Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society最新文献

{"title":"Reviewing the most suitable low-temperature densification methods for hydroxyapatite bio-ceramic material","authors":"Hawraa Oday Abbas,&nbsp;Zaid Kareem,&nbsp;Zainab Jawad Kadhim,&nbsp;N. A. Al-ali","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01380-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01380-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a calcium phosphate bioceramic extensively used in biomedical applications due to its chemical similarity to natural bone and excellent bioactivity. Conventional sintering of HA typically requires temperatures above 1000 °C, which often leads to phase decomposition, grain coarsening, and degradation of biological performance. To overcome these limitations, recent research has focused on true low-temperature densification routes operating at ≤ 400 °C, aiming to preserve phase stability, nanoscale features, and functional bioactivity while reducing energy consumption. This review critically examines pressure-assisted and hydrothermal low-temperature densification techniques, including cold sintering process (CSP), hydrothermal hot pressing (HHP), hydrothermal reaction sintering (HRS), and emerging cool-SPS approaches. Emphasis is placed on densification mechanisms, processing windows, microstructural evolution, and resulting mechanical and biological properties. A comparative framework is established to highlight trade-offs between densification efficiency, mechanical performance, scalability, and biomedical suitability, rather than absolute ranking of techniques. The review provides a focused and application-oriented perspective to guide the selection of appropriate low-temperature densification strategies for next-generation hydroxyapatite-based biomedical implants and hybrid biomaterials.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 5","pages":"2171 - 2188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149310592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiently selective removal of lead ions from multi-component wastewater using MXene/layered double hydroxide/activated carbon composite electrodes in capacitive deionization","authors":"Hong Thi Cao,&nbsp;Nam Thi Pham,&nbsp;Lam Dai Tran,&nbsp;Huy Trung Nguyen,&nbsp;Thom Thi Nguyen,&nbsp;Tuong Vy T. Nguyen,&nbsp;Thanh Tung Nguyen,&nbsp;Hoang Long Ngo,&nbsp;Thai Hoang Nguyen,&nbsp;Viet Hai Le","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01376-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01376-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Selective removal of toxic lead ions (Pb²⁺) from complex wastewaters containing abundant competing cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺) remains a critical challenge for water remediation. Herein, we report a ternary MXene/layered double hydroxide/activated carbon (MXene/LDH/AC) composite electrode for capacitive deionization (CDI) with high capacity, high energy efficiency, and selective Pb²⁺ removal. This hierarchical composite integrated the high electrical conductivity of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, selective ion-exchange capability of ZnAl-LDH, and high surface area of activated carbon. Comprehensive characterization via SEM, XRD, FTIR, and BET analysis confirmed successful synthesis with hierarchical porosity (pore size of 1.21–2.34 nm), enhanced hydrophilicity (contact angle of 45.2°), and intimate integration of all three components. Under optimized conditions (1.4 V, 1 spacer, 10 mL min^-1), the composite electrode demonstrated high Pb²⁺ removal capacity of 29–106 mg g^-1, with good selectivity factors of 4-fold over Ca²⁺ and 6-to-7-fold over Mg²⁺ in multi-ion solution. The selective removal mechanism involves synergistic contributions from smaller hydrated radius, higher charge density, preferential intercalation in MXene interlayers, and chelation by surface functional groups. The composite electrode exhibited fast adsorption kinetics following pseudo-second-order behavior, with reasonable energy consumption 0.73–1.5 Wh g^-1). This work demonstrates a promising treatment pathway for heavy metal contaminated industrial effluents using the chemical-free and easily scalable CDI system with stackable modules.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 5","pages":"2091 - 2103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149310505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of dispersion methods for bio-derived graphene nanosheets in fly-ash-based geopolymers","authors":"Thanh-Bao Bui,&nbsp;Quoc-Bao Bui,&nbsp;M. Tuan Le,&nbsp;Minh Tung Tran,&nbsp;Dang Mao Nguyen","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01377-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01377-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Graphene is a nanomaterial renowned for its exceptional mechanical and physicochemical properties. While previous studies have demonstrated that incorporating graphene-based nanosheets (GNS) can significantly enhance the performance of cementitious materials, their integration with geopolymers remains challenging due to dispersion and compatibility issues. This study investigates the combination of a bio-derived GNS with a fly ash–based geopolymer, aiming to develop a low-cost and sustainable composite for construction applications. The bio-derived GNS was synthesized from recycled precursors, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional graphene materials. Three dispersion techniques—mechanical stirring, ultrasonic dispersion, and high-speed thin-film mixing—were employed to integrate GNS into the geopolymer matrix. The resulting geopolymer pastes were characterized using unconfined compressive strength tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results revealed that ultrasonic dispersion achieved the most homogeneous distribution of GNS within the geopolymer, leading to the highest compressive strength and improved microstructural integrity. These findings highlight the potential of bio-derived GNS–geopolymer composites as an eco-efficient alternative to conventional cementitious materials in sustainable construction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 5","pages":"2105 - 2123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149310271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of CaO and MgO on the mechanical and microstructure properties of castable alumina refractories","authors":"Kamran Ashrafian,&nbsp;M. R. Nilforoushan,&nbsp;Ibrahim Sharifi","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01370-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01370-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alumina spinel refractories (MgAl₂O₄) are widely utilized in the steel industry due to their superior resistance to molten metals compared to alumina refractories. This study examines the effects of incorporating calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) at varying concentrations on the microstructure and mechanical properties of castable alumina refractories at different temperatures. Samples containing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% CaO and MgO were prepared and heated at temperatures of 110, 750, 1150, and 1400 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed for phase and microstructural analysis. The cold compressive strength (CCS) increased from 110 MPa (0% CaO/MgO) to 211 MPa at 5% CaO and 5% MgO (CM0505) due to the enhanced formation of the spinel phase. However, increasing the CaO content beyond 5% led to a decrease in strength to 168 MPa (10% CaO/MgO) and 150 MPa (15% CaO/MgO) at 1400 °C. This reduction is attributed to the formation of weaker calcium aluminate (CA, CA₂) phases and increased porosity. These findings emphasize the optimal composition of 5% CaO and 5% MgO, which yields the highest CCS and improved microstructural stability. This study can provide insight into optimizing the composition of alumina refractories to enhance their mechanical strength and thermal resistance for high-temperature applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 5","pages":"2005 - 2012"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149310268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anorthite crystallization mechanisms in historical blue-and-white porcelain: bridging cobalt pigment chemistry to chromatic evolution via experimental archaeology","authors":"Xiaolong Li,&nbsp;Weixia Dong,&nbsp;Qifu Bao,&nbsp;Zhipeng Cheng,&nbsp;Yulong Yang,&nbsp;Kun Liu,&nbsp;Jianer Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01373-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01373-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to elucidate the crystal chemistry interplay between cobalt-based pigments and glaze compositions in modulating chromatic properties of historical blue-and-white porcelains. By correlating phase evolution (anorthite, Co-spinel) with optical behaviors (hue darkness, dispersion distance), we seek to decode the materials science rationale behind Jingdezhen’s empirical ceramic formulations, thereby bridging the gap between traditional craftsmanship and modern mineralogical characterization. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and related techniques were employed to investigate the color mechanism and “color dispersion” behavior of blue-and-white porcelain mediated by anorthite crystallization. When sufficient CaO, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ are present in the system, anorthite crystals stably precipitate upon cooling to 1030 ℃. Increasing Al₂O₃ content in the blue pigment promotes higher anorthite crystal density within the interaction layer, accompanied by sub-100 nm phase-separated microstructures and enhanced Co-spinel (CoAl₂O₄) formation, which collectively reduce the <i>b*</i> value (CIELAB yellowness-blueness coordinate) of the porcelain, thereby darkening the blue hue. Concurrently, the “color dispersion” distance decreases to approximately 100 μm. Elevated CaO concentrations in the glaze amplify anorthite crystallization while suppressing Co-spinel growth. However, this coincides with a reduction in the <i>Y</i> value (average bridge oxygen number), which inversely expands the “color dispersion” distance to a range of 30–300 μm. These results advance the understanding of Jingdezhen’s historical ceramic manufacturing techniques through crystal chemistry analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 5","pages":"2043 - 2058"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149309699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrodeposited Ag–TiB₂ nanocomposite coatings for electrical contact applications: influence of TiB₂ content and current type on arc erosion resistance and mechanical properties","authors":"Dila Cosmuş,&nbsp;Fatih Apaydin,&nbsp;Ramazan Karslioglu","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01375-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01375-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the influence of titanium diboride (TiB₂) nanoparticle content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and electrical contact performance of electrodeposited silver (Ag) nanocomposite coatings applied to copper contact buttons. Ag–TiB₂ nanocomposite coatings were fabricated via direct current (DC) electrodeposition using electrolytes containing 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/L TiB₂. The coatings were systematically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Vickers microhardness testing, corrosion measurements, and electrical contact testing. The incorporation of TiB₂ nanoparticles refined the grain structure, increased hardness, enhanced corrosion resistance, and improved arc erosion behavior. Among the coatings, the one with 1.0 g/L TiB₂ exhibited the most favorable combination of surface compactness, hardness, corrosion protection, and thermal stability under high cycle contact testing. Electrical contact tests conducted up to 10,000 cycles showed reduced erosion and lower surface temperatures compared to unreinforced Ag coatings. However, TiB₂ concentrations beyond 1.0 g/L led to nanoparticle agglomeration, increased surface roughness, and reduced long-term performance in both contact and corrosion environments. These findings demonstrate that the controlled incorporation of TiB₂ nanoparticles into Ag matrices via DC electrodeposition significantly enhances the multifunctional performance of contact coatings, offering a promising cadmium-free solution for high-reliability electrical switching components. Among the investigated compositions, the Ag–TiB₂ coating containing 1.0 g/L TiB₂ exhibited the optimum balance of mechanical, electrical, and corrosion performance, highlighting its suitability as an effective cadmium-free electrical contact coating.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 5","pages":"2075 - 2090"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41779-026-01375-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149309698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"B- site cations disorder and entropy strategies induced ultra-high energy storage efficiency in NBT-based ceramics","authors":"Anwar Farag Ali,&nbsp;A. A. Ebnalwaled,&nbsp;Moukhtar A. Hassan,&nbsp;Abd El-razek Mahmoud","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01374-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01374-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present work, (Bi_0.3Na_0.3Ba_0.06Sr_0.34)(Ti_1−xLa_x)O₃ (abbreviated BNBSTL_x); (x = 0.0, 0.05, and 0.075) ceramics have been developed to enhance their energy storage performance via cation disorder and entropy strategies. The configurational entropy (ΔS_config) increased from 1.25R (medium entropy) to 1.51R (high entropy), while the tolerance factor (τ) decreased from 0.994 to 0.975 as La-content increased from 0.0 to 0.075. This indicated that the long-range order (LRO) of ferroelectricity in Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ (BNT) ceramics was being disrupted and that the material was creeping to a high degree of relaxor phase. Fully dense microstructure in all the present ceramics evidenced by SEM imaging and adding La³⁺ led to reduction in grain size from 1.17 μm to 0.49 μm. Wide dispersion of permittivity peaks cross wide temperature range confirmed by elevation the diffusive coefficient (γ) to 1.86 at La = 0.075. Furthermore, the addition of La³⁺ causes increasing the resistance of grains and the maximum value was achieved at 0.075 resulting in highest value of activation energy (E_a). At increased entropy, the mismatch between grain resistance (R_g) and grain boundary (R_gb) was totally suppressed. This cascade effects reduce localized charge carriers and interfacial polarization at BBNSTL_0.075, ultimately achieving superior energy storage efficiency (ƞ), and bolstered dielectric breakdown strength (DBS) (to 310 kV/cm). Ultimately, the specimen x = 0.075 exhibited excellent frequency and temperature stability of energy storage characteristics (recoverable energy density) W_rec) = 0.86 J/cm³, η = 84%) in the temperature range of 25–150 °C under 100 kV/cm. This research presents an effective method for designing perovskite dielectric ceramics with ultra-high comprehensive energy storage performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 5","pages":"2059 - 2073"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41779-026-01374-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149309963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroxyapatite-yttria stabilized zirconia composite with tannic acid for dental applications: assessment of biological properties","authors":"Nusrat Yeasmin,&nbsp;Joel Pilli,&nbsp;Shimaa Mehanna,&nbsp;Ujjayan Majumdar,&nbsp;Arjak Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01349-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01349-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of advanced biomaterials for dental restoration has gained significant attention due to the need for durable and bioactive implant materials. Biofilm formation after implantation remains a major clinical challenge. This study explores tannic acid-loaded hydroxyapatite-yttria-stabilized zirconia as a novel composite for dental applications. Hydroxyapatite (HA) offers excellent biocompatibility, YSZ provides stability in the biological medium, and tannic acid (TA), a natural polyphenol, introduces antimicrobial functionality to help prevent infection. Structural, mechanical, and biological characteristics of the fabricated scaffolds were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vitro biological studies. The analyses confirmed the successful fabrication of TA-loaded HA–YSZ scaffolds. Antibacterial studies showed a significant reduction (~ 99%) in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) growth due to TA incorporation. Cytocompatibility tests confirmed that the material is non-toxic. Bioactivity evaluation in simulated body fluid (SBF) demonstrated an appropriate balance between bioactivity and bio inertness. Overall, the TA-modified HA–YSZ system shows strong potential as a multifunctional material for dental implant applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div><div><p>Graphical abstract showing the summary of our work</p></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 4","pages":"1649 - 1661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural, optical, and shielding properties of TiO2-modified bismuth borosilicate glasses","authors":"Norah A. M. Alsaif,&nbsp;Hanan Al-Ghamdi,&nbsp;Nada Alfryyan,&nbsp;F. F. Alharbi,&nbsp;S. Ibrahim,&nbsp;Y. S. Rammah,&nbsp;A. A. Ali","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01372-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01372-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>TiO₂-doped Bismuth borosilicate glasses of composition 20 NaF–20 Bi₂O₃–20 SiO₂–(40 − x) B₂O₃–x TiO₂ (x = 0–2.5 mol%) were synthesized by melt quenching and systematically investigated for structural, optical, and radiation shielding characteristics. Density increased from 4.2568 to 4.5954 g/cm³ with TiO₂ incorporation, accompanied by a decrease in molar volume, confirming enhanced network compactness. FTIR spectra revealed conversion of BO₃ to BO₄ units and the appearance of Ti–O vibrations, indicating structural reinforcement of the glass network. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed a reduction in direct optical band gap from 1.19 to 1.07 eV and an increase in refractive index (2.90–3.05), consistent with higher electronic polarizability. Shielding parameters obtained using Phy-X/PSD demonstrated that TiO₂ addition improves attenuation efficiency: MAC values increased, while HVL and MFP decreased across the studied photon energy range (0.015–15 MeV). The effective atomic number (Z_eff) was significantly enhanced at low energy due to the photoelectric effect and K-edge contribution of Ti. These results confirm that controlled TiO₂ substitution effectively tunes the balance between optical transparency and gamma-ray shielding, making the studied glasses promising candidates for photonic and protective applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 5","pages":"2029 - 2041"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149310142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photo-activated Fenton-like degradation of Malachite Green using Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄ Ceramics Nanocomposites: Kinetics, Stability, and Mechanistic Insights","authors":"Mohd Imran,&nbsp;Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah,&nbsp;Mohammad Ehtisham Khan,&nbsp;Fazlurrahman Khan,&nbsp;Kahkashan Anjum,&nbsp;Syed Kashif Ali,&nbsp;Abdullah Ali Alamri,&nbsp;Sally Mostafa Khadrawy","doi":"10.1007/s41779-026-01353-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-026-01353-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Magnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles are widely recognized for their potential in environmental remediation owing to their excellent magnetic properties, chemical stability, and recyclability. However, their standalone photocatalytic performance remains limited due to rapid charge carrier recombination, particle agglomeration, and low surface activity. In this study, Fe₃O₄ was coupled with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) to form a Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄ ceramics nanocomposite, synthesized through a high-energy ball-milling process. XRD, FTIR, XPS, BET, Raman measurements were performed to demonstrate that Fe₃O₄ and g-C₃N₄ were successfully integrated to make a stable heterojunction. The incorporation of Fe₃O₄ reduced the bandgap energy of g-C₃N₄ from 2.81 eV to 2.12 eV, enhancing visible-light absorption. BET analysis revealed a surface area of 49.79 m²/g and mesoporous structure, supporting improved adsorption and charge transfer. Raman shift of T_12g and E_g modes also confirmed that there was a high interfacial interaction between Fe₃O₄ and g-C₃N₄. Under visible-light irradiation, the Fe₃O/g-C3N ceramics nanocomposite achieved 95% degradation of malachite green (MG) within 60 min. The addition of H2O2 further promoted degradation through a photo-Fenton-like mechanism. Scavenger experiments also confirmed that ^•OH and <i>h</i>^<i>+</i> were the main reactive species, which validated the synergistic photocatalytic/photo-Fenton pathway. Furthermore, kinetic analysis followed pseudo-first-order behavior consistent with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. The material also demonstrated excellent stability, magnetic separability, and reusability across multiple cycles. The novelty of this work lies in the development of a magnetically recoverable Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄ ceramic nanocomposite via a green, solvent-free ball-milling approach, integrating visible-light photocatalysis with Fenton-like activity for sustainable wastewater treatment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"62 4","pages":"1737 - 1753"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}