Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science最新文献

{"title":"An Adaptive Finite Element Scheme for Solving Space-time Riesz-Caputo Fractional Partial Differential Equations.","authors":"E. Adel,&nbsp;I. L. El-Kalla,&nbsp;A. Elsaid,&nbsp;M. Sameeh","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01789-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01789-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article proposes a new formulation of the adaptive finite element and finite difference methods to obtain an approximate solution to the Riesz-Caputo space-time fractional partial differential equations. We propose the targeted algorithm for complexity addressing in one dimensional nonuniform meshes. The proposed technique uses a known gradient recovery method with optimal accuracy: the polynomial preserving recovery technique, and offers adaptivity. This procedure is based on extensive analytical results about error margins, stability criteria, etc. To emphasize its efficiency even more, the article gives numerous numerical examples showing the algorithm has advantages over the other numerical approaches. This shows the method’s efficiency and a useful implementation for these kinds of fractional partial differential equations posed in fractional calculus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 4","pages":"1061 - 1073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Approximation of Szász-Jakimovski-Leviatan Beta Type Integral Operators Enhanced by Appell Polynomials","authors":"Mohammad Ayman-Mursaleen,&nbsp;Md. Nasiruzzaman,&nbsp;Nadeem Rao","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01782-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01782-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this present article is to illustrate the approximation and related properties of Szász-Jakimovski-Leviatan type operators constructed using Beta functions. In this context, approximations are obtained by constructing a new class of Szász-Jakimovski-Leviatan Beta type operators, which are introduced through the Appell polynomials in Dunkl formulations. In the investigations, the approximation is studied in Korovkin’s and weighted Korovkin’s spaces involving local and global approximations. The rate of convergence is also obtained in terms of the weighted modulus of continuity, Lipschitz functions, Peetre’s <i>K</i>-functional, and some direct theorems. Consequently, in the final paragraph, approximations are studied through <i>A</i>-statistical convergence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 4","pages":"1013 - 1022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145167257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical Analysis of an Optimal Control Problem for Mitigating HPV Transmission and Cervical Cancer Progression through Educational Campaigns","authors":"M. Arunkumar,&nbsp;Praveen Kumar Rajan,&nbsp;K. Murugesan","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01804-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01804-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection that affects the cervix (the lower part of the uterus leading to the vagina) and is often associated with cervical cancer. This paper introduces a control-induced deterministic model to analyze and combat the spread of HPV and cervical cancer in India. We establish the nonnegativity and boundedness of the solution of the model and also provide the basic reproduction number <span>(mathcal {R}_0)</span>. The existence of equilibria in the model is determined. An objective functional is formulated to reduce HPV and cervical cancer infections by raising awareness among the susceptible population through educational campaigns. The existence of the optimal control is proved, and the necessary conditions for the optimality system are derived. Utilizing Pontryagin’s maximum principle, we explicitly formulate the optimal control. Through numerical simulations, we elucidate the pivotal role of the control variable: that is, its absence leads to <span>(mathcal {R}_0 &gt; 1)</span>, indicative of sustained disease transmission, while its inclusion reduces <span>(mathcal {R}_0 &lt; 1)</span>, signaling a decline in outbreaks. Notably, varied control variable values exert substantial influence on the model dynamics. The stability of equilibria is established graphically. Moreover, the obtained findings underscore the efficacy of educational campaigns in mitigating HPV spread, offering promising avenues for disease control and prevention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 5","pages":"1309 - 1325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Finite Strain Accumulation and its Variation Across the Fold System in Southern Kaladgi Basin Around Bagalkot, India","authors":"Chetan Patreppa Hanji,&nbsp;A. Sreenivasa,&nbsp;Anant G. Pujar","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01806-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01806-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Deformative forces exert stress on rock formations, when sufficient, these forces turn penetrative, correspondingly causing the rocks to accommodate strain. Numerous strain measurement techniques (Finite strain analysis) have been documented by early pioneers in kinematics, among which <i>R</i>_<i>f</i><i>/ϕ</i> method is utilized in the current investigation of the southern region of the Proterozoic Kaladgi basin near Bagalkot. The Kaladgis show significant structural disturbance (joints, faults, and shears), making them suitable for Kinematic Study. This study focuses on measurement of the strain across the doubly plunging fold, which includes both anticline and syncline in a fold system. Oriented samples were used for thin sections. Meticulously procured Optical photomicrographs of these samples were analysed using the <i>R</i>_<i>f</i><i>/ϕ</i> approach in Ellipse Fit V3.11.0 software with designated tools and methods. The samples exhibit a strain range of <i>R</i>_<i>s</i> 1.16 to 1.99 for <i>XZ</i> sections and, <i>ε</i>_<i>s</i> (Strain amount) 0.099 to 0.427 which accounts the amount of force acting on a plane at an angle. In Flinn and Logarithmic diagrams to visualise data, all samples fall within the apparent flattening field, indicating compressional forces exerted on a spherical body resulted in a flattened oblate ellipsoid geometry (<i>σ1 = σ2&gt;&gt;σ3)</i> indicative of compressional tectonic and progressive deformation. These are defined by the Flinn parameter (<i>k</i>) and <i>d</i> value, a potential measure of strain intensity, (0.1189 to 0.6242) whose variation proves strain localisation defined by higher ellipticity of grains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 5","pages":"1267 - 1279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study the emission feature of shower particles and slow particles using multisource thermal model at relativistic energy","authors":"Manoj Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Babita Kumari","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01799-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01799-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since the prediction of the Quark Gluon Plasma, a new phase of matter, more than a decade ago, significant amounts of research has been dedicated to the study of relativistic nucleus-nucleus and hadrons-nucleus collisions. In this article we have focused our study on the emission feature of shower, grey and black particles emerged from the interactivity of <span>(^{84}Kr)</span> with different target nuclei of emulsion. We have studied average multiplicity of shower, grey and black particles as well as their dependence on mass of projectile and target nuclei. The results of the experiments indicate that the average multiplicity of black particles is roughly constant, while the average multiplicity of shower and grey particles rises with projectile mass (<span>(A_{p})</span>). The results were also compared with calculated values obtained from multisource thermal model and found to be consistent. We have also studied the normalized multiplicity distribution of shower, grey and black particles. The data were also compared with other available experimental observations and the calculated values obtained from the multisource thermal model. The observation shows that the emission feature of shower, grey and black particles were well explained by multisource thermal model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 5","pages":"1489 - 1494"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anionic and Cationic Doped TiO2 Surfaces for Phosgene Oxime Detection","authors":"Nasim Orangi,&nbsp;Hossein Farrokhpour,&nbsp;Mehrdad Gerami","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01803-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01803-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The adsorption of the phosgene oxime (CX) molecule from different orientations on the pure (111) TiO₂ surface was studied using periodic DFT calculations. Adsorption energies are negative in all configurations, indicating the formation of stable adsorption systems. However, further analysis focused on the adsorption of the CX via its N atom on the surface, which exhibited the highest adsorption energy. Furthermore, the total density of states and HOMO–LUMO calculations were performed to investigate the effect of the CX adsorption on the electronic properties of the pure and doped (111) TiO₂ surfaces. It should be noted that the (Zr⁺⁴–S⁻²) and Ge⁺⁴ doped (111) TiO₂ surfaces have the highest and lowest adsorption energy with the values of − 85.92 and − 19.39 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the other doped adsorption systems. Nevertheless, the (Ge⁺⁴) adsorption system exhibits the largest variation in band gap energy (2.20 and 2.73 eV for the Ge- adsorption system and Ge-surface, respectively ∼20% change) during CX adsorption, indicating the highest change in its electrical conductivity. Consequently, the Ge⁺⁴-doped adsorption system is a promising sensor of toxic CX molecule.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 5","pages":"1251 - 1265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles for Efficient Congo Red Dye Removal from Wastewater","authors":"Pouya Karami,&nbsp;Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti,&nbsp;Alessandro F. Martins,&nbsp;Narges Fereydouni","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01814-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01814-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water pollution, exacerbated by industrialization and agricultural practices, necessitates effective and sustainable treatment solutions. Conventional wastewater treatment methods often fall short due to high costs and inefficiencies. Nanotechnology, particularly copper-based nanoparticles (Cu and CuO NPs), has emerged as a promising alternative due to their high surface area, catalytic properties, and antimicrobial effects. This study explores the biosynthesis of Cu and CuO NPs using <i>Citrus aurantium</i> extract and evaluates their efficiency in removing Congo Red dye from wastewater. Cu and CuO NPs were synthesized using an aqueous extract of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurements, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The dye removal efficiency was assessed using spectrophotometry, and adsorption behavior was analyzed through isotherm models and kinetic studies under varying experimental conditions. XRD confirmed the formation of crystalline Cu and CuO NPs. SEM images revealed aggregation, while FTIR confirmed organic capping agents. CuO NPs exhibited a higher surface area (7.34 m²/g) than Cu NPs (3.19 m²/g), leading to superior initial dye removal efficiency. Adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was thermodynamically favorable. This study demonstrates the potential of <i>Citrus aurantium</i>-derived Cu and CuO NPs as eco-friendly and effective agents for wastewater treatment. CuO NPs excel in single-use applications, whereas Cu NPs offer better stability over multiple reuse cycles, providing a sustainable approach for environmental remediation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 5","pages":"1235 - 1249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Class of Korovkin-Type Theorems on Double Sequences","authors":"H. M. Srivastava,&nbsp;Bidu Bhusan Jena,&nbsp;Susanta Kumar Paikray","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01793-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01793-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we introduce the concept of statistical deferred weighted convergence for double real sequences and use it to establish a Korovkin-type approximation theorem on double sequences of positive linear operators. These operators act on the space of <span>(2pi)</span>-periodic, continuous real-valued functions in two dimensions. We also demonstrate that our results are more robust than those obtained from their single-sequence statistical and classical counterparts. Furthermore, we examine the rates of statistical deferred weighted convergence with the same set of <span>(2pi)</span>-periodic functions. Finally, we provide several examples to validate our theoretical findings and present suitable graphs via MATLAB software to demonstrate the convergence behaviour of the results under our proposed methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 4","pages":"1103 - 1114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Analysis of ITO:FeCl3 and ITO:AlCl3 Thin Films Obtained by the Sol–Gel Process","authors":"Alaa M. Theban,&nbsp;Falah H. Ali","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01802-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01802-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The properties and applications of Ferric Chloride (FeCl₃) and Aluminum Chloride (AlCl₃) films made by the sol–gel technique are fully examined in this work. Its main objectives are these films’ synthesis, structural characterization, and performance assessment. Using a sol–gel dip-coating process, thin films of pure indium tin oxide (ITO) and ITO mixed with FeCl₃ and AlCl₃ at ratios of 50, 100, and 150% were produced. Indium (III) Chloride (InCl₃) and Trichlorostannate (SnCl₄) two reasonably priced precursors were used. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and ultraviolet–visible UV–Vis spectroscopy were utilized to examine the ITO samples. Whereas the gap in the optical band of pure ITO was 4.49 eV, the energy gaps for ITO mixed with FeCl₃ at 50, 100, and 150% were 2.61, 2.89, and 2.35 eV, respectively. The energy gaps for ITO combined with AlCl₃ at the same ratios were 1.73, 1.83, and 1.5 eV. In the XRD patterns of indium oxide, the (222) plane showed a large peak, signifying a high degree of crystallinity. Using AFM images, the average grain size of pure ITO was discovered to be 61 nm. The average grain sizes for AlCl₃ were 17, 21, and 68 nm, whereas the average grain sizes for FeCl₃ were 96, 36, and 178 nm at 50, 100, and 150% ratios, respectively. The FeCl₃-doped films’ average particle sizes were found to be 23.87, 41.12, and 36.27 nm, respectively, according to SEM images. The AlCl₃-doped films’ average particle sizes were 45.47, 42.72, and 35.25 nm. The water contact angles for FeCl₃ films were found to be 32.57° for pure FeCl₃ and 18.74°, 73.66°, and 43.98° for FeCl₃ at 50, 100, and 150% mixing ratios, respectively, according to the contact angle measurements. The water contact angles for AlCl₃ films were 65.39°, 85.99°, and 78.12° for 50, 100, and 150% of the mixing ratio, in that order.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 5","pages":"1471 - 1482"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Magnetic Field on Giant Magnetoresistance in Antiferromagnetic Film: Computer Simulations","authors":"Sergey V. Belim,&nbsp;Igor V. Bychkov,&nbsp;Svetlana Y. Belim","doi":"10.1007/s40995-025-01797-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40995-025-01797-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article is aimed at computer modeling of giant magnetic resistance in thin antiferromagnetic films in an external magnetic field. Computer simulation uses the Monte Carlo method and Ising antiferromagnetic model to describe the magnetic properties of the film. Metropolis’ algorithm forms the spin states of the film. The semi-classical model describes the movement of electrons through the crystal lattice of the film. The electron participates in chaotic thermal motion and drift under the influence of an electric field. The external magnetic field creates magnetization in the antiferromagnetic film. The magnetic moment of the film affects the movement of electrons through the exchange interaction between the spins of atoms and electrons. The simulated system includes a non-magnetic conductive film and an antiferromagnetic film. The spinpolarized electric current is injected through a non-magnetic film. Simulations showed two mechanisms for electrical resistance growth. The first mechanism is associated with electron filtration at the interface between the non-magnetic film and the antiferromagnetic film. The second mechanism is associated with the formation of domains acting as impurities and leading to electron scattering. These two mechanisms give maximum resistance at different magnetic field strengths. The addition of these two mechanisms gives a nonlinear law of magnetoresistance growth as the magnetic field increases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":600,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science","volume":"49 5","pages":"1435 - 1444"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}