Epoxidised Philippine natural rubber for tough and versatile 3D printable resins: a mixture design and neural network approach

IF 1.5 4区化学 Q4 POLYMER SCIENCE

Journal of Rubber Research Pub Date : 2025-05-20 DOI:10.1007/s42464-025-00302-9

Roland Oliver A. Calabia, Joseph Emmanuel D. Gomez, Ian M. Lasala, Carlos Miguel A. Ligsay, Reymark D. Maalihan, Anita P. Aquino, Reygan H. Sangalang

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Natural rubber (NR), valued for its high toughness and elongation, was incorporated into digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing resins to enhance mechanical performance using epoxidised Philippine NR (EPNR), optimised by statistical and machine learning methods. EPNR blends (0–10%) with cationic photo-initiator (CPI) and photo-curable commercial resin (PCR) were formulated using a solvent blending technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry have confirmed successful epoxidation and improve thermal stability. The optimal formulation (6.36% EPNR, 2.10% CPI, and 91.54% PCR) achieved a toughness of 16,406.8 J/m³ and an elongation at break of 39.41%, marking a 78.1% improvement over unmodified PCR. Mixture design (MD) and artificial neural network (ANN) modelling yielded high predictive accuracy (R² ∼0.986), with ANN outperforming MD in minimising error. Guided by the trained ANN model, 3D printed structures exhibited improved chemical resistance and thermal stability, rivalling commercial resins. This work highlights the potential of EPNR as a reinforcement additive to enhance DLP resin performance, paving the way for innovative applications in additive manufacturing.

查看原文本刊更多论文

环氧化菲律宾天然橡胶坚韧和多功能3D打印树脂：混合设计和神经网络方法

天然橡胶（NR）具有高韧性和伸长率，被纳入数字光处理（DLP） 3D打印树脂中，使用环氧化菲律宾NR （EPNR）提高机械性能，并通过统计和机器学习方法进行优化。采用溶剂共混技术制备了含阳离子光引发剂（CPI）和光固化商用树脂（PCR）的EPNR共混物（0-10%）。傅里叶变换红外光谱和同步差示扫描量热重法证实了环氧化成功，提高了热稳定性。最佳配方（6.36% EPNR, 2.10% CPI, 91.54% PCR）的韧性为16406.8 J/m³，断裂伸长率为39.41%，比未修饰PCR提高78.1%。混合设计（MD）和人工神经网络（ANN）建模产生了很高的预测精度（R²~ 0.986），ANN在最小化误差方面优于MD。在经过训练的人工神经网络模型的指导下，3D打印结构表现出更好的耐化学性和热稳定性，可与商用树脂相媲美。这项工作突出了EPNR作为增强添加剂提高DLP树脂性能的潜力，为增材制造中的创新应用铺平了道路。

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来源期刊

Journal of Rubber Research 化学-高分子科学

自引率

15.40%

发文量

审稿时长

3 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Rubber Research is devoted to both natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as to related disciplines. The scope of the journal encompasses all aspects of rubber from the core disciplines of biology, physics and chemistry, as well as economics. As a specialised field, rubber science includes within its niche a vast potential of innovative and value-added research areas yet to be explored. This peer reviewed publication focuses on the results of active experimental research and authoritative reviews on all aspects of rubber science. The Journal of Rubber Research welcomes research on: the upstream, including crop management, crop improvement and protection, and biotechnology; the midstream, including processing and effluent management; the downstream, including rubber engineering and product design, advanced rubber technology, latex science and technology, and chemistry and materials exploratory; economics, including the economics of rubber production, consumption, and market analysis. The Journal of Rubber Research serves to build a collective knowledge base while communicating information and validating the quality of research within the discipline, and bringing together work from experts in rubber science and related disciplines. Scientists in both academia and industry involved in researching and working with all aspects of rubber will find this journal to be both source of information and a gateway for their own publications.