Journal of Nanoparticle Research最新文献

{"title":"A spectroscopic study of linear and nonlinear optical properties of sprayed ({alpha })-({{Fe}}_{2}{{O}}_{3}):(Ca) thin films: the effect of calcium doping","authors":"M. Moustaine,&nbsp;K. Bahedi,&nbsp;K. Bouabid,&nbsp;M. Addou,&nbsp;Z. Rossi,&nbsp;A. Aouni,&nbsp;A. Mrigal,&nbsp;S. Bayoud,&nbsp;H. Cherrad","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06457-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06457-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work reports on the linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopic study of calcium-doped iron oxide thin films (<span>({text{Fe}}_{2}{text{O}}_{3}:text{Ca})</span>) with various dopant concentrations (0 at.%, 2 at.%, 5 at.%, and 10 at.%) prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of hematite <span>(({alpha })</span>-<span>({text{Fe}}_{2}{text{O}}_{3}))</span> with a polycrystalline rhombohedral structure and a preferred orientation along the (104) plane. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the doped samples exhibited a smooth surface compared with undoped <span>({alpha })</span>-<span>({text{Fe}}_{2}{text{O}}_{3})</span>. The <span>(text{Ca})</span>-doped <span>({alpha })</span>-<span>({text{Fe}}_{2}{text{O}}_{3})</span>(5 at.%<b>)</b> thin films displayed a smoother surface than the other films, with an RMS value of 2.49 nm. The linear optical properties, such as transmittance, absorbance, reflectance, band gap energy, and refractive index, were investigated using the UV–VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. The electronic polarizability was estimated using the Clausius-Mosotti relation. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (<span>({chi }^{left(3right)})</span>) and nonlinear refractive index (<span>({n}_{2})</span>) were studied using a spectroscopic method based on Miller’s rule. The results show that 5 at.%<span>(text{Ca})</span> doping in <span>({alpha })</span>-<span>({text{Fe}}_{2}{text{O}}_{3})</span> enhances the electronic polarizability, which in turn improves the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility. The results obtained indicate that the synthesized thin films hold promise for applications in laser technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing silver nanoparticle dissolution in chloride media by cupric ions","authors":"Duc Toan Nguyen,&nbsp;Thi Thu Ha Tran,&nbsp;Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen,&nbsp;Thi Thuy Nguyen,&nbsp;Trong Nghia Nguyen,&nbsp;Vu Ngoc Thanh Nguyen,&nbsp;Thi Minh Huyen Nguyen,&nbsp;Thi Hong Khuat,&nbsp;Tra Mai Ngo,&nbsp;Thi Thuy Hang Nguyen,&nbsp;Thi Ha Lien Nghiem","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06451-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06451-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We demonstrate that cupric ions can significantly accelerate the dissolution rate of PVP-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) when dispersed in a sodium chloride solution. To assess the impact of copper ion concentration on the dissolution of PVP-coated AgNPs and the role of the chloride ion, experiments were conducted in both chloride and deionized (DI) water. In an aqueous medium without chloride ions, AgNPs remain stable despite the presence of cupric ions. However, in a chloride medium, their solubility increases in direct proportion to the cupric ion concentration. The dissolution rate of AgNPs was monitored using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, leveraging their plasmonic properties. This method allowed us to analyze the dissolution process of PVP-coated AgNPs in sodium chloride solution in the presence of cupric ions. Additionally, using the bathocuproine method and EDS analysis, the dissolution mechanism of AgNPs into solid silver chloride (AgCl) and cuprous ions within the sodium chloride medium containing cupric ions has been elucidated.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2-Formylphenylboronic acid functionalized B, N co-doped carbon dots for glucose sensor by the fluorescence turn off process","authors":"Jiayi Luo,&nbsp;Taixian Wang,&nbsp;Wen Guo,&nbsp;Jiaxin Xu,&nbsp;Muting Zheng,&nbsp;Danying Zuo,&nbsp;Hongwei Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06460-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06460-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we developed a novel fluorescent glucose sensor based on boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (BN-CDs) functionalized with 2-formylphenylboronic acid (2-FPBA) via a facile one-step hydrothermal synthesis followed by condensation grafting. The resulting BN-CD/2-FPBA nanocomposite exhibits excellent water solubility, high fluorescence stability, and superior selectivity toward glucose through a turn-off fluorescence mechanism. Unlike conventional enzyme-based or heavy-metal-containing quantum dot sensors, our system leverages the intrinsic Lewis acid properties of B atoms and the synergistic effects of B, N co-doping to achieve specific glucose recognition with minimal interference from common biomolecules and ions. The sensor demonstrates a wide linear detection range of 100–4000 μM and a low detection limit of 77.17 μM. This work not only presents a robust, enzyme-free platform for glucose monitoring but also offers a generalizable functionalization strategy for designing high-performance carbon dot-based biosensors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing biomedicine with rare earth element nanoparticles: physical properties and biotechnological potential","authors":"Hakan Şahal","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06454-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06454-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rare earth elements (REEs) are used in the creation of many promising technologies that have the potential to revolutionize many medical and biotechnological fields such as medical imaging, cancer treatment and diagnosis, biosensors and diagnostic kits, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, cosmetics and dermatology, gene therapy and molecular biology, pharmacology, and drug delivery systems today and in the future. Their use as targeted treatment approaches, biocompatible materials and imaging agents with anticancer, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties enables revolutionary developments in modern medicine and biotechnology. The versatile uses of these elements may contribute to the development of more effective and sensitive methods in medical treatment and diagnosis in the future. For this reason, they are intensively researched worldwide. The focus of this research is that rare earth elements and their derivatives can provide innovative solutions for diagnosis and treatment at the molecular level. Doping with rare earth elements, which are considered as vitamins of industries, redefines the properties of materials and increases their efficiency. For this reason, research is aimed at obtaining new properties and applications by creating hybrid structures of rare earth elements with different components. In recent years, scientific interest in investigating the molecular interactions of REEs with biomolecules has increased. These studies aim to activate drug-specific molecules in target cells, reduce their side effects, and provide more effective treatment methods. These studies aim to create potential structures in gene therapy, biosensor technologies, and cancer research with modifications performed using REEs. This study investigates the transformative potential of REE nanoparticles in various biotechnological and biomedical applications and emphasizes their promise as versatile tools for innovation in multiple disciplines by highlighting their roles in advancing targeted therapies, reducing side effects and addressing critical challenges in modern healthcare.</p><h3>Graphical abstract\u0000</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MXene-a promising frontrunner for next-generation 2D materials with innovative synthesis methods to transformative applications: a review","authors":"Bhushan Kumar,&nbsp;Sahil Jangra,&nbsp;M. S. Goyat,&nbsp;Yogendra Kumar Mishra,&nbsp;Bappi Paul,&nbsp;Subhankar Das","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06437-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06437-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>MXenes, a unique class of 2D materials, are known for their exceptional conductivity, versatile surface chemistry, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and tunable electronic properties, making this material ideal for various applications. To harness their full potential, extensive research has been conducted on synthesis methods, particularly focusing on the etching techniques used, which significantly influence the material’s properties. Fluorine-based etching, primarily using hydrofluoric acid (HF), has been effective but raises concerns due to its toxicity and environmental hazards. Consequently, safer fluorine-free alternatives have been explored to address these challenges while ensuring precise MXene production. This review critically examines both fluorine-based and fluorine-free etching methods, exploring their impact on the structural and chemical properties of MXenes. Additionally, it discusses how HF-based etching parameters influence synthesis outcomes. A detailed evaluation of MXene production processes is presented, focusing on mass, etching, and exfoliation yields across different etching techniques. Furthermore, the review provides a detailed exploration of MXene properties, highlighting their applications in energy storage, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, photocatalysis, and sensor technology. This review article offers a comprehensive overview of the advancements and challenges in MXene research, tracing their evolution since discovery, and providing key insights into the opportunities and Limitations these 2D materials currently face.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing dielectric and mechanical properties of PVDF for high-voltage insulation via nano-SiO2 modification: a molecular dynamics insight","authors":"Yi Li,&nbsp;Hongkun Li,&nbsp;Zhiyi Pang,&nbsp;Jiwen Huang","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06455-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06455-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the increasing demand for enhanced insulation material performance in high-voltage power equipment, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has emerged as a focal point of research due to its superior dielectric strength and broad temperature stability. However, addressing its issues with space charge accumulation and mechanical fatigue under prolonged electric field exposure remains an urgent challenge. This study systematically investigates the microscopic coupling mechanism of nano-SiO2 modified PVDF using molecular dynamics simulations. The findings indicate that SiO2 nanoparticles (2 wt.%) can significantly enhance the elastic modulus by 4.1% and the shear modulus by 21.8%, while causing a minor reduction of 1% in cohesive energy density through interfacial physical cross-linking and rigidity enhancement effects. Under electric field conditions, the C-F dipole orientation and Maxwell–Wagner interface polarization collectively drive a substantial increase in the dielectric constant. Additionally, the static electrical strength is improved by 6.3% via defect passivation and space charge trapping. A moderate rise in free volume fraction (3.7%) optimizes material flexibility and mitigates microcrack propagation. This study elucidates the crucial role of nano-modification engineering in balancing dielectric loss and mechanical stability, providing atomic-scale theoretical support for the design of advanced high-voltage insulating materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle-driven plant signaling for advancing stress resilience and agricultural productivity-A review","authors":"Priti Pal,&nbsp;Om Prakash,&nbsp;Ashna Parveen,&nbsp;Akhilesh Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Rahul Gupta,&nbsp;Prakash Kumar Sarangi,&nbsp;Uttam Kumar Sahoo,&nbsp;Saurabh Singh Rathore,&nbsp;Rishi Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06449-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06449-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanoparticles (NPs) have become pivotal in enhancing agricultural productivity and plant resilience due to their unique properties and ability to interact at the molecular level. This review explores the intricate crosstalk between NPs and key signaling molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), calcium ions (Ca²⁺), and phytohormones under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. ROS are critical in stress responses, acting as damaging agents and signaling entities; NPs can modulate ROS levels, either mitigate oxidative stress or induce it depending on their nature and concentration. Similarly, NO, a versatile signaling molecule, is influenced by NPs like silver and gold, which can enhance antioxidant defenses and activate stress-responsive genes. H₂S, another gasotransmitter, interacts with carbon-based NPs, improving stress tolerance by modulating antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene expressions. Ca²⁺ ions, essential for various stress responses, can have their signaling pathways altered by NPs such as cerium oxide, impacting stomatal behavior and root development. Phytohormones like auxins, cytokinins, and so on, are also modulated by NPs, affecting plant growth and stress resilience. This comprehensive review underscores the complexity of nanoparticle (NP) interactions with plant signaling pathways and highlights the potential of NPs to enhance plant stress tolerance. Further research is essential to unravel the precise mechanisms of these interactions, paving the way for optimized NP formulations tailored to specific stress conditions to maximize their beneficial impacts on plant health and productivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Gamma-Ray Shielding with Nanostructured PbO, Bi₂O₃, and WO₃ Composites","authors":"Mohamed. Elsafi,&nbsp;Mohamed Abdellatief,&nbsp;Aljawhara H. Almuqrin,&nbsp;Shoaa M. Al-Balawi,&nbsp;M. I. Sayyed","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06452-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06452-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present study, composite materials composed of the heavy metal oxides (HMOs) PbO, BiO₃, and WO₃ in both micro- and nano-sized powder forms are evaluated for their ability to attenuate gamma radiation. For every oxide type, solid cylindrical pellets with the same mass and radius but different thicknesses were created and tested using an HPGe detector at photon energies ranging from 60 to 1333 keV, which were obtained from Am-241, Cs-137, and Co-60. Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), transmission factor (TF), and radiation shielding efficiency (RSE) were the six main shielding parameters that were examined. Across all parameters, the results consistently demonstrated that nano-sized composites performed better at shielding than their micro-sized counterparts. The LAC values at 0.059 MeV were 24.557 and 23.567 cm⁻¹ for nano- versus micro-sized PbO, 24.419 and 16.042 cm⁻¹ for Bi₂O₃, and 16.257 and 15.784 cm⁻¹ for WO₃. Nano-PbO had a higher LAC (0.544 cm⁻¹) than micro-PbO (0.531 cm⁻¹) even at 0.662 MeV. These results validate nano-HMO composites' superior attenuation capability and their potential to create lighter, thinner, and more effective shielding materials for use in nuclear, industrial, and medical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle shape on carrier concentration and its role in osteosarcoma cell inhibition","authors":"Hoda Atta,&nbsp;Aya Hamdy,&nbsp;Kamal Reyad,&nbsp;Elsayed I. Salim,&nbsp;Eithar El-Mohsnawy,&nbsp;Abdelhamid El-Shaer","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06442-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06442-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, two distinct hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (HAp) shapes—nanospheres and nanorods—were synthesized and evaluated for their influence on cytotoxicity and photocatalysis using MG63 osteosarcoma cells. The standard chemical precipitation process was used to create the hydroxyapatite nanospheres, while polyvinyl alcohol was used as a capping agent to create the nanorod forms. The characteristic features of the fabricated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp) were examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and photoluminescence (PL). Also, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) were used to understand the relationship between the defects in hydroxyapatite (HAp) samples and the photodegradation of the MB dye. The interfacial charge-transfer behavior for each sample in an electrolyte was characterized by Mott–Schottky and electrochemical impedance. Also, the carrier density and conductivity of the manufactured materials and lattice structures were observed in two shapes, confirming the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. To assess cytotoxicity, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed using the osteosarcoma cell line (MG63). Nanorod particles exhibited higher cytotoxicity than nanospheres, as the application of nanotechnology starts to be an effective tool in cancer treatment. The outcomes of the current study may assist in the shape design of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for therapeutic applications such as drug delivery vehicles in nanomedicine. It highlights the strong correlation between the electrochemical impedance and the cytotoxicity of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) samples, elucidating the role of charge carriers in cytotoxicity and photocatalytic degradation, initiating the redox reaction which releases the toxic reactive species selectively within osteosarcoma cells, resulting in the destruction of cancer cells while sparing normal cells, and demonstrating how physical and electrical characteristics impact a range of applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11051-025-06442-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145168839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental controls on the kinetics of iron-sulfur cluster nucleation and nanoparticle formation","authors":"Manjinder Kour,&nbsp;Heather M. Callaway,&nbsp;Eric S. Boyd","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06445-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11051-025-06445-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anoxic, sulfidic conditions have been prevalent since the early Proterozoic and favor aqueous iron-sulfur (FeS_aq) clusters as a major fraction of the soluble, reduced iron and sulfur pool. FeS_aq cluster formation and nucleation is driven by the high affinity between ferrous iron (Fe(II)) and sulfide (HS⁻), ultimately yielding particles that precipitate as iron sulfide minerals. FeS_aq clusters were recently shown to be bioavailable sources of iron and sulfur for a variety of anaerobes, yet little is known of the factors that influence the kinetics of their formation and nucleation. Here we apply computational and spectroscopic approaches to investigate the dynamics of FeS_aq nucleation, cluster growth, precipitation, and redissolution as a function of Fe(II)/HS⁻ concentration, temperature, and pH. Experiments were conducted under excess HS⁻ to mimic euxinic conditions common to contemporary anaerobic aquatic ecosystems and those of the Proterozoic. Density functional theory calculations reveal the key role of water oxygen-iron interactions in stabilizing small FeS_aq clusters and promoting solubility. Dynamic light scattering revealed a concentration-dependent increase in the kinetics of FeS_aq nucleation and cluster aggregation. Increasing temperature promoted FeS_aq cluster nucleation and aggregation while also enhancing dissolution. Alkaline pH also promoted FeS_aq nucleation and cluster aggregation. At 25 °C, pH 7.0, and at reactant concentrations of 30 µM, FeS_aq clusters &lt; 10 nm in diameter remained in solution for &gt; 2 h. These results underscore the importance of temperature, pH, and reactant concentration in the kinetics of FeS_aq nucleation and cluster growth that, in turn, influence their bioavailability in anaerobic ecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11051-025-06445-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145168838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}