{"title":"A rationally designed MALDI-TOF MS probe for rapid quantitative analysis of carboxylesterase activity†","authors":"Jiarui Li, Shuai Tang, Hao Wang and Xinhua Guo","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00610D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00610D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The rapid and selective detection of biomarkers for the diagnosis of related diseases still remains a significant challenge due to the complexity of biosamples. Carboxylesterase (CES) is one of the most abundant serine hydrolases in the liver, playing an important role in the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds. In particular, the upregulation of CES is closely associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a potential biomarker to improve the diagnostic accuracy. Herein, based on the “substrate-hydrolysis enzymatic reaction” strategy, we developed a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) probe, named QF, for the quantitative analysis of CES activity. The QF contained an amide group serving as the enzymatic recognition moiety, and a quinoline tag was introduced to improve the ionization efficiency of both the substrate and its hydrolysis product. Therefore, the CES activity could be directly quantified by the relative intensity ratio of the product and substrate <em>via</em> MALDI-TOF MS without any additional internal standard. Owing to its operating simplicity, high-throughput capacity and quantification accuracy, the proposed method was successfully applied for CES activity quantification, inhibitor screening, and CES activity detection in the cell lysates. This study provides a tool for the rapid detection of CES activity and CES drug development.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 27","pages":" 5697-5703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A stable variable selection method based on SDDSI-SPA for temperature calibration of Vis-NIR spectroscopy in water pH monitoring","authors":"Xiaojian Hu, Lina Li and Hanjun Su","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00776C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00776C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Temperature instability has a negative effect on the determination of water quality <em>via</em> visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy, leading to non-uniform mapping relationships in cross-temperature spectral responses. However, conventional spectral correction algorithms struggle to effectively resolve temperature-induced spectral shift mechanisms, often resulting in the reduced prediction accuracy of water pH models due to variable over-correction. Thus, to address this issue, this study proposes a novel joint variable selection method termed SDDSI-SPA, which integrates the standard deviation of the difference spectra between primary and secondary instruments (SDDSI) and the successive projection algorithm (SPA). This approach effectively extracts temperature-stable, low-collinearity spectral features strongly correlated with pH values, significantly enhancing the correction efficiency of spectral calibration algorithms. Two spectral correction algorithms, direct standardization (DS) and piecewise direct standardization (PDS), were employed to resolve temperature-induced spectral variations. Five spectral datasets were collected under gradient temperature-controlled conditions (20–60 °C, Δ<em>T</em> = 10 °C) to validate the stability of the selected variables. Results demonstrate that the SDDSI-SPA method combined with PDS achieves stable cross-temperature spectral correction while reducing variable dimensionality, outperforming the whole-wavelength (WW), whole-wavelength combined with SPA (WW-SPA), and SDDSI-based models; the corresponding root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) for the 30–60 °C spectra were 0.624, 0.522, 0.562, and 0.483, respectively. Thus, this study provides a valuable reference for rapid pH assessment in water quality monitoring under complex temperature conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 27","pages":" 5672-5682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caihang Zhang, Mengke Lv, Yanmin Lin, Jiayi Yang, Yu Zhang, Xia Wang, Jingya Yang and Lianhua Dong
{"title":"Development of a plasmid reference material to improve the accuracy of quantitative detection of Bovine parvovirus†","authors":"Caihang Zhang, Mengke Lv, Yanmin Lin, Jiayi Yang, Yu Zhang, Xia Wang, Jingya Yang and Lianhua Dong","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00491H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00491H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Reference materials (RMs) serve as essential standards for the quantitative analysis of nucleic acid molecules using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), a widely employed method for pathogen detection. However, the lack of universal reference materials traceable to the International System of Units (SI) compromises the accuracy and comparability of quantitative results. To address this gap, we developed a plasmid RM for the quantitative detection of the <em>Bovine Parvovirus</em> (BPV) VP1 gene. To determine the reference value of the plasmid RM, we established a highly accurate and specific digital PCR (dPCR) method. This dPCR assay demonstrated excellent linearity across five orders of magnitude (10<small><sup>0</sup></small>–10<small><sup>5</sup></small> copies/reaction, <em>R</em><small><sup>2</sup></small> > 0.999). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 9 copies/reaction and 30 copies/reaction, respectively. Using the validated dPCR method, the reference value of the BPV plasmid RM was quantified as (2.21 ± 0.25) × 10<small><sup>6</sup></small> copies per μL, with an expanded uncertainty (coverage factor <em>k</em> = 2). The developed plasmid RM provides a reliable standard for the quantitative detection of BPV using qPCR, offering improved accuracy and traceability in diagnostic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 26","pages":" 5466-5472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144332065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuli Mei, Shuo Yang, Minghui Su, Jianjun Xie, Shengfeng Huang, Zhengjin Jiang and Yang Huang
{"title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon dots for ultrasensitive detection of Hg2+ in traditional Chinese medicine and bioimaging applications†","authors":"Yuli Mei, Shuo Yang, Minghui Su, Jianjun Xie, Shengfeng Huang, Zhengjin Jiang and Yang Huang","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00704F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00704F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs)-based fluorescent sensor was developed for ultrasensitive and selective detection of mercury ions (Hg<small><sup>2+</sup></small>) in complex matrices, such as <em>Panax notoginseng</em> (Burk.) F. H. Chen (Sanqi). The synthesized N-CDs exhibited intense blue fluorescence (quantum yield: 35%) with an ultra-small size of 1.93 ± 0.53 nm. Leveraging dynamic quenching mechanisms, the sensor achieved a linear detection range of 0–50 μM for Hg<small><sup>2+</sup></small> and an exceptionally low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2825 nM, outperforming existing CD-based sensors. The N-CDs demonstrated remarkable selectivity for Hg<small><sup>2+</sup></small> in the presence of interfering ions and complex herbal components. Hg<small><sup>2+</sup></small> in Sanqi samples was quantified by fluorescence analysis (25.5–26.8 μg kg<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, RSD < 2.0%) and cross-validated <em>via</em> Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) (24.8–26.2 μg kg<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, RSD < 1.0%), demonstrating N-CDs’ reliability for precise Hg<small><sup>2+</sup></small> detection. Additionally, the N-CDs exhibited excellent biocompatibility and were successfully applied for cellular imaging in A549 cells, showcasing their dual functionality in environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 26","pages":" 5400-5411"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Honggao Sun, Kun Liu, Jinqiu Fu, Xuehong Li, Lili Qiu, Manna Weng, Yun Zhang, Jiayi Zhang, Ke Huang, Xing Gan, Zhonggang Fang and Hua Pei
{"title":"Establishment of ABEI-based direct chemiluminescence immunoassays for PIC, TAT, tPAIC, and TM and their preliminary evaluation in thrombotic diseases†","authors":"Honggao Sun, Kun Liu, Jinqiu Fu, Xuehong Li, Lili Qiu, Manna Weng, Yun Zhang, Jiayi Zhang, Ke Huang, Xing Gan, Zhonggang Fang and Hua Pei","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00537J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00537J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Thromboembolism is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Screening and diagnosis are essential for the prevention and control of thrombotic diseases. This study evaluated four newly developed chemiluminescence assays for the detection of α2-plasmininhibitor-plasmin complex (PIC), thrombin–antithrombin III complex (TAT), tissue plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor complex (tPAIC) and thrombomodulin (TM) based on an <em>N</em>-(4-aminobutyl)-<em>N</em>-ethylisoluminol (ABEI)-hydrogen peroxide (H<small><sub>2</sub></small>O<small><sub>2</sub></small>) system. Results demonstrated that the proposed MAGLUMI PIC, TAT, tPAIC and TM tests exhibited good analytical performance and were in good concordance with the SYSMEX system. Compared with the controls, patients with thrombotic diseases exhibited significantly elevated levels of TAT, PIC, TM, and tPAIC in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and elevated levels of TAT, PIC, and tPAIC in ischemic stroke (IS). Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that combined PIC and tPAIC contributed to the best area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.915 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.859–0.959) for DIC diagnosis. The diagnostic system formed using TAT, PIC, and tPAIC could be used for IS diagnosis with an AUC value of 0.839 (95% CI: 0.762–0.899). Our study demonstrates the good performance of MAGLUMI TAT, PIC, tPAIC and TM CLIA tests, suggesting their potential for thrombotic disease diagnosis, and the combination of these thrombosis markers could provide an enhancement in diagnostic efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 26","pages":" 5489-5497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weiyuan Liang, Rongxian Huang, Qiguang Li, Yaru Liang and Xu Teng
{"title":"Hydrogel-assisted chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence systems for bioanalytical applications","authors":"Weiyuan Liang, Rongxian Huang, Qiguang Li, Yaru Liang and Xu Teng","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00489F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00489F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrogels, a class of polymer materials with a three-dimensional network, are widely used in biosensors due to their remarkable biocompatibility, abundant availability, and good solubility. In recent years, hydrogels have attracted considerable attention as promising candidates for the construction of chemiluminescence (CL) biosensors and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors, particularly for <em>in vitro</em> biological detection. This paper presents the advances in hydrogel-based CL and ECL sensors for bioanalytical applications. Firstly, it summarizes the design principles of hydrogels in CL and ECL biosensors. Secondly, the detection mechanisms underlying hydrogel-based CL and ECL systems are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the latest applications of hydrogel-based CL and ECL biosensors are introduced, encompassing the detection of hydrogen peroxide, proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. Finally, the paper provides guidelines for overcoming the current issues towards hydrogel-based CL and ECL sensing technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 27","pages":" 5546-5562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimisation of electronic nose performance with multi-attention and domain adaptation for fire forensics","authors":"Tian-Shu Song, Hui-Rang Hou and Qing-Hao Meng","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00474H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00474H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The identification of ignitable liquids at fire scenes is a crucial component of forensic investigations. However, conventional analytical methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, often require costly equipment, specialised expertise, and extended analysis times, which limits their effectiveness for rapid on-site detection. As such, electronic nose (e-nose) technology presents a cost-effective and portable alternative. Nevertheless, inconsistencies in sensor responses across different platforms pose challenges to model transferability which requires independent data collection and model training for each device. This study introduces a multiple attention adversarial transfer learning (MAATL) network aimed at addressing cross-platform variability in ignitable liquid detection using e-noses. The MAATL framework incorporates a multiple attention mechanism to optimise sensor signals, a multi-scale one-dimensional convolutional network for feature extraction, and adversarial learning techniques to enhance domain adaptation. Experimental validation involved five e-nose platforms and four classes of ignitable liquids, namely gasoline, diesel, alcohol, and diluent. The results demonstrated an average classification accuracy of 87% with peak accuracy reaching as high as 97.3%. Furthermore, the Fréchet inception distance (FID) metric indicated significant distribution differences between e-nose platforms, with values ranging from 12.8 to 35.6. Overall, these findings suggest that the proposed method enhances the reliability and scalability of e-nose-based ignitable liquid detection, thereby contributing to more efficient forensic investigations and expanding potential applications in chemical sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 26","pages":" 5433-5447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinhong Fu, Jianjun Dong, Qiuyang Deng, Yujuan Chen, Tuoyu Ju, Jie Luo and Zuobin Wang
{"title":"AFM-based nano detection of the effects of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on hepatoma cells†","authors":"Jinhong Fu, Jianjun Dong, Qiuyang Deng, Yujuan Chen, Tuoyu Ju, Jie Luo and Zuobin Wang","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00553A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00553A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCSCs) have garnered attention in cancer therapy due to their easy accessibility, robust proliferation and multifunctionality; however, their pro-/anti-tumorigenic effects remain debated. This study established a non-contact co-culture system between validated UCSC and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). The results showed that UCSCs enhanced the proliferation and migration of HepG2 and HCC-LM3 cells while reducing F-actin fluorescence intensity. Using the contact–retraction cycle principle of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe, we observed nanoscale topographical data and mechanical changes in the co-cultured cells. The results showed that UCSCs increased the height and roughness of HepG2 and HCC-LM3 cells, but decreased elastic modulus, adhesion, and aspect ratio. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong associations between mechanical properties (adhesion, height, roughness) and functional behaviors (proliferation, migration, F-actin expression). Overall, this study demonstrated that UCSCs promote HCC growth, providing new insights into the role of stem cells in HCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 25","pages":" 5228-5237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akhmad Irfan Alfiyan, Agustina Sus Andreani, Tien Setyaningtyas, Brian Yuliarto and Marissa Angelina
{"title":"Ultrafast point-of-care colorimetric detection of dengue using gold nanoparticles capped with β-cyclodextrin modified NS1 antibody†","authors":"Akhmad Irfan Alfiyan, Agustina Sus Andreani, Tien Setyaningtyas, Brian Yuliarto and Marissa Angelina","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00356C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00356C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Herein, an ultrafast point-of-care detection of dengue using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with a Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antibody was developed to reduce the death rate it causes. The process starts with synthesizing AuNPs using β-cyclodextrin (β-CDs) as reducing and stabilizing agents. Then, the surface of AuNPs was modified using 11-mercaptoundecanoid acid (MUA) 95%, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC)/<em>N</em>-(3-dimethylammopropyl)–NO–hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), followed by bioconjugation using NS1 antibody to increase their selectivity and specificity. Under optimal conditions (0.36 mM HAuCl<small><sub>4</sub></small> and 0.005 M β-CDs at pH 12), the AuNPs have a red wine color with an SPR absorption band at 517 nm with an absorbance of 0.636. After modification with NS1 antibody (AuNPs-mAb), the spectrum shifted to 522 nm with an absorbance of 0.044 and a slightly purplish color. The results showed that AuNPs-mAb can detect dengue virus in 1 minute (ultrafast). This can be seen from the absorbance change of 0.296, the wavelength shifted to 526 nm, and the color change of the solution from slightly purplish to faint purple. This method has high sensitivity with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992, and the Limit of Detection (LoD) and Limit of Quantitation (LoQ) values are 39 290 ng mL<small><sup>−1</sup></small> and 130 968 ng mL<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, respectively, with a linear concentration range between 75-250 ng mL<small><sup>−1</sup></small>. AuNPs-mAb also showed high selectivity to NS1 antigen at a 75 ng mL<small><sup>−1</sup></small> concentration compared to glucose, cholesterol, and uric acid at the same concentration. In addition, this method was proven effective when tested on human serum samples, showing excellent results in detecting dengue virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 25","pages":" 5238-5249"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahsa Joudi, Aysa Abbasalizadeh, Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam, Mahboob Nemati, Mir Ali Farajzadeh, Mina Islambulchilar, Ali Akbar Alizadeh Nabil and Mustafa Tuzen
{"title":"Deep eutectic solvent-based supramolecular solvent for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of aflatoxin B1 from safflower oil seeds prior to HPLC","authors":"Mahsa Joudi, Aysa Abbasalizadeh, Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam, Mahboob Nemati, Mir Ali Farajzadeh, Mina Islambulchilar, Ali Akbar Alizadeh Nabil and Mustafa Tuzen","doi":"10.1039/D5AY00014A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5AY00014A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Many foods and feeds may be contaminated with toxic mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B<small><sub>1</sub></small> (AFB<small><sub>1</sub></small>). Aflatoxin toxicity can lead to diverse harmful effects such as cancer, liver toxicity, and birth defects. Consequently, it is essential to establish a selective and efficient technique for analyzing AFB<small><sub>1</sub></small> levels in foods. In the current work, a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method based on a supramolecular solvent was developed for the rapid assessment of aflatoxin B<small><sub>1</sub></small> levels in safflower seeds <em>via</em> high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. In this procedure, a deep eutectic solvent-based supramolecular solvent was prepared by dispersing 1-dodecanol in a choline chloride:ethylene glycol solution. This prepared solvent was then used as the extractant in the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction step. The effects of significant parameters were investigated and optimized using a “one-parameter-at-a-time” method. Under optimal conditions, a wide linearity range of 0.09–250 ng g<small><sup>−1</sup></small> and an acceptable extraction recovery (69%) were achieved. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 0.03 and 0.09 ng g<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, respectively. Furthermore, the relative standard deviations for intra- and inter-day precisions were ≤5.9%. As a result, the present method was successfully applied to monitor aflatoxin B<small><sub>1</sub></small> levels in safflower seeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":64,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Methods","volume":" 25","pages":" 5269-5275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}