Journal of Nanoparticle Research最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis of carbon nanoparticles from carboxymethyl cellulose using one-pot hydrothermal carbonization for drug delivery","authors":"Mohaddeseh Sharifi,&nbsp;S. Hajir Bahrami","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06650-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06650-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) using a sustainable hydrothermal carbonization approach, followed by nitrogen doping and high-temperature activation to tailor their structural and surface properties for drug delivery applications. Nitrogen-doped activated carbon nanoparticles (N-ACNP) exhibited a significantly reduced particle size of 51 ± 6 nm and a high specific surface area of 351.0 ± 15.2 m² g⁻¹, compared to their non-activated counterparts. Surface functionalization introduced nitrogen-containing groups and increased aromaticity, enhancing interactions with drug molecules. Clindamycin, a positively charged antibiotic, was successfully encapsulated into the negatively charged carbon nanocarriers, with N-ACNP showing the highest encapsulation efficiency of 88.04 ± 0.18% and a loading capacity of 88.05 ± 0.73% at a drug concentration of 0.001 g mL⁻¹. In vitro release studies demonstrated a sustained and diffusion-controlled release profile over 48 h, with cumulative release reaching approximately 90 <span>(pm)</span> 4%. Release kinetics were best described by first-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models, indicating a combination of diffusion and matrix-controlled mechanisms. Overall, the enhanced performance of N-ACNP is attributed to the synergistic effects of electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π–π interactions, and physical confinement within the porous structure. These findings highlight N-ACNP as a promising, sustainable nanocarrier for controlled drug delivery applications with high cell viability over 3 days.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoelectrochemical performances of CuO/TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) heterojunction synthesized by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method","authors":"Zahara Ramadani,&nbsp;Sherly Kasuma Warda Ningsih","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06646-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06646-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, CuO/TNAs heterojunction was prepared by the SILAR method. CuO/TNAs were characterized for determination of crystal structure, morphology, and photoelectrochemical properties. The UV–Vis DRS spectrum confirmed the extension of visible light absorption and the reduction of the band gap to 2.44 eV for CuO/TNAs at a 60 mM concentration with 7 SILAR cycles. XRD analysis indicated the formation of the anatase TiO₂ phase with peak intensities without altering the crystal structure after modification. FE-SEM morphology results revealed an increase in pore diameter from 46.39 nm to 51 nm after modification. Photoelectrochemical measurements (Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Multi-Pulse Amperometry) showed an increase in photocurrent density for CuO/TNAs (0.035 mA/cm²) compared to pure TNAs (0.005 to 0 mA/cm²). These results indicate an improved charge separation efficiency and photoresponse to visible light. Therefore, CuO/TNAs heterojunctions have the potential to serve as efficient photoanode materials for photoelectrochemical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered NiFe2O4/Cr-MOF Heterostructure for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation and Mineralization of Ciprofloxacin with Antimicrobial Evaluation","authors":"Zahid Mahmood,&nbsp;Naseem Abbas,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal,&nbsp;Khalid Javed,&nbsp;M. Rehan HShah Gilani,&nbsp;Syed Ali Raza Naqvi,&nbsp;Syed Kashif Ali,&nbsp;Shahid Iqbal,&nbsp;Sajid Mahmood,&nbsp;Meznah M. Alanazi,&nbsp;Shaimaa A. M. Abdelmohsen","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06652-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06652-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nickelferrite (NiFe₂O₄), a chromium-based metal–organic framework (Cr-MOF), and their composite (NiFe₂O₄/Cr-MOF) were successfully synthesized. Each synthesized material was evaluated as a photocatalyst to degrade ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. Various characterization techniques were used to investigate the structural and physicochemical properties of each photocatalyst. The optimization of reaction parameters demonstrated that at pH 7.0, a 98% degradation of CIP (20 mg/L) was achieved using a catalyst dosage of 0.06 g/L under visible light irradiation of 50 W (LED) within 90 min, and followed first-order kinetics. The higher photon energy increased the NiFe₂O₄/Cr-MOF composite's capability to capture visible light, which resulted in improved generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The photocatalytic activity of the composite remained stable over five consecutive cycles, with only a slight reduction (98% to 93%) in efficiency. The photocatalytic treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater under optimized conditions resulted 71% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), and a 62% decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) within 90 min. Additionally, the oxidation states of organic contaminants increased, as evidenced by the rise in average oxidation state (AOS) from 0.96 to 1.47 and carbon oxidation state (COS) from 0.96 to 3.04 after treatment. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) technique was employed to detect and analyze the various intermediate products formed during photocatalytic degradation of CIP, leading to a probable degradation pathway. The antibacterial activity of CIP against <i>Escherichia coli</i> was progressively attenuated during photocatalytic treatment, and negligible inhibition was observed after 90 min, confirming effective suppression of residual antibacterial effects. This study presents a novel NiFe₂O₄/Cr-MOF composite with promising potential for scalable, sustainable treatment of antibiotic-contaminated water systems.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of nanopesticides on non-target soil organisms and crop pollinators health in vegetable farming systems","authors":"Qudrat Ullah,&nbsp;Waqas Haider,&nbsp;Muhammad Qasim,&nbsp;Mohsin Tariq,&nbsp;Tahira Yasmeen","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06651-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06651-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanopesticides hold great potential for sustainable agriculture owing to their ability to increase pesticide efficacy in managing insect populations, reduce environmental contamination concerns, and facilitate effective pesticide delivery. Since our knowledge about the impacts of nanopesticides on non-target organisms is still developing, there is growing concern about their use in vegetable farming systems. To identify relevant work detailing nanoparticles characteristics, exposure pathways, and ecological impacts, the review carried out an extensive search across six major databases. Data analysis revealed that the majority of evidence were collected from laboratory compared to greenhouses and/or semi-field settings. Commonly, nanopesticides containing metal nanoparticles (zinc oxide and copper oxide) and polymeric carriers (chitosan and polylactic acid) were used in most investigations. Most of the studies reported adverse effects of nanopesticides, including oxidative stress, disruption of microfauna, and reproductive decline while few studies demonstrated significantly lower toxicity. This review emphasizes the significance of standardized methodologies and advocates for subsequent research, incorporating field-based evaluations. Future research should prioritize standardized nanoparticle characterization, multi-year field trials, and multi-trophic risk assessments to enable the development of environmentally safe nanopesticide technologies.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the hierarchy of controls for workplaces involving nanomaterials: responses to recent critiques","authors":"Soqrat Omari Shekaftik,&nbsp;Farideh Golbabaei","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06600-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06600-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to uncertainties, it is difficult to directly apply conventional risk management methods designed for bulk chemicals to workplaces involving nanomaterials without modification and adaptation. Based on this, Omari Shekaftik et al., in an article titled “An analysis of “hierarchy of controls” in workplaces and laboratories involving nanomaterials” published in the Journal of Nanoparticle Research, sought to examine the applicability of the NIOSH-recommended hierarchy of controls in workplaces involving nanomaterials. A short report has recently been published by Berger et al. in Journal of Nanoparticle Research, in which they critique our article and point out several issues. Therefore, in this brief report, we aim to further clarify our work and address the concerns raised by the authors of that report as well as those of the readers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pillar[6]arene/rGO nanohybrid for highly selective and sensitive electrochemical detection of bisphenol-A","authors":"Nishanthi Vasanthi Sridharan,&nbsp;Srinivasan Latha,&nbsp;Badal Kumar Mandal","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06649-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06649-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A pillararene functionalized reduced graphene oxide was developed for the efficient electrochemical detection of bisphenol A (BPA), an emerging pollutant and endocrine disruptor in the environment. This work demonstrates the synergistic construction of nanohybrid material by supramolecular functionalization and simultaneous green reduction of graphene oxide. A novel sensing platform, pillar[6]arene/rGO/GCE combining the host–guest recognition capability of pillar[6]arene and the excellent electrical conductivity of rGO, for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of BPA in real-world samples like thermal paper extract, packaged drinking water and river water is achieved. Under optimized conditions, DPV exhibited well-defined anodic oxidation of BPA over a broad linear range of 0.05 to 10 µM, with a low detection limit of 10 nM, quantitation limit of 33 nM, and a good sensitivity of 8.97 μA μM⁻¹ cm². Overall, the proposed sensor demonstrated satisfying linear range, sensitivity, selectivity, and stability highlighting its reliability for environmental monitoring of BPA.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biologically inspired bimodal imaging agent incorporating quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles targeting tumor angiogenesis","authors":"Qi Guo,&nbsp;Menglin Wu,&nbsp;Jiang Li,&nbsp;Guoping Xu,&nbsp;Xinhong Wu,&nbsp;Xiudi Lu,&nbsp;Xunxiao Zhao,&nbsp;Guilai Li,&nbsp;Xuening Zhang,&nbsp;Xue Li,&nbsp;Yang Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06648-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06648-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Angiogenesis is an early marker of tumor growth, and a key process that promotes tumor growth, progression and metastasis. Accurate and early evaluation of tumor angiogenic activity using non-invasive imaging modalities is crucial for tumor diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and prognosis prediction. In this study, we reported a sensitive, specific, and biocompatible magnetic resonance (MR)/ fluorescence (FL) bimodal contrast agent for targeting aminopeptidase-N (APN/CD13) overexpressed in tumor angiogenesis. The obtained cNpQDs exhibited potent T1-weighted imaging capabilities (r₁ = 11.1081 mM⁻¹·s⁻¹) and effective photoluminescence emission. The CD13 binding affinity of the peptide cNGR was evaluated using a HUVEC cell-based receptor binding test, in which the internalization rate of cNpQDs was 10.17 times higher than that of pQDs. Furthermore, in vivo experiments indicated that MR/FL imaging of cNpQDs significantly enhanced the contrast of tumor angiogenesis. Biocompatibility studies provide evidence that cNpQDs has no obvious toxicity in vivo. These findings indicated that cNpQDs may serve as an efficiency MR/FL bimodal contrast agent, offering a potential alternative for assessing tumor angiogenesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced piezoelectric performance of PVDF/Ce: ZnO composite membranes for energy harvesting","authors":"Kirti Babber,&nbsp;Nupur Aggarwal,&nbsp;Manish Deshwal,&nbsp;Naveen Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06645-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06645-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The demand for highly efficient and mechanically flexible materials is increasing rapidly, as conventional piezoelectric materials often exhibit brittleness and low energy-conversion efficiency. In the present study, Ce-doped ZnO (Ce: ZnO NPs) with concentrations of 5% and 10% were synthesized through the sol–gel method and incorporated into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes using an ultrasonication-assisted dispersion technique. The structural analysis showed that pure PVDF exhibits a crystalline β-phase, whereas composite membranes (PVDF/Ce: ZnO-5 and PVDF/Ce: ZnO-10) have a bi-phasic structure containing the electroactive β-phase of PVDF and the stable hexagonal wurtzite phase of Ce: ZnO NPs. SEM micrograph showed that there is a porous nature in pristine PVDF, and the porosity starts decreasing with an increase in Ce: ZnO loading in the PVDF matrix. XPS analysis confirms the successful incorporation of Ce into the ZnO lattice with mixed Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ states, accompanied by the formation of oxygen vacancies. The remanent polarization (P_r) showed a remarkable rise from 0.041 μC/cm² (PVDF) to 0.11 μC/cm² (PVDF/Ce: ZnO-10), and the piezoelectric coefficient (<span>({d}_{33})</span>) increased from 27 pC/N to 79 pC/N correspondingly. These results show the improved electromechanical coupling behavior and energy harvesting potential of flexible PVDF/Ce: ZnO composite membranes for a futuristic approach in fabricating nanogenerators and wearable energy harvesting systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of carbamazepine adsorption on the metal oxide nanoclusters for the design of a high-efficiency electrochemical sensor: a DFT study","authors":"Qamar Abuhassan,&nbsp;Ahmed Aldulaimi,&nbsp;Omayma Salim Waleed,&nbsp;G. Padma Priya,&nbsp;Supriya S.,&nbsp;Subhashree Ray,&nbsp;Renu Sharma,&nbsp;Saodatkhon Ibragimova,&nbsp;Z. Matniyozo,&nbsp;Doniyor Jumanazarov,&nbsp;Aseel Smerat","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06643-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06643-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The widespread use of carbamazepine (CBZ) as an anticonvulsant poses common side effects, health risks, and significant environmental concerns, necessitating the development of sensitive and efficient detection platforms. While metal oxide nanomaterials are known, the potential of beryllium, magnesium, and calcium oxide nanoclusters (Be₁₂O₁₂, Mg₁₂O₁₂, and Ca₁₂O₁₂) as electrochemical sensors for CBZ remains unexplored. This study presents the first comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) investigation into these nanoclusters for this purpose. Thermodynamic analyses confirmed spontaneous and exothermic adsorption processes across all nanoclusters. While Ca₁₂O₁₂ exhibited the strongest adsorption energy (−49.71 kcal mol⁻¹), the Be₁₂O₁₂ nanocluster demonstrated superior sensing characteristics. It showed the most significant change in the energy gap (%∆<i>E</i>_g = −42.35%), indicating high sensitivity, coupled with a very short theoretical recovery time of 0.34 s. Solvent-phase simulations confirmed the stability of the complexes in aqueous environments, with Be₁₂O₁₂ maintaining a pronounced sensitivity shift (∆<i>E</i>_g = −41.51%). UV–Vis analysis demonstrated that CBZ adsorption induces significant bathochromic shifts in the absorption spectra. The Be₁₂O₁₂ nanocluster exhibited the most pronounced response, with its absorption peak redshifting from 177 to 307 nm upon CBZ exposure. This substantial optoelectronic change uncovers its dual functionality for both electrochemical and optical sensing. Electron localization function and molecular electrostatic potential analyses revealed distinct charge transfer mechanisms, with Be₁₂O₁₂ exhibiting an optimal balance between adsorption strength and desorption capability. Furthermore, Be₁₂O₁₂ demonstrates excellent selectivity and consistent performance across a range of CBZ concentrations. This work identifies Be₁₂O₁₂ nanoclusters as a novel, promising candidate for the design of efficient, reusable, and multi-modal sensors for CBZ detection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of reduced graphene oxide in enhancing the photocatalytic and anticancer activities of Gd2O3 nanorods","authors":"ZabnAllah M. Alaizeri,&nbsp;Syed Mansoor Ali,&nbsp;Hisham A. Alhadlaq,&nbsp;Mohammed ALSaeedy,&nbsp;Nissren Tamam,&nbsp;M. A. Jowhari","doi":"10.1007/s11051-026-06644-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-026-06644-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study was planned to investigate the photocatalytic and anticancer activities of hydrothermally synthesized Gd₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites (NCs). X‑ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy‑Dispersive X‑ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier‑Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Spectroscopy were successfully applied to characterize the properties of the produced NRs and NCs. The effect of the crystallinity of Gd₂O₃ NRs after adding the RGO sheet was confirmed by XRD. TEM/HRTEM images revealed a rod-like shape and homogeneous incorporation on RGO sheets. EDX analysis confirmed the elemental composition. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by UV-induced degradation of BBR for 120 min. Results showed that the photocatalytic efficiency of Gd₂O₃/RGO NCs (70.23%) was higher than that of pure Gd₂O₃ NRs (41.25%). In vitro cytotoxicity studies showed improved anticancer efficacy against A549 lung cancer cells while having good biocompatibility toward normal HUVECs for 24 h using the MTT assay. This study highlights that Gd₂O₃/RGO NCs need more in vivo studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}