Journal of Rubber Research最新文献

{"title":"Shelf-life and activation energy of biomaterial-filled nitrile films under accelerated heat ageing","authors":"Mohd Azmeel Adli Amiruddin,&nbsp;Ruslimie Che Ali,&nbsp;Asrul Mustafa,&nbsp;Manroshan Singh Jaswan Singh,&nbsp;Norhanifah Mohd Yazid,&nbsp;Shabinah Filza Mohd Sharib","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00385-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00385-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study applies a quantitative methodological approach to evaluate the effects of collagen-based protein and kenaf core fibre biomaterials on the thermal stability, ageing behaviour and shelf-life performance of nitrile-dipped films. Commercial nitrile gloves, unfilled nitrile films and biomaterial-filled films were subjected to accelerated heat ageing from 50 to 80 °C, and tensile strength retention was used to characterise degradation. Activation energies and shelf-life predictions at 30 °C were estimated using the Arrhenius formalism, enabling a comparative kinetic assessment of the different formulations. The mathematical analysis revealed apparent differences in degradation kinetics: collagen-filled films exhibited the highest activation energy of 110.9 kJ/mol and the longest predicted shelf life of 6.1 years, reflecting improved interfacial compatibility and a more uniform microstructure that enhanced thermo-oxidative resistance. Kenaf-filled films exhibited a lower activation energy of 103.5 kJ/mol and the shortest shelf life of 2.3 years, consistent with weaker matrix adhesion and reduced dispersion. Commercial gloves and unfilled films exhibited comparable activation energies, approximately 105.5 kJ/mol and 103.4 kJ/mol, respectively, and predicted shelf lives of approximately 2.8 years. These kinetic parameters were consistent with thermogravimetric and microscopic observations, thereby validating the mathematically derived trends: greater thermal stability in protein-filled films and faster structural breakdown in kenaf-filled films. Overall, this work demonstrates how the Arrhenius-based kinetic analysis provides a framework for interpreting ageing behaviour in nitrile films incorporated with biomaterials. The results highlight the significance of biomaterial–matrix interactions in engineering nitrile-based materials with tailored durability or degradability, providing a foundation for designing more sustainable nitrile-dipped products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"601 - 614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impacts of crop diversity adoption on food expenditure and household welfare: evidence from rubber farmers in Thailand","authors":"Sirimaporn Leepromrath,&nbsp;Huixia Ma,&nbsp;Jiajun Zhou,&nbsp;De Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00386-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00386-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Given the challenges associated with prolonged monoculture rubber cultivation and the volatility of rubber prices, rubber crop diversification has been proposed to improve the livelihoods of rubber farmers, particularly those facing poverty and food insecurity. However, the adoption of such practices remains limited in Thailand. While crop diversification on rubber farms significantly enhances household food availability, its specific effects on food expenditure remain underexplored. This study examines how crop diversification adoption influences the level and structure of rubber farmers’ food expenditure. Using national household-level data collected from a stratified random sample of 1552 households between 2012 and 2014, and applying propensity score matching, the findings indicate that rubber crop diversity has a statistically significant positive effect on food expenditure, increasing annual per capita food expenditure by 1362–1418 baht. Additionally, rubber crop diversity promotes self-produced food consumption by 399–506 baht per person annually, thereby enhancing dietary resilience and food security for farmers. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of rubber crop diversity and the empirical support for implementing crop diversity policies to ensure the long-term sustainable growth of Thailand’s rubber industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"615 - 628"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field performance of Hevea brasiliensis clones rejuvenated by somatic embryogenesis","authors":"Eline Mignon,&nbsp;Philippe De Groote,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Hofs,&nbsp;Daouda Kouassi,&nbsp;Stefaan P. O. Werbrouck","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00384-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00384-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural rubber production faces significant challenges in replanting and maximising yield. Conventional mature bud-grafting (MB) often suffers from inconsistent performance caused by rootstock heterogeneity and potential yield loss when the graft union enters the tapping window. This study evaluates the long-term field performance of elite <i>Hevea brasiliensis</i> clones using three rejuvenated plant types: in vitro plants on their own roots (IV), juvenile cuttings on their own roots (JC), and juvenile buddings (JB) onto seedling rootstock, against the mature budding onto seedling rootstock (MB) standard. We conducted large-scale randomised field trials in Ivory Coast comparing the performance of two commercially significant clones, RRIM600 and PB235, over five and six years of tapping, respectively. While RRIM600 demonstrated superior vegetative vigour (girth and conicity) with juvenile methods, the cumulative rubber yield over 5 years did not differ significantly from MB. In contrast, the high-yielding clone PB235 demonstrated a statistically significant advantage: JC yielded 15% more than MB, and IV (7%) and JB (5%) also showed a better performance and greater yield stability in subsequent tapping years. The enhanced trunk conicity observed in juvenile materials promises a significant advantage as tapping moves to lower trunk positions in later years. For large-scale deployment, the JB method, which uses budwood from in vitro rejuvenated plants grafted onto seedling rootstock, appears to be the most promising. This study showed that the effect of propagation method depends on the clone, suggesting that long-term trials are still needed to determine the persistence of juvenile effects, the stability of yield responses over time, and whether the apparent advantages are maintained as tapping progresses to lower trunk positions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"589 - 599"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradation of neat elastomers, filled rubber composites and model wear particles by natural microbial consortia","authors":"Violaine Ehlinger,&nbsp;Joël Tchoufag,&nbsp;Séverin Dronet,&nbsp;Lucie Malosse","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00382-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00382-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although several microbial strains can metabolise poly(<i>cis</i>-1,4-isoprene), recent studies suggest that tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) persist beyond 2 years in soil or water. To understand how microbial degradation evolves with increasing material complexity, the biodegradation of various elastomers, model composites and laboratory-wear particles was evaluated over several weeks using standardised tests in soil, compost, or freshwater. Natural rubber (NR) and synthetic poly(<i>cis</i>‑1,4‑isoprene) (<i>cis</i>‑IR) showed substantial biodegradation. NR reached 50% mineralisation (%ThCO₂) at 361 days in soil and approximately 50 days in compost. <i>cis</i>‑IR half-mineralised at 55 days in compost and 44–72 days in freshwater. Comparatively, the mineralisation of poly(<i>cis</i>-1,4-butadiene) (<i>cis</i>-BR) and styrene-butadiene rubber was limited to a few percent over the investigated period. Non-stereospecific polyisoprene reached about 3% mineralisation in freshwater at 140 days, underscoring the importance of <i>cis</i>‑1,4 stereoregularity. The mineralisation of a <i>cis</i>‑IR/<i>cis</i>‑BR 30/70 blend was commensurate with the proportion of <i>cis</i>-IR phase. The data relying solely on CO₂ endpoint, they cannot rule out partial degradation of <i>cis</i>‑BR phase, but indicate that complete conversion to CO₂ was not achieved. Filling NR with 20%vol carbon black or silica led to a two-fold reduced mineralisation after 45 days compared to unfilled NR, while only 5% vol had little effect. After 28 days in sludge-inoculated water, tribometer-generated model wear particles of a carbon black filled vulcanised <i>cis</i>-IR achieved 15.5% mineralisation, compared to 3.5% for the undamaged composite, potentially due to chain scission or devulcanisation. Overall, elastomer microstructure, filler content, crosslinking density and wear history appear to be influential parameters affecting rubber nanocomposites biodegradability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"557 - 569"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of BMI-modified carbon nanotubes in enhancing the swelling resistance and mechanical performance of EPDM/SBR nanocomposites","authors":"S. Vishvanathperumal,&nbsp;K. Manimaran,&nbsp;S. Bhanuchandar,&nbsp;G. Anand","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00383-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00383-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Strong interfacial adhesion between the filler and polymer matrix is essential for developing high‑performance composites. In this work, ethylene–propylene–diene monomer/styrene–butadiene rubber blends were reinforced with multi‑walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalised with the imidazolium‑based ionic liquid 1‑butyl‑3‑methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMI), hereafter referred to as BMI@CNTs. Filler–matrix interactions were examined through mole percent uptake (MPU) measurements in various solvents, while cure characteristics were evaluated using a moving die rheometre. Mechanical performance was assessed via tensile, tear, and hardness testing, complemented by swelling resistance, compression set, and crosslink density analyses to determine the effect of BMI@CNT incorporation. Increasing CNT loading elevated torque values and shortened cure times. Tensile strength and 100% modulus increased with filler addition up to 5 phr before declining at higher loadings. Remarkably, BMI@CNT‑filled systems exhibited up to a 261% rise in tensile strength and a 92% increase in 100% modulus relative to the unfilled vulcanisates. Tear strength, hardness, abrasion resistance, swelling resistance, compression set, and crosslink density also consistently improved with higher BMI@CNT contents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"571 - 587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymatically isolated nanocellulose modified with Cassia fistula seed gum for reinforcing carboxylated nitrile rubber","authors":"Poornima M P,&nbsp;Dileep P,&nbsp;Sinto Jacob","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00380-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00380-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Xylanase</i> enzyme hydrolysed nanocellulose (NC) from <i>Acalypha hispida</i> (<i>A. hispida)</i> leaves was functionalised with <i>Cassia fistula</i> seed gum (CFG), a natural polysaccharide, to enhance the interfacial bonding and technological properties of elastomeric composites. NC and CFG functionalised NC (CFGNC) were incorporated into Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber (XNBR) latex to fabricate nanocomposites. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed strong interfacial adhesion and uniform dispersion of NC and CFGNC within the XNBR matrix. The tensile strength of the nanocomposites increased significantly with the addition of 2 phr (parts per rubber) of NC and 3 phr of CFGNC, showing improvements of 71% and 85% respectively, compared to neat XNBR. Similarly, the tensile modulus increased by 79% and 105%, indicating the reinforcing effect of NC and CFGNC in XNBR matrix. Swelling studies confirmed reduced solvent uptake, suggesting increased crosslink density and restricted mobility of the polymer chains. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability for the nanocomposites. These findings highlight the enhanced solvent barrier, mechanical strength, and thermal stability of nanocomposites, showing that enzymatically isolated NC modified with CFG can effectively reinforce XNBR for various applications including health care and consumer products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"533 - 542"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revitalising Nigeria’s rubber sector: productivity constraints, value-chain bottlenecks, and policy pathways for sustainable growth","authors":"Nicholas O. Ogbebor,&nbsp;Timothy U. Esekhade,&nbsp;Benjamin Ohiocheoya,&nbsp;Idoko O. Suleman","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00381-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00381-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nigeria’s rubber sector holds considerable potential to contribute to economic diversification, rural employment, and sustainable industrial development, yet it remains underproductive due to persistent structural and institutional constraints. This study employs a mixed-methods empirical approach to examine the key factors that limit productivity and value chain development in Nigeria’s rubber industry, and to identify evidence-based policy pathways for sector revitalisation. Primary data were collected from 200 smallholder rubber farmers across five major producing states and 30 industry stakeholders, complemented by secondary literature. Quantitative analysis, including regression modelling, was used to identify determinants of rubber productivity, measured as latex output per hectare per year, while qualitative interviews provided institutional and market-level insights. Results indicate that ageing plantations, limited access to credit, weak extension services, and climate variability are the most significant constraints affecting smallholder productivity. Regression results show that access to credit, adoption of high-yielding clones, extension services, and climate-resilient practices are all statistically significant predictors of productivity. Stakeholder perspectives further highlight systemic bottlenecks, including inadequate processing capacity, weak market linkages, and the absence of a coherent national rubber development framework. The study concludes that Nigeria’s rubber sector is constrained not by agro-ecological limitations but by coordination failures across biological rehabilitation, finance, knowledge systems, and institutional governance. Scenario-based analysis suggests that under coordinated policy reform and targeted investment, Nigeria could substantially expand its participation in global natural rubber markets over the medium- to long-term. The findings provide policy-relevant insights for designing integrated strategies to enhance productivity, resilience, and sustainable value chain development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"543 - 556"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NR film visualisation via AFM imaging","authors":"Kim Song Tan,&nbsp;Evelyn Hui Mei Lim,&nbsp;Nurul Hayati Yusof","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00377-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00377-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a sophisticated imaging technique to study the surface morphology of substrates in high resolution. Through phase imaging, AFM can be employed to probe the distribution of materials on a surface based on certain material properties. Natural rubber (NR) is often mixed with other materials, including fillers or other polymers, to achieve new or composite materials for specific applications. The objective of this study was to provide supporting data for mechanical testing results. Synthetic rubber (SR) is one of the common materials for blending with NR. NR-SR blends were prepared by mixing the two materials in the latex stage mechanically for 24 h before the dipping process. The dried dipped films remained on the glass formers and were subjected directly to AFM imaging using a Park System NX10 AFM. Both the topography and phase imaging images were recorded simultaneously. The process of capturing AFM images, as well as the image analysis, is presented in this report. With significant variations in mechanical properties, the phase imaging can differentiate NR from SR, and hence the distribution of each rubber can be visualised. The distribution pattern of these two types of rubbers appeared differently if a compatibiliser was added, as shown by AFM phase imaging.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"525 - 531"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering antistatic, low hysteresis tyre treads through synergistic use of ternary filler system of carbon black, silica, and polypyrrole","authors":"Jiby M. Isaac,&nbsp;V. Bijina,&nbsp;Thiruppathi Murugesan,&nbsp;P. J. Jandas,&nbsp;Rinku Mariam Thomas,&nbsp;Sunil K. Narayanankutty,&nbsp;Honey John","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00368-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00368-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on the development of natural rubber-based tyre tread formulation with low rolling resistance and antistatic properties. The antistatic and rolling resistance properties of the tyre tread formulations prepared with polypyrrole as functional additive is compared with the standard formulation. Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesised via chemical oxidation of pyrrole using p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) as dopant and ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator and as synthesised polypyrrole was characterised using IR, XRD, TGA, and FESEM analyses. Both doped (PPy) and dedoped (dPPy) forms of polypyrrole were used as conductive reinforcing additives to enhance performance characteristics. Various loadings of PPy and dPPy were incorporated into the base formulation by partially replacing carbon black (CB) to enhance the antistatic property and low rolling resistance property. Truck tyre tread compounds were prepared by replacing CB with 5, 10, and 15 phr of dPPy as the conducting form of polypyrrole adversely affect the curing properties of the compound. The low rolling resistance property of the tread formulation was studied through temperature sweep in dynamic mechanical analysis, and improvement in antistatic properties via conductivity study. The incorporation of dPPy significantly improved the antistatic behaviour and it reduce the low rolling resistance by up to 40% on comparing the rolling resistance of base formulation, achieving a value of 0.104. The partial replacement of CB with polypyrrole maintained the curing as well as performance characteristics in terms of mechanical, dynamic mechanical and conducting properties within the required range of a tyre tread formulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"465 - 477"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel and sustainable development of porous microspheres from epoxidised natural rubber latex","authors":"M. Siti Nor Qamarina,&nbsp;Peter A. G. Cormack","doi":"10.1007/s42464-026-00374-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-026-00374-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Porous powder microspheres derived from epoxidised natural rubber latex (ENRL) were synthesised via a two-stage aqueous process involving epoxide ring-opening and free-radical polymerisation techniques. Through epoxide ring-opening chemistry, the epoxide groups were ring-opened when reacted with maleic anhydride (MA) to give ester crosslinks between ENRL polymer chains. The presence of ester groups was validated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Additionally, the ester crosslinks increased the glass transition temperature (T_g) of unmodified ENRL from − 39 to − 6 °C for the crosslinked variant. ENRL particles with ester crosslinks were observed, illustrating an average particle size diameter between 30 and 45 μm, in comparison to the unmodified ENRL average particle size, which ranged from 0.3 to 1.3 μm. To produce porous powder particles, the ester-crosslinked ENRL, acting as precursor, was subjected to free-radical polymerisation using 3-(trimethoxysily)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) in the presence of ammonium persulphate (APS) as the radical initiator. Free-flowing powders were in the form of particle assemblages with a cauliflower-like morphology, resulting from the fusion of particles into random arrays and densely packed structures were produced. The powder exhibited a mean pore size of 6 nm, a specific surface area of 43 m² g⁻¹ and a specific pore volume of 0.06 cm³ g⁻¹, hence classifying them as mesoporous materials with the potential for narrow-slit pores. The porous powder exhibited particle size distribution between 20 and 120 μm, with an average particle size at 105 μm. The T_g value increased to 42 °C compared to the precursor. FTIR spectra revealed a prominent signal around 1700 cm⁻¹, along with broad overlapping signals in the range of 900–1200 cm⁻¹, consistent with the presence of polymethacrylate and Si–O–Si networks, respectively. This novel material will create new opportunities for the exploitation of ENRL as a renewable polymer resin, significantly broadening its application potential beyond traditional uses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"29 3","pages":"495 - 508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}