MXene-a promising frontrunner for next-generation 2D materials with innovative synthesis methods to transformative applications: a review

MXenes, a unique class of 2D materials, are known for their exceptional conductivity, versatile surface chemistry, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and tunable electronic properties, making this material ideal for various applications. To harness their full potential, extensive research has been conducted on synthesis methods, particularly focusing on the etching techniques used, which significantly influence the material’s properties. Fluorine-based etching, primarily using hydrofluoric acid (HF), has been effective but raises concerns due to its toxicity and environmental hazards. Consequently, safer fluorine-free alternatives have been explored to address these challenges while ensuring precise MXene production. This review critically examines both fluorine-based and fluorine-free etching methods, exploring their impact on the structural and chemical properties of MXenes. Additionally, it discusses how HF-based etching parameters influence synthesis outcomes. A detailed evaluation of MXene production processes is presented, focusing on mass, etching, and exfoliation yields across different etching techniques. Furthermore, the review provides a detailed exploration of MXene properties, highlighting their applications in energy storage, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, photocatalysis, and sensor technology. This review article offers a comprehensive overview of the advancements and challenges in MXene research, tracing their evolution since discovery, and providing key insights into the opportunities and Limitations these 2D materials currently face.