Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of ruminal methane and ammonia formation and microbiota composition as affected by supplements based on mixtures of tannins and essential oils using Rusitec.","authors":"Giulia Foggi, Melissa Terranova, Matteo Daghio, Sergej L Amelchanka, Giuseppe Conte, Simon Ineichen, Monica Agnolucci, Carlo Viti, Alberto Mantino, Arianna Buccioni, Michael Kreuzer, Marcello Mele","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01005-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-01005-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dietary supplements based on tannin extracts or essential oil compounds (EOC) have been repeatedly reported as a promising feeding strategy to reduce the environmental impact of ruminant husbandry. A previous batch culture screening of various supplements identified selected mixtures with an enhanced potential to mitigate ruminal methane and ammonia formation. Among these, Q-2 (named after quebracho extract and EOC blend 2, composed of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol) and C-10 (chestnut extract and EOC blend 10, consisting of oregano and thyme essential oils and limonene) have been investigated in detail in the present study with the semi-continuous rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) in three independent runs. For this purpose, Q-2 and C-10, dosed according to the previous study, were compared with a non-supplemented diet (negative control, NC) and with one supplemented with the commercial EOC-based Agolin^® Ruminant (positive control, PC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From d 5 to 10 of fermentation incubation liquid was collected and analysed for pH, ammonia, protozoa count, and gas composition. Feed residues were collected for the determination of ruminal degradability. On d 10, samples of incubation liquid were also characterised for bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and 26S ribosomal large subunit gene amplicons. Regardless of the duration of the fermentation period, Q-2 and C-10 were similarly efficient as PC in mitigating either ammonia (-37% by Q-2, -34% by PC) or methane formation (-12% by C-10, -12% by PC). The PC was also responsible for lower feed degradability and bacterial and fungal richness, whereas Q-2 and C-10 effects, particularly on microbiome diversities, were limited compared to NC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>All additives showed the potential to mitigate methane or ammonia formation, or both, in vitro over a period of 10 d. However, several differences occurred between PC and Q-2/C-10, indicating different mechanisms of action. The pronounced defaunation caused by PC and its suggested consequences apparently determined at least part of the mitigant effects. Although the depressive effect on NDF degradability caused by Q-2 and C-10 might partially explain their mitigation properties, their mechanisms of action remain mostly to be elucidated.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10986001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140337834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significant genomic introgression from grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii) to domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).","authors":"Xiurong Zhao, Junhui Wen, Xinye Zhang, Jinxin Zhang, Tao Zhu, Huie Wang, Weifang Yang, Guomin Cao, Wenjie Xiong, Yong Liu, Changqing Qu, Zhonghua Ning, Lujiang Qu","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01006-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-01006-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chicken is one of the most numerous and widely distributed species around the world, and many studies support the multiple ancestral origins of domestic chickens. The research regarding the yellow skin phenotype in domestic chickens (regulated by BCO2) likely originating from the grey junglefowl serves as crucial evidence for demonstrating the multiple origins of chickens. However, beyond the BCO2 gene region, much remains unknown about the introgression from the grey junglefowl into domestic chickens. Therefore, in this study, based on whole-genome data of 149 samples including 4 species of wild junglefowls and 13 local domestic chicken breeds, we explored the introgression events from the grey junglefowl to domestic chickens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We successfully detected introgression regions besides BCO2, including two associated with growth trait (IGFBP2 and TKT), one associated with angiogenesis (TIMP3) and two members of the heat shock protein family (HSPB2 and CRYAB). Our findings suggest that the introgression from the grey junglefowl may impact the growth performance of chickens. Furthermore, we revealed introgression events from grey junglefowl at the BCO2 region in multiple domestic chicken breeds, indicating a phenomenon where the yellow skin phenotype likely underwent strong selection and was retained. Additionally, our haplotype analysis shed light on BCO2 introgression event from different sources of grey junglefowl into domestic chickens, possibly suggesting multiple genetic flows between the grey junglefowl and domestic chickens.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In summary, our findings provide evidences of the grey junglefowl contributing to the genetic diversity of domestic chickens, laying the foundation for a deeper understanding of the genetic composition within domestic chickens, and offering new perspectives on the impact of introgression on domestic chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10983685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-omics integration identifies regulatory factors underlying bovine subclinical mastitis.","authors":"Mengqi Wang, Naisu Yang, Mario Laterrière, David Gagné, Faith Omonijo, Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-00996-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-00996-8","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Mastitis caused by multiple factors remains one of the most common and costly disease of the dairy industry. Multi-omics approaches enable the comprehensive investigation of the complex interactions between multiple layers of information to provide a more holistic view of disease pathogenesis. Therefore, this study investigated the genomic and epigenomic signatures and the possible regulatory mechanisms underlying subclinical mastitis by integrating RNA sequencing data (mRNA and lncRNA), small RNA sequencing data (miRNA) and DNA methylation sequencing data of milk somatic cells from 10 healthy cows and 20 cows with naturally occurring subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus chromogenes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Functional investigation of the data sets through gene set analysis uncovered 3458 biological process GO terms and 170 KEGG pathways with altered activities during subclinical mastitis, provided further insights into subclinical mastitis and revealed the involvement of multi-omics signatures in the altered immune responses and impaired mammary gland productivity during subclinical mastitis. The abundant genomic and epigenomic signatures with significant alterations related to subclinical mastitis were observed, including 30,846, 2552, 1276 and 57 differential methylation haplotype blocks (dMHBs), differentially expressed genes (DEGs), lncRNAs (DELs) and miRNAs (DEMs), respectively. Next, 5 factors presenting the principal variation of differential multi-omics signatures were identified. The important roles of Factor 1 (DEG, DEM and DEL) and Factor 2 (dMHB and DEM), in the regulation of immune defense and impaired mammary gland functions during subclinical mastitis were revealed. Each of the omics within Factors 1 and 2 explained about 20% of the source of variation in subclinical mastitis. Also, networks of important functional gene sets with the involvement of multi-omics signatures were demonstrated, which contributed to a comprehensive view of the possible regulatory mechanisms underlying subclinical mastitis. Furthermore, multi-omics integration enabled the association of the epigenomic regulatory factors (dMHBs, DELs and DEMs) of altered genes in important pathways, such as 'Staphylococcus aureus infection pathway' and 'natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity pathway', etc., which provides further insights into mastitis regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, few multi-omics signatures (14 dMHBs, 25 DEGs, 18 DELs and 5 DEMs) were identified as candidate discriminant signatures with capacity of distinguishing subclinical mastitis cows from healthy cows.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The integration of genomic and epigenomic data by multi-omics approaches in this study provided a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying subclinical mastitis and identified multi-omics candidate discriminant signatures for subclinical mastitis, which may ultimately le","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10938844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140121516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global gene expression profiling of perirenal brown adipose tissue whitening in goat kids reveals novel genes linked to adipose remodeling.","authors":"Le Zhao, Haili Yang, Minhao Li, Min Xiao, Xingchun Li, Lei Cheng, Wenqiang Cheng, Meixi Chen, Yongju Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-00994-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-00994-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to be capable of non-shivering thermogenesis under cold stimulation, which is related to the mortality of animals. In the previous study, we observed that goat BAT is mainly located around the kidney at birth, and changes to white adipose tissue (WAT) in the perirenal adipose tissue of goats within one month after birth. However, the regulatory factors underlying this change is remain unclear. In this study, we systematically studied the perirenal adipose tissue of goat kids in histological, cytological, and accompanying molecular level changes from 0 to 28 d after birth.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study found a higher mortality rate in winter-born goat kids, with goat birthing data statistics. Then we used thermal imaging revealing high temperature in goat hips at postnatal 0 d and gradually decrease during 28 d. This is consistent with the region of perirenal BAT deposition and highlights its critical role in energy expenditure and body temperature regulation in goat kids. Additionally, we found a series of changes of BAT during the first 28 d after birth, such as whitening, larger lipid droplets, decreased mitochondrial numbers, and down-regulation of key thermogenesis-related genes (UCP1, DIO2, UCP2, CIDEA, PPARGC1a, C/EBPb, and C/EBPa). Then, we used RNA-seq found specific marker genes for goat adipose tissue and identified 12 new marker genes for BAT and 10 new marker genes for WAT of goats. Furthermore, 12 candidate genes were found to potentially regulate goat BAT thermogenesis. The mechanism of the change of this biological phenomenon does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes. While apoptosis may play a limited role, it is largely not critical in this transition process.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We concluded that perirenal BAT plays a crucial role in thermoregulation in newborn goat kids, with notable species differences in the expression of adipose tissue marker genes, and we highlighted some potential marker genes for goat BAT and WAT. Additionally, the change from BAT to WAT does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10938744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140121515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Staphylococcus aureus and biofilms: transmission, threats, and promising strategies in animal husbandry.","authors":"Mengda Song, Qi Tang, Yakun Ding, Peng Tan, Yucheng Zhang, Tao Wang, Chenlong Zhou, Shenrui Xu, Mengwei Lyu, Yueyu Bai, Xi Ma","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01007-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-01007-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogenic bacterium in animal husbandry that can cause diseases such as mastitis, skin infections, arthritis, and other ailments. The formation of biofilms threatens and exacerbates S. aureus infection by allowing the bacteria to adhere to pathological areas and livestock product surfaces, thus triggering animal health crises and safety issues with livestock products. To solve this problem, in this review, we provide a brief overview of the harm caused by S. aureus and its biofilms on livestock and animal byproducts (meat and dairy products). We also describe the ways in which S. aureus spreads in animals and the threats it poses to the livestock industry. The processes and molecular mechanisms involved in biofilm formation are then explained. Finally, we discuss strategies for the removal and eradication of S. aureus and biofilms in animal husbandry, including the use of antimicrobial peptides, plant extracts, nanoparticles, phages, and antibodies. These strategies to reduce the spread of S. aureus in animal husbandry help maintain livestock health and improve productivity to ensure the ecologically sustainable development of animal husbandry and the safety of livestock products.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10936095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140112334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-depth proteome characterization of endometrium and extraembryonic membranes during implantation in pig.","authors":"Maria A Gil, Josep M Cambra, Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez, Cristina Cuello, Inmaculada Parrilla, Emilio A Martinez","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01002-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-01002-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Proteome characterization of the porcine endometrium and extraembryonic membranes is important to understand mother-embryo cross-communication. In this study, the proteome of the endometrium and chorioallantoic membrane was characterized in pregnant sows (PS) during early gestation (d 18 and 24 of gestation) and in the endometrium of non-pregnant sows (NPS) during the same days using LC-MS/MS analysis. The UniProtKB database and ClueGO were used to obtain functional Gene Ontology annotations and biological and functional networks, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis yielded 3,254 and 3,457 proteins identified in the endometrium of PS and NPS, respectively; of these, 1,753 being common while 1,501 and 1,704 were exclusive to PS and NPS, respectively. In addition, we identified 3,968 proteins in the extraembryonic membranes of PS. Further analyses of function revealed some proteins had relevance for the immune system process and biological adhesion in endometrium while the embryonic chorion displayed abundance of proteins related to cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization, suggesting they dominated the moment of endometrial remodeling, implantation and adhesion of the lining epithelia. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD042565.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first in-depth proteomic characterization of the endometrium and extraembryonic membranes during weeks 3 to 4 of gestation; data that contribute to the molecular understanding of the dynamic environment during this critical period, associated with the majority of pregnancy losses.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10929143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140102943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Betaine addition to the diet alleviates intestinal injury in growing rabbits during the summer heat through the AAT/mTOR pathway.","authors":"Zimei Li, Junning Pu, Xiang Chen, Yanbin Chen, Xiaoyan Peng, Jingyi Cai, Gang Jia, Hua Zhao, Gang Tian","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-00998-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-00998-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of different levels of betaine (Bet) inclusion in the diet on the intestinal health of growing rabbits under summer heat. A total of 100 weaned Qixing meat rabbits aged 35 d with body weight of 748.61 ± 38.59 g were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups: control group (basal diet) and Bet groups (basal diet + 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg Bet). The average daily temperature in the rabbitry during the experiment was 30.48 °C and the relative humidity was 69.44%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dietary addition of Bet had no significant effect on growth performance and health status of growing rabbits (P > 0.05), but it increased ileal secretory immunoglobulin A content compared to the control under summer heat (P < 0.05). Addition of 0.75 g/kg Bet up-regulated jejunal IL-4, down-regulated ileal TNF-α expression (P < 0.05). The addition of 1.0 g/kg Bet increased the villi height (VH) in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Serum glucose levels were reduced, and the expression of SLC6A20 was up-regulated in jejunum and ileum of rabbits fed with 1.5 g/kg Bet (P < 0.05). When added at 2.0 g/kg, Bet reduced serum HSP70 content, increased jejunal VH, and up-regulated duodenal SLC7A6, SLC38A2, mTOR and 4EBP-2 expression (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that intestinal mTOR expression was significantly and positively correlated with SLC7A6, SLC38A2, SLC36A1 and IL-4 expression (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dietary addition of Bet can up-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory factors through the AAT/mTOR pathway, improve the intestinal immune function, alleviate intestinal damage in growing rabbits caused by summer heat, and improve intestinal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10921597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140061387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reorganization of 3D genome architecture provides insights into pathogenesis of early fatty liver disease in laying hens.","authors":"Yanli Liu, Zhuqing Zheng, Chaohui Wang, Yumeng Wang, Xi Sun, Zhouzheng Ren, Xin Yang, Xiaojun Yang","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01001-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-01001-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fatty liver disease causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry due to its high occurrence and lethality rate. Three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture takes part in disease processing by regulating transcriptional reprogramming. The study is carried out to investigate the alterations of hepatic 3D genome and H3K27ac profiling in early fatty liver (FLS) and reveal their effect on hepatic transcriptional reprogramming in laying hens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results show that FLS model is constructed with obvious phenotypes including hepatic visible lipid deposition as well as higher total triglyceride and cholesterol in serum. A/B compartment switching, topologically associating domain (TAD) and chromatin loop changes are identified by high-throughput/resolution chromosome conformation capture (HiC) technology. Targeted genes of these alternations in hepatic 3D genome organization significantly enrich pathways related to lipid metabolism and hepatic damage. H3K27ac differential peaks and differential expression genes (DEGs) identified through RNA-seq analysis are also enriched in these pathways. Notably, certain DEGs are found to correspond with changes in 3D chromatin structure and H3K27ac binding in their promoters. DNA motif analysis reveals that candidate transcription factors are implicated in regulating transcriptional reprogramming. Furthermore, disturbed folate metabolism is observed, as evidenced by lower folate levels and altered enzyme expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings establish a link between transcriptional reprogramming changes and 3D chromatin structure variations during early FLS formation, which provides candidate transcription factors and folate as targets for FLS prevention or treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10919017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140051194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of HCAR2 antagonists as a potential strategy to modulate bovine leukocytes.","authors":"Laman K Mamedova, Kirby C Krogstad, Paiton O McDonald, Laxman Pokhrel, Duy H Hua, Evan C Titgemeyer, Barry J Bradford","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-00999-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-00999-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dairy cows experiencing ketosis after calving suffer greater disease incidence and are at greater risk of leaving the herd. In vitro administration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA; the primary blood ketone) has inhibitory effects on the function of bovine leukocytes. BHBA is a ligand of HCAR2 and the activation of these receptors promotes an anti-inflammatory response which may be related with immunosuppression observed in transition dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to identify and test antagonists for HCAR2 in bovine immune cells cultured with BHBA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed expression of HCAR2 at the protein level within lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. The proportion of cells expressing HCAR2 tended to be greater in mid-lactation compared to early lactation cows; the increase was a result of increased proportion of T and B cells expressing HCAR2. Stimulation of HCAR2 with niacin or BHBA promoted Ca²⁺ mobilization in neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cells treated with BHBA had diminished intracellular Ca²⁺ responses when HCAR2 was knocked down by siRNA silencing, indicating Ca²⁺ mobilization was mediated by HCAR2 signaling. Two candidate antagonists for HCAR2, synthesized from niacin (NA-1 and NA-5), were tested; monocytes and neutrophils pre-treated with NA-1 and NA-5 had reduced Ca²⁺ mobilization after incubation with BHBA. Furthermore, NA-5 but not NA-1 prevented BHBA-associated reductions in cyclic AMP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We demonstrated that HCAR2 is present on bovine leukocytes and has greater expression later in lactation. We confirmed that BHBA and niacin derived HCAR2 antagonists alter bovine leukocyte activity. Our results demonstrate that both BHBA and niacin affect bovine leukocyte Ca²⁺ mobilization in a HCAR2-dependent manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10916251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel uses of ensiled biomasses as feedstocks for green biorefineries.","authors":"Marketta Rinne","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-00992-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-024-00992-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perennial forage plants are efficient utilizers of solar radiation and nutrients so that there is a lot of scope to increase the production of green biomass in many areas. Currently, grasses are mainly used as feeds for ruminants and equines, but there could be higher added value use for several components of the green biomass. Interest in green biorefining has risen recently motivated by the increased sustainability pressures and need to break the reliance on fossil fuels. Novel products derived from grass, such as paper and packaging, nanofibers, animal bedding, novel protein feeds, extracted proteins, biochemicals, nutraceuticals, bioactive compounds, biogas and biochar could create new sustainable business opportunities in rural areas. Most green biorefinery concepts focus on using fresh green biomass as the feedstock, but preservation of it by ensiling would provide several benefits such as all-year-around availability of the feedstock and increased stability of the press juice and press cake. The major difference between fresh and ensiled grass is the conversion of water soluble carbohydrates into fermentation end products, mainly lactic and acetic acids, that lower the pH of the silage so that it becomes stable in anaerobic conditions. This has some important consequences on the processability and quality of products, which are partly positive and partly negative, e.g., degradation of protein into peptides, amino acids and ammonia. These aspects are discussed in this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10913225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}