Journal of Rubber Research最新文献

{"title":"The effects of high ash content of recycled carbon black on the cure characteristics and on the physical properties of vulcanised natural rubber","authors":"Azemi B. Samsuri","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00367-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00367-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tyre (ELT) to produce recycled carbon black (r-CB) is well accepted globally as one of the efficient means to combat pollution and improve waste management related to the environmental carbon footprint. Currently, the high ash content inherent in the r-CB is a major concern for rubber compounders. The high ash content in r-CB is mainly composed of carbonaceous materials, silicone dioxide and zinc oxide that might interfere with the sulphur-vulcanisation reaction. The first step in addressing this concern was to evaluate the influence of high ash on the cure characteristics of Natural Rubber filled with r-CB. These characteristics would throw some light on the extent of crosslinking that is affecting the physical properties of the vulcanised rubber. Two natural rubber compounds were prepared, one was filled with r-CB having high ash, and the second was filled with HAF black having very low ash. The loading was fixed at 50 phr. The cure characteristics test using the oscillating disc rheometer was done at 150 °C. The results showed that the r-CB-filled NR compound gave lower minimum torque (T<sub>min</sub>) and lower maximum torque (T<sub>max</sub>) than that of the HAF-filled NR compound. The difference in torque ΔT of the r-CB-filled compound was only 52% that of the ΔT of the HAF-filled compound. The r-CB has a higher ION (129 g/kg) than the ION of HAF (82 ± 5 g/kg), indicating that the former has a smaller particle size than that of the latter. One would expect the r-CB to give higher rubber compound viscosity and hence higher T<sub>min</sub>, T<sub>max</sub> and ΔT than that of the HAF rubber compound. The results show the contrary, indicating that the influence of ash content on sulphur vulcanisation outweighed the physical effects of particle size and black structure. The low ΔT of r-CB is envisaged to be attributed to low crosslink concentration. An equilibrium swelling test was carried out to determine the crosslink concentration. The results showed that the crosslink concentration of r-CB vulcanised rubber was lower by 60% than that of HAF vulcanised rubber. Having low crosslink concentration, the tensile strength of r-CB-filled NR was 13.6 MPa in contrast, the tensile strength of HAF-filled NR was 21.1 MPa. The second step of the investigation was to increase the crosslink concentration of r-CB filled NR compound through the incorporation of ethylene glycol (EG), coupling agent Bis[3-triethoxysilylpropyl-]tetrasulfide (Si69) and extra dosage of sulphur to compensate for the loss of sulphur trapped through the pores of the silicas, and to enhance the rubber-filler interactions between the silica particles and the rubber matrix. When these necessary actions were taken, the crosslink concentration of r-CB-filled compound was increased from 1.86 × 10<sup>− 2</sup> mol/kg to 5.52 × 10<sup>− 2</sup> mol/kg and concomitantly the tensile strength of r-CB filled vulcanisate increased to 21.2 MPa, comparable to","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"455 - 463"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological responses, yield, and latex-related traits of promising Hevea brasiliensis genotypes across two Amazonian climate zones with seasonal water deficits: implications for germplasm selection","authors":"Armando Sterling,&nbsp;Ariel A. Agudelo-Sánchez,&nbsp;Herminton Muñoz-Ramirez,&nbsp;Carlos H. Rodríguez-León","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00365-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00365-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to assess changes in physiological responses, early rubber yield and latex biochemical quality in nine promising rubber tree (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) genotypes and the clone IAN 873 (control) during first year tapping in large-scale clonal trials under seasonal water deficits in two climate zones in the Colombian Amazon. Our results showed that, with a larger water deficit (i.e., dry season and semi-humid warm location), all genotypes had a lower photosynthetic rate, lower extrinsic water use efficiency, and lower leaf water potential. On the contrary, a higher yield and a greater metabolic activity related to latex production were evidenced in the semi-humid warm location than in the humid warm location. Thus, the highest yield values and traits related to latex quality were observed in the rainy season and in the semi-humid warm location, where the FX 3899 P1 and FDR 4575 genotypes had a significantly higher productive yield, an intermediate DRC, a higher sucrose consumption, a more active metabolism and a greater capacity to prevent stress with an increase in the content of thiols in the latex. Greater physiological and productive adaptability, with and without the water deficit, were observed in the genotypes FX 3899 P1, FDR 4575 and GU 198 in both climate zones. This better adapted germplasm to water limitations has a high selection potential for <i>H. brasiliensis</i> breeding programmes in the northwestern Colombian Amazon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"435 - 453"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42464-026-00365-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of mechanical strength and swelling resistance in chloroprene rubber/natural rubber composites using graphene oxide","authors":"K. Parthasarathy,&nbsp;S. Baskar,&nbsp;S. Vishvanathperumal","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00348-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00348-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Graphene oxide (GO) was employed as a reinforcing nanofiller to enhance the mechanical, hardness, and swelling characteristics of chloroprene rubber/natural rubber (CR/NR) blends. GO was incorporated at varying loadings (0–10 phr) through melt mixing, and the sulfur-vulcanized composites were systematically evaluated. The incorporation of GO increased torque values and reduced curing times, indicating improved crosslinking efficiency. Mechanical testing revealed substantial improvements in tensile strength (by 47%), stress at 100% elongation (by 47%), tear strength (by 55%), hardness, and abrasion resistance with increasing GO content. In contrast, elongation at break and rebound resilience decreased by 29% and 25%, respectively. Both tensile and swelling resistance properties reached their maximum at 6 phr GO and declined beyond this level due to filler agglomeration. These results confirm that optimally dispersed GO enhances interfacial interactions and structural integrity, demonstrating its potential as an effective nanofiller for developing high-performance CR/NR composites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"397 - 412"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study on the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and aminosilane-functionalized CNTs on the mechanical properties and swelling resistance of NR/EPDM composites","authors":"S. Vishvanathperumal,&nbsp;K. Sakthivel,&nbsp;A. Arunkumar,&nbsp;S. Mahalakshmi","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00376-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00376-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the influence of pristine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-functionalized carbon nanotubes (aCNTs) on the curing characteristics, mechanical behavior, swelling resistance, and morphology of natural rubber/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (NR/EPDM) composites. Filler loadings varied from 0 to 8 phr. Rheometric analysis showed that the inclusion of CNTs and aCNTs increased the minimum torque, maximum torque, torque difference, and cure rate index, while reducing scorch and optimum cure times, suggesting an accelerated vulcanization process. The incorporation of CNTs and aCNTs enhanced compound viscosity, hardness, and abrasion resistance, along with improved tear strength, compression set, and solvent resistance. Compared with the unfilled NR/EPDM blend, CNT-filled composites exhibited increases of 25% in tensile strength, 26% in 100% modulus, and 22% in tear strength, whereas elongation at break and rebound resilience decreased by 14% and 35%, respectively. Functionalized CNTs (aCNTs) provided further reinforcement, achieving 44% higher tensile strength, 48% higher modulus, and 32% higher tear strength, accompanied by 20% and 46% reductions in elongation at break and rebound resilience, respectively. The observed improvements are attributed to the effective incorporation and uniform distribution of CNTs within the elastomer matrix, leading to enhanced mechanical and swelling resistance performance of the NR/EPDM composites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"509 - 523"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of high-performance tyre curing heating method","authors":"Daoxing Si,&nbsp;Hao Chen,&nbsp;Qinzheng Hou,&nbsp;Yumei Ding,&nbsp;Haitao Zhang,&nbsp;Weimin Yang","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00371-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00371-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tyre curing is a highly complex and one of the most energy-intensive stages in the tyre manufacturing process. The choice of heating methods for moulds plays a crucial role in both the energy consumption and the quality of the tyres during curing. This work aims to comprehensively review the current types of tyre curing heating methods and technological evolution. The advantages and disadvantages of different heating methods were compared in detail. Based on this foundation, the improvement methods and application scenarios for different curing methods were thoroughly summarised. Conventional steam medium and hot oil medium heating exhibit the advantages of low energy consumption and high safety, which are suitable for the heating process of large semi-steel tyres and engineering tyres, respectively. The electrical heating and radiation heating methods demonstrate more precise and efficient heating characteristics, with good performance in processes such as plate curing, preheating of the tyre outer mould, and direct pressure curing. The radiation heating method features rapid heating efficiency, which can improve the curing process. This review can provide insightful guidance on the selection and improvement of tyre curing methods under different scenarios, enabling more efficient, sustainable, and high-quality tyre production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"479 - 493"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of photosynthetic response across seasons in Hevea brasiliensis and implications for climate-resilient clonal selection","authors":"Neethu N. Nair,&nbsp;Suparna V. Ajith,&nbsp;M. B. Mohamed Sathik","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00364-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00364-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding seasonal variability in physiological traits is critical for identifying <i>Hevea brasiliensis</i> clones with better adaptability and yield stability under changing climatic conditions. In this study, gas exchange parameters were measured in 56 <i>Hevea</i> clones across four seasons—early summer (March), late summer (May), monsoon (August), and post-monsoon (October) within the traditional rubber-growing region of India. Growth and early yield of these clones were evaluated to relate physiological responses to overall productivity. Photosynthetic leaf traits exhibited significant clonal and seasonal variation, with higher net CO₂ assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g_s), and transpiration rate (E) during the post‑monsoon period and the lowest levels in late summer. The pre‑monsoon showers did not enhance A until the monsoon onset as vapour pressure deficit (VPD) constrained gas exchange. Across seasons, A exhibited moderate repeatability, as the values were correlated between seasons. A correlated with annual yield during monsoon (r = 0.364, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and post‑monsoon (r = 0.474, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), but not in early and late summer. Stepwise regression revealed that yield was mainly explained by girth (R ≈ 0.70). However, when excluding girth, a subsequent stepwise multiple regression revealed that post‑monsoon A accounted for 22%, emphasising its role in improving yield prediction in addition to growth parameters. Multi‑trait stability index (MTSI) highlighted strong “all‑rounders” combining stability, girth and yield (P 168, P 120, P 89, RRII 429, P 65, P 114, PB 260, RRIM 600, P 173, P 116, P 68); high yield/girth clones with lower stability (RRII 430, RRII 414, RRII 417, P 174, PB 235); and stable, moderately productive clones (IAN 45‑873, P 93, P 112, P 197). Hybridisation between low‑MTSI all‑rounders and top-yielding clones could combine stability and productivity to develop climate-resilient clones. Together, these findings emphasise incorporating seasonal physiological measurements into the clonal evaluation and selection process under variable climatic conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"413 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of odour removal at rubber processing plants using activated carbon adsorption","authors":"Nur Fadhilah Idris,&nbsp;Nhat Le-Minh,&nbsp;Richard M Stuetz","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00373-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00373-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wet scrubbers exhibited limited inefficiency in eliminating odorous gas streams from the emissions of the drying process at the rubber processing plant Consequently, this causes odour disturbance to the area surrounding the plant. The gas stream contained a diverse range of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with varying miscibility in water, which is a critical characteristic for ensuring removal effectiveness in a wet scrubber. The objective of the study was to investigate the potential of activated carbon (AC) as a secondary treatment that targets the removal of poorly water-soluble VOCs as well as their adsorption behaviour in AC to improve the overall odour removal efficiency. The experiment was carried out at a laboratory scale using glass tubes packed with virgin AC as the adsorption column. The study was performed on two types of AC materials, namely, coconut shell and palm kernel shell. The ACs were characterised by pH, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). A gas mixture consisting of eight VOCs present in rubber emissions was passed through the column. The adsorption was investigated using a breakthrough analysis, which is reflective of the adsorbent performance in a multi-component system. It was found that coconut-based AC demonstrated higher adsorption capacity and longer breakthrough time compared to the palm kernel-based AC. The boiling point of the VOCs was found to be the primary factor that influences the adsorption behaviour, whereas polarity and molecular structure were secondary factors. Adsorption competition has been observed where higher boiling-point VOCs have a stronger affinity with the AC and displace the weaker adsorbed lower boiling-point VOCs. The presence of high relative humidity (&gt; 70%) was found to greatly shorten the breakthrough times and adversely affect the AC adsorption performance. Consequently, AC has the potential to be employed at the polishing stage after the wet scrubber by focusing on the removal of poorly water-soluble and high-boiling-point VOCs but in low humidity conditions to improve the odour removal from the drying process at the rubber processing plant.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 2","pages":"387 - 396"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthogonal design optimisation of lubricated NBR composites with PTFE, MoS2, and silicone emulsions","authors":"Quanwang Feng,&nbsp;Jiayi Zhan,&nbsp;Zhaoqi Liu,&nbsp;Baochang Dai,&nbsp;Wenhui Han,&nbsp;Shengqiang Xu,&nbsp;Chuansheng Wang,&nbsp;Huiguang Bian","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00358-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00358-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to employ orthogonal arrays for the rational arrangement of multi- factor and multi-level variables. In accordance with the row-column configuration of the orthogonal array, different levels of each factor were correspondingly assigned to nitrile rubber (NBR) specimens. Through specimen preparation, performance testing, and statistical analysis of experimental results, the optimal level combinations were determined. Based on the analytical findings, the most favourable levels for each factor affecting self-lubricating properties were selected. The theoretically optimal formulation involved specific lubricant types and addition levels, including polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂), and Silicone emulsion. Combined with analyses using a CSM testing machine and evaluations via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the mechanism by which lubricants such as PTFE, MoS₂, and silicone emulsion reduced friction and wear in NBR was investigated systematically. The optimal dosage was confirmed as 6 phr PTFE, 1 phr MoS₂, and 5 phr Silicone emulsion. The synergistic effect of this multi-component lubrication system enhanced the tribological properties of the rubber material through optimised dispersion of the lubricants within the NBR matrix. This work elucidated the regulatory mechanisms of self-lubricating modification: orthogonal experiments clarified the primary and secondary roles of each factor and their interactive effects, thereby revealing the interrelated patterns of “lubricant dispersion – formation of interfacial lubricating films – material wear mechanisms”.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 2","pages":"259 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a forecasting model for global rubber demand and supply using LSTM neural networks combined with two-stage least squares (2SLS)","authors":"Montchai Pinitjitsamut","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00372-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00372-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A hybrid forecasting framework combining Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks with a two-stage least squares (2SLS) system is developed to analyse the global natural rubber (NR) market. Annual data for major producers and consumers (2010–2024) feed a two-layer LSTM with a three-year lookback; forecasts are produced for 2025–2029. Out-of-sample performance is assessed using a 20% hold-out and a rolling-origin backtest, yielding stable forecast errors across folds. Projections indicate that global supply grows from 15.305 Mt (2024) to 17.574 Mt (2029) while demand reaches approximately 16.1 Mt, yielding a supply–demand gap of roughly 1.5 Mt by 2029—a gradually loosening balance rather than a surplus, with supply outpacing demand across all forecast years. NR and synthetic rubber prices co-move, with a soft patch around the middle of the decade followed by firming toward the late 2020s. The geographic composition of supply diversifies as West Africa—especially Côte d’Ivoire—adds capacity, while parts of Southeast Asia, notably Indonesia, contract or stabilising. Structural 2SLS estimates rationalise these paths: demand is primarily income-driven with weak short-run price sensitivity, whereas supply is highly persistent and exhibits a long-run price elasticity close to unity. The combined evidence delivers policy-relevant guidance: prioritise productivity-oriented replanting over area expansion, institute rules-based strategic stocks, upgrade quality and logistics in emerging producer regions, deploy trigger-based trade measures, and strengthen risk-transfer mechanisms for smallholders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 2","pages":"369 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and properties of ceramizable fireproof silicon rubber composites based on boron-modified MQ silicone resin","authors":"Xiao Lu,&nbsp;Yongqing Zhao,&nbsp;Wenjie Ye,&nbsp;Mengyang Sun,&nbsp;Ruiqi Sha,&nbsp;Yaoxin Shao,&nbsp;Wenge Zheng,&nbsp;Linqiong Xu","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00362-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00362-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Boron-modified MQ silicone resin (B-MQ) was successfully prepared as a new flux using boric acid (BA) modified vinyl MQ silicone resin. The B-MQ was mixed with silicone rubber (VMQ, vinyl methyl silicone rubber) and other fillers to prepare ceramicised silicone rubber composites with different ratios of B-MQ and VMQ. The experimental results show that the initial decomposition temperature of MQ silicone resin is 203 ℃, and the decomposition temperature of modified B-MQ silicone resin is increased to 255 ℃. The addition of B-MQ can effectively improve the thermal stability, tensile strength, hardness, the flame-retardant level (e.g., composites with 6 and 9 phr B-MQ: V-0) and the LOI of the composites. After calcination, the ceramic residue with 6 phr B-MQ displays a dense structure and high ceramic strength (e.g., calcinated at 1000 °C: 21.5 MPa). The caramelisation mechanism for fire-resistant silicone rubber was revealed. The SiO₂ generated by the decomposition of silicone rubber undergoes complex eutectic reactions through the liquid phase formed by B-MQ melting and the porcelain filler, leading to a greater degree of improvement in the mechanical strength of the ceramic residue. This work provides a new idea for preparing silicone composites with high fire resistance and ceramic strength.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 2","pages":"317 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}