Journal of Porous Materials最新文献

{"title":"ZnCo₂O₄/CuS/rGO ternary nanocomposites with enhanced capacitance and stability for advanced supercapacitors","authors":"A. Vaishali,&nbsp;A. Sankar,&nbsp;S. Rameshkumar,&nbsp;K. Paramasivaganesh","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01907-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01907-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of efficient and stable electrode materials is essential for advancing next-generation supercapacitors. In this study, ternary ZnCo₂O₄/CuS/rGO nanocomposites were successfully fabricated using a straightforward hydrothermal approach. The resulting hybrid exhibits a layered, sheet-like structure with a high specific surface area of 78.4 m² g⁻¹ and mesopores averaging 3 nm, providing plentiful active sites and promoting rapid ion transport. Electrochemical evaluation shows that the ZnCo₂O₄/CuS/rGO electrode achieves a high specific capacitance of 953 F g⁻¹ (158.8 mAh g^− 1) at 1 A g⁻¹, nearly doubling the performance of the binary ZnCo₂O₄/CuS material, which exhibits the specific capacitance of 508 F g⁻¹ (84.6 mAhg^− 1) at 1 A g⁻¹). The composite also demonstrates outstanding stability, retaining 95.5% of its initial capacitance and a coulombic efficiency of ~ 101.5% after 5000 cycles. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor delivers an energy density of 65 Wh kg⁻¹ at 877 W kg⁻¹, while maintaining 35 Wh kg⁻¹ at 3117 W kg⁻¹, confirming its high-rate capability and robust performance. These findings demonstrate that ZnCo₂O₄/CuS/rGO is an excellent electrode material for high-performance energy storage devices since it is both inexpensive and long-lasting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"787 - 799"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silanol nest engineering in ga-silicalite zeolites for controlled ZnO dispersion and enhanced catalytic performance","authors":"Jihua Liu,&nbsp;Ge Hua,&nbsp;Chao Zhang,&nbsp;Yifei Wang,&nbsp;Hong Ma,&nbsp;Jianbing Wu,&nbsp;Zhiwei Wu","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01915-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01915-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Controlled defect construction in zeolites provides an effective approach to modulating metal dispersion and stability. In this work, a series of Zn-loaded Ga-silicalite (GS-1) catalysts were prepared via nitric acid leaching to investigate how Ga extraction–induced silanol nests influence Zn dispersion and catalytic behavior in propane dehydrogenation (PDH). The selective removal of Ga generated increased populations of silanol nests while largely preserving the MFI framework, which was accompanied by improved dispersion and structural stabilization of Zn species, likely through Zn–O–Si interactions. Catalytic evaluation at 550 °C and 0.1 MPa revealed that the acid-treated catalysts exhibited suppressed deactivation behavior under PDH conditions. Among the catalysts studied, 5%Zn/0.6GS-1–12 N catalyst achieved the most balanced performance, with a deactivation constant reduced from 0.0546 to 0.0201 h^− 1. These results highlight the role of Ga extraction–induced defects in regulating metal–support interactions and mitigating catalyst deactivation in PDH.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"761 - 771"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cubic mesoporous Fe–Zn MOF@CNT hybrid: a high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting","authors":"Sanjana Madapura Suresh,&nbsp;Deepak Raj Gowdagere Ravinandana,&nbsp;Sanjay Ballur Prasanna,&nbsp;Shivaswamy Murudagalli Basavaraju,&nbsp;Kavyashree Melajipura Basavaraju,&nbsp;Chandra Sekhar Rout,&nbsp;Sangamesha Madanahalli Ankanathappa,&nbsp;Ren-Jei Chung,&nbsp;Nagendra Prasad Honnegowdanahalli Shivabasappa","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01910-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01910-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global warming, non-renewable energy sources and rising energy demands require researchers to search alternative clean energy sources. At present, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have become popular electrocatalysts with enhancing conductivity, high surface area and evenly dispersed active sites for effective application of water splitting. In our work, we anchored an iron–zinc MOF onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through a hydrothermal method, employing 2‑aminoterephthalic acid (NH₂BDC) as the organic linker. By varying the CNTs percentage to 5, 10 and 15 wt % we synthesized a series of composites and thoroughly investigated their phase purity, surface chemistry, morphology, and porosity using X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmette-Teller (BET) analysis. The sample with 10 wt % CNTs stood out with low overpotential 280 mV to drive oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and − 236 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at a current density of 10 mA cm^− 2 while its Tafel slopes of 106 mV dec^− 1 (OER) and 36.6 mV dec^− 1 (HER) confirmed its rapid reaction kinetics. The superior performance arises from the strong MOF-CNT synergy which improves electron transport and increases accessible active sites, offering a clear advantage over pristine MOFs. However the catalyst still faces limitations such as moderate long-term durability and the need for improved scalability of the synthesis process. Compared with state-of-the-art noble-metal catalysts such as Pt for HER and RuO₂/IrO₂ for OER, the FeZnNH₂BDC@10 wt% CNT composite delivers competitive activity while relying on earth-abundant and low-cost materials, demonstrating its potential as a viable and sustainable catalyst for overall water splitting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"743 - 759"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of nitrogen-doped micro-mesoporous carbon nanospheres for enhanced CO2 absorption","authors":"Liudong Yang,&nbsp;Li Liu,&nbsp;Qunyan Li,&nbsp;Junguo Liu,&nbsp;Ke Jing,&nbsp;Qi Wei,&nbsp;Wenjuan Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01916-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01916-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nitrogen-doped micro-mesoporous carbon nanospheres are considered as promising CO₂ adsorbents due to their remarkable efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In this work, nitrogen-doped micro-mesoporous carbon nanospheres were constructed, during which soft micelles (triblock copolymer P123) and a hard template (silica sol) as structural precursors were employed, and urea was used as the nitrogen source and KHCO₃ as the chemical activator. Through a combined chemical activation and post-doping strategy, ultra-micropores were successfully introduced into the carbon framework alongside rich nitrogen doping. The final nitrogen-doped micro-mesoporous carbon nanospheres exhibit high specific surface areas (529–2225 m²/g) and nitrogen contents ranging from 2.20 wt% to 6.02 wt%. The optimal sample, NMCNs-2K2U800, demonstrates excellent CO₂ adsorption performance, with capacities of 7.86 mmol/g at 0 ℃ and 4.31 mmol/g at 25 ℃ under 1 bar. This study systematically investigates the effects of activator and nitrogen source on the pore structure, nitrogen speciation, and CO₂ adsorption behavior of carbon materials. Further, a viable strategy for the controlled synthesis of porous carbons and providing valuable insights into the design of high-performance CO₂ adsorbents is provided.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"727 - 741"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorptive desulfurization of commercial diesel S500 using TiNi/AlMCM-41 and TiMo/AlMCM-41 nanoporous materials","authors":"Marcio D. S. Araujo,&nbsp;Adonias O. Teixeira,&nbsp;Sulene A. Araujo,&nbsp;Valter J. Fernandes Jr.,&nbsp;Antonio S. Araujo","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01911-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01911-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mesoporous adsorbents of the AlMCM-41 type impregnated with Ti-Ni and Ti-Mo bimetallic compounds were prepared, characterized and evaluated for the adsorptive desulfurization process of diesel. The AlMCM-41 materials were synthesized using the hydrothermal process, varying the times of 24, 48, and 72 h, using cetyltrimethylammonium as a template. The calcined materials were impregnated with titanium, nickel, and molybdenum metals, with combinations of 15% by weight of active phase: 5.0% Ti and 10% Mo (TiMo) and 5.0% Ti and 10% Ni (TiNi). The materials were designated as TiMo/AlMCM-41 and TiNi/AlMCM-41. The obtained materials were tested as adsorbents for sulfur removal from a commercial S500 diesel sample, using a fixed-bed reactor containing a feeding system, a column packed with the adsorbent material and sample collectors, at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. It was verified that the sample containing TiNi/AlMCM-41 was the most efficient adsorbent, with capacity for removal of sulfur of 90%, for the sample containing the support synthesized at 48 h. The high activity of TiNi/AlMCM-41 material was attributed to the π-complexation of the thiophene aromatic compounds and the synergism effect of the Ti-Ni bimetallic impregnated on the inner surface of the AlMCM-41 pores, allowing selective adsorption.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"773 - 785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10934-025-01911-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HDS performance of sulfided CoMoW/Nb-SBA-15 catalysts: effect of Nb content","authors":"O. Fonseca-Maya,&nbsp;B. M. Millán-Malo,&nbsp;R. Huirache-Acuña,&nbsp;T. A. Zepeda,&nbsp;L. Pérez-Cabrera,&nbsp;R. Nava,&nbsp;E. M. Rivera-Muñoz","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01912-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01912-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the catalytic performance of sulfided CoMoW/Nb_x-SBA-15 systems was investigated in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT). Nb_x-SBA-15 substrates with nominal Si/Nb molar ratios of 80, 100, and 120 were prepared via a direct sol–gel method and characterized by XRD, UV–vis DRS, N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms, XRF, FESEM, EDS, and pyridine-adsorbed FTIR, along with catalytic performance tests. The Nb_x-SBA-15 materials exhibited both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, whose concentrations increased with increasing Nb content. Incorporation of niobium, both within the SBA-15 framework and as well dispersed extra-framework species, led to enhanced catalytic activity of the sulfided CoMoW catalysts compared to the Nb-free sample. This improvement is mainly associated with the Nb-induced increase in surface acidity and modified metal–support interaction effects, which contribute to improved dispersion of the active sulfided phases. Catalytic activity showed a nearly linear dependence on Nb content, reaching a maximum at a Si/Nb molar ratio of 80. These results demonstrate that controlled Nb incorporation efficiently tunes the acidic and structural properties of SBA-15 while preserving its ordered mesoporous morphology, resulting in enhanced HDS performance.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"711 - 725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10934-025-01912-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional elliptical magnetic nanocarriers for dual-responsive targeted antitumor therapy","authors":"Yan Huang,&nbsp;Yangxiu Xie,&nbsp;Ansa Khalid,&nbsp;Huafei Li,&nbsp;Mengyang Dong,&nbsp;Hongming Yuan,&nbsp;Yuxiang Yang,&nbsp;Weiwei Huan","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01895-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01895-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study developed a multifunctional drug delivery system, HMNPs-C₆₀-N-GQDs-SS-PEI, based on elliptical hollow magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMNPs). It integrates magnetic targeting, fluorescence imaging, and pH/redox dual-responsive release for efficient delivery and controlled release of gambogic acid (GA). The elliptical nanocarrier’s surface was modified with C₆₀, nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs), disulfide bonds (-SS-), and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The system shows high GA loading (89.72%), sustained release (47.58% cumulative release over 220 h), and responsive release under acidic (pH 5.7) and high-glutathione (GSH) tumor conditions. The developed elliptical nanocarriers showed excellent drug loading and release performance. The encapsulation efficiency increased from 60.57% to 89.72%, while the cumulative sustained release rate improved from 30.45% to 47.58% under pH 5.7 and reductive (GSH) conditions. The carriers achieved a maximum sustained release of 30.69% within 220 h with an optimal encapsulation efficiency of 76.35%, demonstrating the strong influence of C₆₀ modification and the synergistic effect of N-GQDs and PEI functionalization. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed strong inhibition of SMMC-7721 liver cancer cell growth via magnetic targeting, reducing tumor volume to 0.023. It also shows low cytotoxicity, good renal clearance, and liver accumulation of 121.19% ID/g at 120 min post-administration, offering a promising approach for precise anti-tumor therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"681 - 695"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced olefin isomerization over CoMo/ZSM-23-γ-Al₂O₃ composite catalyst in hydrotreating of FCC naphtha","authors":"Zahra Mirghiasi,&nbsp;Seyed Mahdi Latifi,&nbsp;Mehdi Rashidzadeh,&nbsp;Hamid Kiarad","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01877-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01877-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>ZSM-23 and γ-Al₂O₃ were first synthesized individually and subsequently combined to prepare a composite support by physical mixing in a 10:90 weight% ratio. A CoMo/composite catalyst was then produced via incipient wetness impregnation. The catalytic performance was evaluated in the hydrotreating of a model FCC naphtha feed containing thiophene (1000 ppm S), 1-hexene (20 vol%), and n-heptane (80 vol%). Hydrotreating experiments were conducted at T = 220–280 °C, <i>P</i> = 2 MPa, H₂/feed ratio of 120 NL/L, and LHSV values of 5 and 10 h^− 1. The supports and catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, NH₃-temperature-programmed desorption, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The incorporation of unidirectional pore structure ZSM-23 zeolite into γ-Al₂O₃ significantly modified the catalyst’s acidity, resulting in enhanced olefin isomerization and improved octane number retention. Under optimal isomerization conditions (240 °C, LHSV of 10 h⁻¹), the composite CoMo/AZ23 catalyst achieved an isomerization percentage of 66.8%, compared to 53.3% for the conventional CoMo/γ-Al₂O₃. Consequently, under these conditions, the composite catalyst preserved fuel quality with a slight octane number increase (+ 0.1), effectively preventing the significant 2.5-unit loss associated with the conventional catalyst. This breakthrough directly enables the development of industrial hydrotreating catalysts capable of producing higher-value fuels.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"697 - 709"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fe2O3/SiO2 composite aerogels powders for high-temperature thermal insulation based on EDTA chelated aqueous precursor","authors":"Yuan Qi,&nbsp;Jinmin Wang,&nbsp;Xingxing Zhang,&nbsp;Yongqing Wu,&nbsp;Xiangdong Gao","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01900-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01900-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>SiO₂ aerogel is a typical thermal insulation material suitable for varied high temperature industrial applications. However, its radiative transparency seriously hampers its application scenario. Herein, we integrated infrared (IR) opacified Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles into silica aerogel system and developed a Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ composite aerogel (FSA) by using industrial water glass and ambient pressure drying process. Especially, we chelated Fe³⁺ with disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA-2Na) to avoid the loss of Fe³⁺ in the gelling, solvent-exchanging and hydrophobic modification processes. FSA powders with 3–11% concentration <i>exhibited</i> an amorphous structure, high porosity with small nanopores (11–12 nm). <i>The EDS analysis confirmed the presence of Fe in the aerogel samples.</i> The high-temperature thermal insulation properties of the FSA powders were enhanced <i>compared</i> with the pure SiO₂ aerogel powders, yielding a cold surface temperature of 456 ℃ after heating at 600 ℃ for 30 min, 26 ℃ lower than pure SiO₂ aerogel. The EDTA-2Na chelating agent <i>improved</i> the dispersion of Fe³⁺ and further <i>reduced</i> the temperature by 6 ℃, demonstrating its positive effect on the insulation performance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"667 - 679"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimizing excess gel in the hydrothermal synthesis of SSZ-13 zeolite membrane","authors":"W. Rahmah,&nbsp;K. Khoiruddin,&nbsp;D. Ariono,&nbsp;G. T. M. Kadja,&nbsp;I G. Wenten","doi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01901-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10934-025-01901-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conventional synthesis of alumina-zeolite membranes requires immersion in large volumes of synthesis gel, leading to poor material utilization and significant chemical waste. This study introduces a novel “trapped-gel” (TG) method that strategically bridges the gap between conventional and gel-less approaches by confining a minimal volume of gel <i>within</i> the tubular alumina support itself. This technique achieved an 80% reduction in gel consumption while enabling a fundamental investigation of zeolite crystallization under confined, material-efficient conditions. The resulting membranes were characterized and evaluated for CO₂/N₂ separation. The TG method yielded a membrane with a CO₂ permeance of 6.17 × 10^− 8 mol. m^− 2. s^− 1. Pa^− 1, which is higher than that of a conventional membrane (1.28 × 10^− 8 mol. m^− 2. s^− 1. Pa^− 1) (0.4 bar). However, the CO₂/N₂ selectivity of the TG membrane was 3.42, approximately half the value of the conventional membrane (6.78). More significantly, this work reveals the fundamental crystallization behavior of zeolites under a confined, minimal gel volume, a critical regime for the future of sustainable membrane fabrication. The understanding of gel behavior in this minimal-volume regime provides a starting point for developing more efficient, high-performance zeolite membranes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Porous Materials","volume":"33 2","pages":"635 - 646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147743692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}