.2 nm. These values decreased to 99 m^²g^−¹, 0.18 cm^³g^−¹, and 7.2 nm, respectively, after Fe₃O₄ incorporation into the structure to produce GAF. The latter efficiently catalyzed the regioselective ring-opening of various epoxides with amines and thiols under mild conditions affording the corresponding β-amino alcohols and β-hydroxy sulfides in 80–90% isolated yields within 60 min. The catalyst was readily separated from the reaction mixtures using an external magnet and reused for five consecutive cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity. The combination of mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ and magnetically recoverable Fe₃O₄ provided an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalytic system for epoxide ring-opening reactions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-genomic analysis of 16S rRNA data identified alterations of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer","authors":"Yue Qu,&nbsp;Xumin Wang,&nbsp;Qingzheng Zhang,&nbsp;Zhikai Xing","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03699-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03699-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Increasing evidence shows that the gut microbiome is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the effects of drug treatment on gut microbes in CRC remain only partially understood. In this study, we collected fecal samples and performed 16 S rRNA sequencing analysis. We found that the gut bacterial diversity of CRC mice was lower than that of control individuals, but was reestablished following treatment. <i>Bacteroides</i>, <i>Turicibacter</i>, and <i>Clostridium</i> were enriched in CRC, and after treatment, <i>Clostridium</i> levels recovered. The most significant differences in metabolic functions were related to biosynthesis. Short-chain fatty acid and vitamin B12-related metabolisms were increased in the CRC group. Using shared genera for random forest classification training, an AUC of 0.74 was achieved on the training set when differentiating between the CRC and control groups. Most of the shared clusters of orthologous groups (COG) categories in the genomes of <i>C. butyricum</i> and <i>C. difficile</i> belonged to basic life-sustaining functions. In conclusion, we identified dysbiosis in CRC and the subsequent reestablishment of gut bacteria after treatment. The findings of this study encourage further investigation into the complex host–microbiota connection in CRC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic biochar composite for removal of pharmaceutical residues from water: adsorption mechanisms, isotherms, kinetics, and regeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Zirui Ye","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03662-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03662-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pharmaceutical residues are increasingly detected in aquatic environments and may persist because of their chemical stability, water solubility, and resistance to conventional wastewater treatment. Magnetic biochar composites have emerged as promising adsorbents because they combine biochar’s high adsorption capacity with magnetic separation and recovery. However, reported adsorption performance, mechanisms, kinetic behavior, and regeneration characteristics vary considerably among studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of magnetic biochar composites for removing pharmaceutical contaminants from aqueous systems, with particular emphasis on adsorption capacity, removal efficiency, adsorption mechanisms, isotherm and kinetic behavior, regeneration, reusability, and sustainability. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect from database inception through August 2026. Eligible studies investigated magnetic biochar-based adsorbents for pharmaceutical removal and reported quantitative adsorption or removal data. We extracted data on pharmaceutical type, biochar feedstock and preparation, pyrolysis conditions, magnetic modification, physicochemical characteristics, adsorption mechanisms, isotherms, kinetics, and regeneration performance. Eight studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the synthesis and meta-analysis. Magnetic biochar composites demonstrated high pharmaceutical removal, with reported efficiencies generally exceeding 90%. The pooled maximum adsorption capacity was 245 mg/g (95% CI: 179–312 mg/g). Electrostatic attraction was the predominant adsorption mechanism, complemented by π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, pore filling, hydrophobic interactions, and surface complexation. Higher pyrolysis temperatures (700–800 °C) were associated with stronger π–π interactions, while nitrogen doping improved adsorption performance by adding hydrogen-bonding sites. The Langmuir model commonly provided the best isotherm fit (R² = 0.98–0.99), whereas the pseudo-second-order model showed strong kinetic agreement (pooled R² = 0.982). Adsorption efficiency was retained at approximately 76.4% after five regeneration cycles, with acid washing producing about 91.55% retention. Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 78.3%). Magnetic biochar composites represent an effective, recoverable, and potentially sustainable technology for treating pharmaceutical-contaminated water. Further research should prioritize continuous-flow systems, real wastewater matrices, life-cycle assessment, economic evaluation, and pilot-scale validation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction using COF@MnFe₂O₄ for the extraction of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions from cereal samples","authors":"Fatemeh Sepehri,&nbsp;Saeed Mohammad Sorouraddin,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam,&nbsp;Mir Ali Farajzadeh","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03684-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03684-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research introduces a magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction approach by employing a COF@MnFe₂O₄ nanocomposite sorbent for the simultaneous extraction and determination of trace levels of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions in cereal samples. The sorbent was prepared from the covalent organic framework synthesized by the reaction between terephthalaldehyde and melamine. Following its synthesis, the sorbent was comprehensively characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The key parameters affecting extraction efficiency including pH, sorbent amount, extraction time, and type and volume of eluent were optimized. The melamine–terephthalaldehyde covalent organic frameworks was grown on a MnFe₂O₄ magnetic core and for the first time was used to the extraction of the selected heavy metal ions in cereal matrices. The proposed method exhibited wide linear ranges of 0.50–100 µg L⁻¹ for Cd(II) and 0.25–100 µg L⁻¹ for Zn(II), with detection limits as low as 0.18 and 0.09 µg L⁻¹, respectively. Satisfactory repeatability with relative standard deviations ≤ 4.4% was obtained. Method accuracy was verified through analysis of a certified reference material and recovery tests using spiked cereal samples, yielding favorable results. Furthermore, the procedure was applied to the extraction of the ions from five cereal matrices (wheat, rice, barley, corn, and oats), yielding extraction recoveries of 92.0–98.7%, confirming high efficiency of the developed procedure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of microplastic contamination in some dairy products","authors":"Baraa Qassim Hadi Al-Awadi,&nbsp;Mohammad Abdul Wahab Shaker Al-Aadhami,&nbsp;Noor Nihad Baqer,&nbsp;Hadeel Razaq Wahaab,&nbsp;Shrooq S. Shams Aldeen","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03692-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03692-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Contamination of microplastics (MPs) particles in foodstuffs has become increasingly relevant due to the ubiquity and health risks associated with microplastics for humans. The current study explored the prevalence, morphology, and polymers involved in MPs particles found in milk, mozzarella cheese, yogurt, and cream products through fluorescence microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The investigation included 12 packages of dairy foodstuffs that were either produced locally, regionally, or internationally; all samples were evaluated three times, thus totaling 36 replicates. MPs particles were identified based on prevalence, morphology, and polymer content using fluorescence microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy techniques. In all samples tested, MPs particles were detected. It was observed that local and regional dairy foodstuff products had higher MP prevalence compared to internationally produced dairy foodstuffs. Various morphologies were evident in MPs particles, with fragments being the dominant type followed by fiber and foam MPs. MPs in milk ranged between 23 and 35 MPs particles per 100 ml, 29 and 11 MPs particles per 10 g in mozzarella cheese, 18 and 33 MPs per 100 milliliters in yogurts, and 23 and 9 MPs particles per 10 g in creams. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polystyrene, and polycarbonates were recognized by FTIR spectroscopy, suggesting that the origin of MPs within foodstuffs is attributed to processing equipment and containers. There is a need for strict regulations concerning processing methods, packaging, transport, and storage conditions during production and distribution to prevent contamination of MPs within food products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149338136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO₂-switchable surfactant-free microemulsion for interface-regulated recyclable oil separation","authors":"Yansong Wu,&nbsp;Guiyang Liu,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Hanbing Qi,&nbsp;Dong Li,&nbsp;Jiancheng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03694-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03694-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Petroleum‑contaminated solids suffer from difficult oil‑solid detachment and high secondary risks caused by conventional washing surfactants. This work aimed to construct a recyclable CO₂‑switchable surfactant‑free microemulsion (SFME) consisting of N, N‑dimethyldodecylamine (DDA), n‑propanol (NPA), and water for oily‑solid remediation, with an emphasis on integrating nanoscale compatibility, interfacial modulation, controllable demulsification, and fluid recyclability instead of merely evaluating oil‑removal performance. Pseudo‑ternary phase diagrams, conductivity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), interfacial‑property measurements, multi‑scale molecular simulations, CO₂/N₂ switching tests, and soil‑washing experiments were carried out to clarify its composition‑structure‑performance relationships. Pseudo‑ternary phase diagrams verified that NPA mitigated DDA‑water incompatibility and broadened the single‑phase domain, whereas NaCl exerted negligible influence. Increasing DDA content triggered reversible transitions among oil‑in‑water, bicontinuous, and water‑in‑oil microstructures with characteristic domain sizes of 89.94 nm and 2.59 nm, respectively. The SFME lowered white‑oil/water interfacial tension from 44.8 ± 1.1 to 1.92 ± 0.16 mN m⁻¹ and altered the wettability of oil‑aged kaolin, reducing the oil contact angle from 118.4 ± 2.7° to 42.8 ± 2.4°. Molecular simulations revealed favorable pairwise interactions from NPA and decreased mixing energy by nearly 89%. Reversible CO₂/N₂ stimulation enabled precise phase switching: CO₂ treatment tuned conductivity and pH and achieved 95.5 ± 1.8% phase separation within 30 min, and N₂ purging restored the original microemulsion. The SFME removed 99.79 ± 0.02% oil from artificial oily kaolin soil and 91.80 ± 1.30% oil from field‑contaminated soil, outperforming conventional SDS and Tween 80. After regeneration, it retained 88.60 ± 1.60% remediation efficiency with an ultra‑low energy consumption of 0.11 ± 0.02 kWh kg⁻¹ recovered oil, saving 91.9% energy versus distillation. Low pollutant residues, acceptable COD/TOC values, and a satisfactory seed‑germination index further demonstrated its environmental compatibility. This study proposes a low‑energy, interface‑controlled, and recyclable technical route for remediating petroleum‑contaminated solids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149338138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isatin chemistry revisited: contemporary methods for scaffold modifications","authors":"Sahil Kumar,&nbsp;Ranveer Pawar,&nbsp;Aaditya Sejwal,&nbsp;Vipul Kumar,&nbsp;Shazia Perween","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03689-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03689-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Isatin and its derivatives have long mesmerized chemists owing to their remarkable chemical versatility and extensive biological potential. In recent years, accelerated advancements in synthetic chemistry have further elevated the prominence of this privileged scaffold. Innovative methodologies spanning classical transformations to cutting-edge catalytic and green approaches have reshaped isatin into a highly customizable molecular framework. These developments have not only expanded the structural diversity accessible from the core but have also strengthened its position as a valuable molecule for modern drug discovery, medicinal chemistry, and emerging materials science. In this context, the present review brings together the diverse synthetic avenues employed for the construction and modification of isatin and its derivatives, encompassing both metal-catalyzed and metal-free methodologies. By outlining these contemporary strategies and their expanding scope, we aim to provide a valuable resource that not only captures the current state of isatin chemistry but also inspires fellow researchers to pursue innovative synthetic designs and novel applications of this versatile scaffold in the years ahead.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149338455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transport and impedance relaxation in polycrystalline LiNbO₃ a comparative descriptor analysis","authors":"A. Ben Jazia Kharrat","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03691-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13738-026-03691-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polycrystalline lithium niobate exhibits defect-sensitive electrical transport and heterogeneous impedance responses. Previously reported electrical results for ceramics prepared by solid-state and sol–gel routes are compared using conductivity, the Jonscher exponent and apparent activation-energy descriptors. The reported conduction barriers are 0.839 and 0.790 eV, while the reported impedance-relaxation barriers are 0.061 and 0.060 eV. Their arithmetic differences are 0.778 and 0.730 eV. These differences describe contrasting apparent kinetic scales but do not establish independently resolved bulk and grain-boundary mechanisms, because peak identities, original regression intervals and fit uncertainties are unavailable in the retained dataset. At 660 K, the reported conductivities are 7.62 × 10⁻⁶ and 4.93 × 10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹. Temperature-dependent Jonscher exponents distinguish the two specimens without uniquely identifying a hopping mechanism. Equivalent-circuit parameters are assessed critically rather than used as validated evidence of interfacial blocking. An unweighted comparison in physical units replaces binary min–max scoring. The analysis provides an exploratory electrical comparison and identifies the spectral, statistical and microstructural evidence required to test transport–relaxation decoupling and prospective sensing applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149338456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}