Ionics最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced electro-catalytic activity of carbon-supported PtRh nano-catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation in low-temperature fuel cell","authors":"Susmita Singh,&nbsp;Moupiya Ghosh,&nbsp;Mainak Bose,&nbsp;Anushna Dutta,&nbsp;Sinthia Saha,&nbsp;Chandan Ghorui,&nbsp;A. K. Chaudhary","doi":"10.1007/s11581-024-06053-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-024-06053-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The introduction of noble metal Rh on a Pt surface significantly enhances the cleavage of C–C bonds. Rhodium possesses notable characteristics for C–C bond cleavage, thereby promoting the complete oxidation of ethanol. This research is focused on chemically synthesized nanoparticles of PtRh with three distinct bimetallic variations, supported on multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in view of enhancing the electro-oxidation of ethanol. The crystallite size and structural and morphological characterization of the electrocatalysts reveal that MWCNT-supported PtRh electrocatalysts were effectively synthesized, in accordance with the characterization findings. It was determined that the electronic structure of Pt is modified after the incorporation of Rh into Pt-based electrocatalysts. The synthesized electrocatalysts underwent different types of electrochemical studies such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) in order to understand their catalytic activities during the electrooxidation reaction (EOR) of ethanol. This research aims to develop a structure and function relationship of the synthesized electrocatalyst for the EOR. It was found that the oxidation peak current efficiency was sufficiently higher as well as the minimum onset potential was notably lower for the C/Pt₅₀Rh₅₀ electrocatalyst compared to others. Also, it has low charge transfer resistance and low poisoning rate for ethanol oxidation. Thus, the synthesis and rational design of active nanoalloy electrocatalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) can enhance electrochemical activities.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"2637 - 2655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decade of machine learning in lithium-ion battery state estimation: a systematic review","authors":"Zaina Al-Hashimi,&nbsp;Taha Khamis,&nbsp;Mouaz Al Kouzbary,&nbsp;Nooranida Arifin,&nbsp;Hamam Mokayed,&nbsp;Noor Azuan Abu Osman","doi":"10.1007/s11581-024-06049-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-024-06049-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lithium-ion batteries are central to contemporary energy storage systems, yet the precise estimation of critical states—state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), and remaining useful life (RUL)—remains a complex challenge under dynamic and varied conditions. Conventional methodologies often fail to meet the required adaptability and precision, leading to a growing emphasis on the application of machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance battery management systems (BMS). This review examines a decade of progress (2013–2024) in ML-based state estimation, meticulously analysing 58 pivotal publications selected from an initial corpus of 2414 studies. Unlike existing reviews, this work uniquely emphasizes the integration of novel frameworks such as Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) and Scientific Machine Learning (SciML), which address critical limitations by offering resource-efficient and interpretable solutions. Through detailed comparative analyses, the review explores the strengths, weaknesses, and practical considerations of various ML methodologies, focusing on trade-offs in computational complexity, real-time implementation, and generalization across diverse datasets. Persistent barriers, including the absence of standardized datasets, stagnation in innovation, and scalability constraints, are identified alongside targeted recommendations. By synthesizing past advancements and proposing forward-thinking approaches, this review provides valuable insights and actionable strategies to drive the development of robust, scalable, and efficient energy storage technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"2351 - 2377"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional perfluorooctanoic acid as electrolyte additive enables high-performance lead–carbon battery","authors":"Yi Zhao,&nbsp;Xinguang Huo,&nbsp;Liren Yang,&nbsp;Jiaxing Wang,&nbsp;Xiaofei Sun,&nbsp;Yijie Liu,&nbsp;Xin Liu,&nbsp;Yuanquan Xiong","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06084-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06084-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lead–carbon batteries (LCBs) have shown potential in mitigating the irreversible sulfation commonly seen in lead-acid batteries. However, the application of LCBs is limited by issues such as hydrogen evolution side reactions (HER) and suboptimal long-term cycling performance. In this study, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is selected as a multifunctional additive to improve battery performance through economical electrolyte modification. Battery and electrochemical tests demonstrate that PFOA promotes uniform lead sulfate nucleation, reduces charge transfer resistance at the electrode–electrolyte interface, and strengthens the hydrogen bonding network. The overall performance of LCBs is significantly improved due to a synergistic effect between activated carbon and PFOA, effectively inhibiting sulfation, preventing hydrogen evolution, and maintaining the lead–carbon connection structure. With the addition of PFOA, the cycle life under high-rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) and capacity retention at 80% depth of discharge (DOD) increase by 213.9% and 49.3%, respectively.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"2523 - 2537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofuel-assisted synthesis of barium hexaferrite nanoparticles: magnetic properties characterizations and pyridoxin sensing","authors":"K. Chellammal,&nbsp;S. Jesurani,&nbsp;Kanagesan Samikannu,&nbsp;A. Maria Therese,&nbsp;M. Easwari,&nbsp;Jegatha Christy,&nbsp;A. Cyrac Peter,&nbsp;J. Wilson","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06076-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06076-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study reports the synthesis of barium hexaferrite (BaFe₁₂O₁₉) nanoparticles using sol–gel method with biofuels including D-galactose, L-arabinose, and starch from potato. The synthesized powders were calcined at 800 °C and 900 °C for 2 h to ensure the formation of the M-type hexaferrite phase. Thermal properties were analyzed using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed crystallite sizes overall ranging from 16 to 83 nm, with average sizes of 45.6 nm for D-galactose, 47 nm for L-arabinose, and 34.3 nm for potato starch at 800 °C respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified metal-oxide bonds in the 430–590 cm⁻¹ range. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) provided hexagonal structure and compositional details. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements indicated hard magnetic properties of D-galactose-fueled sample with saturation magnetization of 30 emu g⁻¹, remanence of 17 emu g⁻¹, and coercivity of 5563 Oe. On the other hand, this biofuel-based approach offered potential application using BHF for pyridoxine (Py) sensing. In electrochemical studies, the sensing of Py involved one electron-one proton transfer reaction in BHF. The SWV study resulted with good detection limit of 960 nM and linear range 1–100 µM. The prepared sample showed good sensitivity, reproducibilitym and stability, which could be used for real-time applications in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"2981 - 2995"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the effect of fiber diameter gradient distribution on water transport in the gas diffusion layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells","authors":"Jiadong Liao,&nbsp;Xiaobin Guo,&nbsp;Zhiya Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Li,&nbsp;Xianhui Nie,&nbsp;Ziheng Jiang,&nbsp;Miao Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06086-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06086-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Improving water management in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) during operation and shutdown purging can effectively improve the performance and lifetime of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The water intrusion and water removal processes in the GDL are linked as the whole water transport process, and the lattice Boltzmann method is used to investigate the dynamic behavior of liquid water during the whole water transport process in the GDL with different fiber diameter gradient distributions at the pore scale. It is found that the structure with 6–7-8-μm gradient distribution of fiber diameters significantly reduces the number of water clusters and increases the transport path of water through the GDL during water intrusion, and reduces the water saturation within the GDL by 7.519% compared with the case of uniform distribution of fiber diameters. After the completion of purging, the remaining water saturation is the smallest at 0.036 for the structure with the 6–7-8-μm gradient distribution of fiber diameters. Overall, the structure with the 6–7-8-μm gradient distribution of fiber diameters has the smallest water saturation in both the water intrusion process and the purging process, and can effectively improve the water management of the GDL.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"2623 - 2635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of manganese-doped N-C bifunctional electrocatalyst for low-temperature PEM fuel cell","authors":"Aditya Bansal,&nbsp;KP Jithul,&nbsp;Bhavay Goenka,&nbsp;Jay Pandey","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06074-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06074-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>PEM fuel cell plays a vital role in ensuring a sustainable future in the energy domain. Electrochemical activities of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts induce a strong impact on the performance of PEM fuel cells. Bifunctional catalysts capable of facilitating both ORR and OER are crucial for enhancing the overall efficiency and durability of these electrochemical devices. Commercially, Pt/C and RuO₂/C are the available options for PEM fuel cells, which makes the device very costly. Herein, we have prepared a Mn-doped N-C electrocatalyst that shows comparable bifunctional performance as commercial catalysts. The use of naturally occurring sources such as picolinic acid for the synthesis of catalysts over the expensive raw material helps in bringing down the cost. Synthesized electrocatalyst contains mixed oxidation states of Mn (Mn, Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺), follows 4e⁻ path during the ORR, and for OER, the measured Tafel slope was 19.8 mv/dec with <i>E</i>_oer-10 of 1.617 V and Δ<i>E</i> of 1.004 V, showing promising potential for use in PEM fuel cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"2671 - 2678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and fabrication of rGO supported cobalt ferrite hybrid sensor for ultrasensitive detection of testosterone","authors":"T. Jaya,&nbsp;B. Bommy","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06069-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06069-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The critical role of testosterone in various physiological and pathological processes has driven the development of highly sensitive and reliable electrochemical sensors for its ultrasensitive detection. In this study, we present a novel electrochemical sensor designed for detecting testosterone, utilizing a nanocomposite made of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (CoFe₂O₄/rGO). The CoFe₂O₄/rGO composite was synthesized through a two-step process: CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were prepared via a straightforward coprecipitation method involving metal–organic framework (MOF) formation, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized from covalent organic frameworks (COFs) through an oxidation–reduction process. We thoroughly examined its morphology and crystal structure using SEM, TEM, and Powder XRD techniques, revealing the formation of spherical CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with an FCC crystal structure attached to the surface of rGO nanosheets. The rGO/CoFe₂O₄ modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes (PGE’s) electrochemical performance was evaluated using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) techniques under optimal conditions. The findings revealed that the rGO/CoFe₂O₄ modified PEG electrode demonstrated effective performance for testosterone detection in 0.1 M PBS solution, showing linear electrochemical responses to testosterone concentrations between 100 nM and 70,000 nM, with a detection limit of approximately 43 nM. From the first linear range, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 43 nM and 130 nM, respectively. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated excellent repeatability, stability, and reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 0.7% across multiple tests. Moreover, the fabrication process is straightforward and cost-effective, highlighting the practical advantages of this approach. This work emphasizes the potential of the rGO/CoFe₂O₄ hybrid sensor as a reliable and efficient tool for testosterone detection in clinical and diagnostic applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"2953 - 2968"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DFT analysis of structural and optoelectronic properties of (PEO)8-LiFSI complexes","authors":"Shweta Agrahari,&nbsp;Satya Pal Singh,&nbsp;Abhishek Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s11581-024-05939-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-024-05939-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Computational tools for studying the atomic and molecular structures of complex systems are very useful. This work uses the first principle method to investigate the structural and optoelectronic properties of a polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolyte including lithium salt (LiFSI) as an ion-conducting species. Density functional theory (DFT) has been used for the analysis of electrolyte conducting properties. The band gap of the polymer electrolyte (PEO)₈-LiFSI system has been quantitatively examined by the HOMO–LUMO concept. It is verified that (PEO)₈ exhibits insulator properties with a wide band gap of 6.27 eV, whereas the bandgap of (PEO)₈-LiFSI slightly drops to 6.00 eV. These findings suggest that the current polymer electrolyte system (PEO)₈-LiFSI could be a viable option for the electrolyte in next-generation energy storage devices. The low electronic conductivity, confirmed through electronic analysis, is essential in maintaining high safety standards by preventing electronic leakage, which could lead to short circuits in solid-state batteries. Raman and IR spectra reveal crucial interactions between the Li⁺ ions and the PEO matrix, specifically the coordination of Li⁺ with the ether oxygen of PEO and the FSI⁻ anion. These interactions significantly affect the ionic conductivity by influencing ion transport mechanisms in the electrolyte. NMR analysis provides detailed insights about the (PEO)₈ and (PEO)₈-LiFSI structures that in turn help to estimate the mobility and dynamics of lithium ions within the polymer matrix. The UV–vis-nir analysis offers insights into the optical and electronic properties. This is important for understanding the lifetime and reliability of the electrolyte in solid-state battery applications. Therefore, the results collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of the (PEO)₈-LiFSI system, for using it as a solid polymer electrolyte for next-generation solid-state batteries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"3053 - 3071"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porous Zn2Ti3O8@C rods via in situ carbon coating for superior lithium storage capability","authors":"Fei-Long Li,&nbsp;Meng-Cheng Han,&nbsp;Guo-Chen Bian,&nbsp;Konglin Wu","doi":"10.1007/s11581-024-06054-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-024-06054-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In situ carbon-coated Zn₂Ti₃O₈ (Zn₂Ti₃O₈@C) porous 1D rods were constructed by using only the residual ethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone from the raw materials as carbon source precursors under a nitrogen atmosphere. This modification resulted in the transformation of the irregular morphology of Zn₂Ti₃O₈ observed during air calcination into longer rod-like structures. The carbon coating of the rods effectively reduced charge transfer resistance and enhanced the Li⁺ diffusion coefficient of Zn₂Ti₃O₈, leading to improved electrochemical performance. Moreover, this morphological transformation induced significant pseudocapacitive behavior, greatly enhancing the rate capability, cycling stability, and reversible capacity of Zn₂Ti₃O₈. Compared to pure Zn₂Ti₃O₈, the Zn₂Ti₃O₈@C composite exhibited the better electrochemical properties with higher lithium/delithium capacities of 488.8 mAh g⁻¹ (491.3 mAh g⁻¹) at 100 mA g⁻¹ after 180 cycles. These results highlight the effectiveness of the in situ carbon-coating strategy in producing high-performance electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"2553 - 2562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly dense and thermally stable BaCe0.5Zr0.3Y0.1A0.05 Zn0.05O3−δ (A = Gd, Sm) electrolyte for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC)","authors":"Md.Mosfiqur Rahman,&nbsp;Abdalla M. Abdalla,&nbsp;Lukman Ahmed Omeiza,&nbsp;Veena Raj,&nbsp;Minh Thang Le,&nbsp;Bo Wei,&nbsp;Abul Kalam Azad","doi":"10.1007/s11581-024-06058-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-024-06058-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Perovskite-type polycrystalline proton-conducting BaCe_0.5Zr_0.3Y_0.1A_0.05Zn_0.05O_3-δ (A = Gd, Sm) has been synthesized using a solid-state reaction method for the application in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC). These materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS). Rietveld analysis of the XRPD data shows that these materials crystallize in the cubic symmetry in the <i>Pm-3 m</i> space group. SEM image analysis confirms the well-crystallized high-density materials, and TGA shows these as thermally stable up to 900 °C. EIS measurements at 700 °C show the beneficial ionic conductivities. In wet 5% hydrogen, the ionic conductivities were 1.29 × 10⁻³ Scm⁻¹ and 5.95 × 10⁻⁵ Scm⁻¹ for BaCe_0.5Zr_0.3Y_0.1Gd_0.05Zn_0.05O_3-δ (BCZYGdZn) and BaCe_0.5Zr_0.3Y_0.1Sm_0.05Zn_0.05O_3-δ (BCZYSmZn), respectively. In contrast, the ionic conductivities of BaCe_0.5Zr_0.3Y_0.1Gd_0.05Zn_0.05O_3-δ (BCZYGdZn) and BaCe_0.5Zr_0.3Y_0.1Sm_0.05Zn_0.05O_3-δ (BCZYSmZn) in dry hydrogen were 1.30 × 10⁻³ Scm⁻¹ and 4.71 × 10⁻⁵ Scm⁻¹, respectively. The calculated activation energies in wet 5% hydrogen were 0.38 eV and 0.40 eV for BCZYGdZn and BCZYSmZn, respectively. Hence, both materials are promising electrolytes in IT-SOFC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 3","pages":"2611 - 2622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}