International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of hydraulic performance and modeling of Kabul urban sewer network development using SewerGEMS and ArcGIS","authors":"M. A. Hassanzada,&nbsp;A. R. Noori,&nbsp;S. A. Rikhteen,&nbsp;S. Atal Amarkhil,&nbsp;M. Rasouli,&nbsp;Z. Miakhil","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07451-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07451-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sewage management is one of the most significant environmental and public health issues in Kabul, Afghanistan, due to the city’s rapid growth and inadequate sewer systems. Using a combination of hydraulic and geographical analysis tools, this study examines the viability and efficiency of a decentralized wastewater collection system in Kabul’s District 4. To enable decentralized planning, the study area was separated into five zones. A high-resolution satellite image, a digital elevation model (DEM), and land-use/land-cover data were used to create a geometrical sewage network model using ArcGIS. Hydraulic analysis and system design have been conducted using SewerGEMS, and the design parameters have been modified multiple times to ensure compliance with the standard sewerage design requirements. To assess the system’s functioning and dependability, hydraulic elements such as flow velocity, pipe diameter, slope, and profile were deemed significant and were assessed. The findings demonstrate that the decentralized zone-based sewer collection network is both technically and hydraulically feasible for the study area. Because the hydraulic model was developed based on established sewerage engineering criteria and adapted to the local topographical and urban conditions of the study area, the simulation results indicate that decentralized wastewater collection systems can provide a technically feasible and context-sensitive approach for improving urban sanitation planning in Kabul and other data-limited urban environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of parameters influencing energy consumption and microclimate in green walls and green roofs: a review","authors":"Z. Taherpour,&nbsp;A. Habibi,&nbsp;R. Vakilinezhad","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07472-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07472-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urbanization has increasingly reduced natural green spaces, intensifying the urban heat island effect and contributing to higher building energy demand. Building-integrated vegetation systems, including green roofs and green walls, have emerged as sustainable strategies capable of improving thermal performance in buildings and enhancing outdoor environmental conditions. This review examines the influence of these systems on reducing building energy consumption and regulating surrounding microclimates through a systematic assessment of recent studies. Findings indicate that the application of green roofs and green walls can significantly decrease cooling and heating energy requirements, especially in warm and humid regions, while also moderating outdoor temperatures and improving environmental comfort. However, their effectiveness varies considerably depending on climatic conditions, plant characteristics, construction materials, and façade orientation. This study highlights existing knowledge gaps and proposes future research directions, including broadening geographical coverage, standardizing building models for comparative analysis, and conducting long-term monitoring to assess the durability and seasonal performance of green systems. The insights provided can support architects, urban planners, and policymakers in selecting appropriate vegetation-based solutions to enhance environmental sustainability and improve building performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-level factorial design of leachate coagulation parameters using polyferric sulphate-aluminium phyllosilicate hybrid coagulant","authors":"S. T. H. Fong,&nbsp;N. D. Suzaimi,&nbsp;A. Y. Bagastyo,&nbsp;N. H. H. Hairom,&nbsp;R. A. Ghani,&nbsp;S. Hamzah","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07475-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07475-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Landfill leachate contains high concentrations of suspended solids, refractory organic matter, and colour, making effective pre-treatment essential before discharge. This study aimed to identify the key operating parameters influencing leachate coagulation using a hybrid coagulant composed of polyferric sulphate (PFS) and aluminium phyllosilicate (bentonite clay). The hybrid coagulant combines the high charge density of PFS with the adsorption capacity of bentonite to enhance pollutant removal. A two-level factorial design (TLFD) was employed to evaluate the effects of coagulant dosage, initial pH, stirring speed, and flocculation time on TSS, COD, and colour removal. Statistical analysis identified coagulant dosage and pH as the most influential factors affecting treatment performance. Under the optimum operating conditions, the hybrid coagulant achieved 94% TSS removal (2500 ppm, pH 4, 300 rpm, 10 min), 87% COD removal (2500 ppm, pH 8, 300 rpm, 30 min), and 96% colour removal (500 ppm, pH 4, 300 rpm, 10 min). The experimental results agreed well with the model predictions, with validation errors below 10%, confirming the reliability of the developed models under laboratory conditions. Benchmarking with previously reported coagulants demonstrated that the proposed hybrid coagulant achieved competitive treatment performance. Overall, the findings demonstrate the potential of the PFS–bentonite hybrid coagulant for landfill leachate pre-treatment and provide a basis for process optimisation and future pilot-scale evaluation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slope-driven asymmetry and topographic shielding in strategic road-traffic noise maps: a cross-sectional quantitative analysis across England","authors":"G. Berber Narin,&nbsp;M. V. Akpınar","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07467-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07467-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Strategic road-traffic noise maps are widely used in environmental assessment and land-use planning, yet they are often interpreted primarily as descriptive exposure surfaces, with limited attention to the influence of terrain morphology and roadway geometry on mapped noise footprints. This study presents a map-based cross-sectional workflow for identifying recurring topography- and geometry-related patterns in publicly available strategic road-traffic noise maps for England. A total of 179 georeferenced profiles, comprising 134 transverse cross-sections and 45 longitudinal profiles across eight primary regions, were analysed by integrating mapped day–evening–night noise-level (Lden) contour extents with terrain and roadway-alignment descriptors derived from georeferenced section lines and elevation profiles. The analysis was designed as a comparative screening-level assessment rather than a site-specific predictive model. It was based mainly on within-section right–left flank contrasts and matched comparisons among sections with broadly comparable corridor conditions. Uphill flanks generally coincided with shorter mapped propagation extents than downhill flanks, while downhill terrain was associated with greater inland penetration of the mapped noise footprint. Vegetated and flat settings also tended to show shorter mapped extents than comparable exposed or downhill flanks. In selected roadway-geometry comparisons, horizontal curves and sag-type vertical configurations appeared to coincide with broader mapped footprints than tangent or crest-type configurations. These findings represent map-derived screening evidence rather than universal causal relationships. The proposed workflow provides a reproducible means of extracting additional spatial insight from strategic noise maps and supporting early-stage environmental screening where detailed traffic, meteorological, and design data are unavailable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of asbestos waste management in the Małopolska region of southern Poland: a case study","authors":"G Przydatek,&nbsp;W Kanownik","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07485-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07485-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The efficiency of asbestos waste management in Małopolska Voivodeship was assessed based on the asbestos waste accumulation indicators between 2019 and 2023. The highest total neutralised asbestos in any county over the five years was 9,813 Mg, and the highest average indicators per capita (14.919 Mg·1,000 people⁻¹) and population density (14.188 Mg·people⁻¹ km²) were observed in Limanowa, which has an area of less than 1,000 km². The significant increase in the mass of neutralised asbestos by 0.732 Mg was accompanied by an increase in the area of the county by 1 km². In contrast, an increase of 1,000 inhabitants contributed to an increase in the mass of neutralised asbestos by 5.44 Mg year⁻¹. Scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm the presence of carcinogenic asbestos-chrysotile in roofing materials, with noticeable plasticisation of fibres exceeding 100 µm in length and variable chemical composition exceeding 40% SiO₂. The novelty of this work lies in its integration of a method for assessing asbestos accumulation, linking quantitative and qualitative indicators with morphological analysis in the context of minimising the potential impact of asbestos fibres on human health and the environment; as such, it extends beyond Małopolska Voivodeship. The demonstrated problem arises from asbestos exposure in Małopolska, which may be significant for other regions of Poland as well as for other countries. Considering the growing trend of asbestos removal and the dominance of corrugated asbestos sheets used for construction, it is advisable to use a highly efficient, safe, smart and environmentally friendly technology such as stabilisation and solidification for the neutralisation of hazardous waste.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-026-07485-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards optimized organic waste management: a systematic review of rapid composting through the integration of advanced techniques","authors":"S. Fouguira,&nbsp;E. Ammar,&nbsp;M. El Haji,&nbsp;J. Benhra","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07468-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07468-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, assisted composting machines have garnered increasing attention, while traditional windrow composting methods have shown limited impact on modern waste management due to their extended processing times and labor-intensive monitoring approaches. In contrast, composting systems enhanced by the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) offer significant advantages, including real-time monitoring, improved process control, and reduced composting duration. This systematic review aims to examine recent technological innovations in composting reactor design, environmental parameter monitoring, remote process supervision, and maturity assessment, evaluating their contributions to process optimization and identifying limitations encountered in their implementation. Based on publications indexed in SCOPUS and Web of Science between 2015 and 2024, a total of 804 studies were initially identified. Following a rigorous screening process based on the PRISMA methodology, 43 articles were selected for in-depth analysis. The review identified cylindrical reactors as the most widely adopted configuration, with process durations ranging from 30 h to 120 days and a mean of 43 days. The C/N ratio, reported in 19 studies with reductions of up to 63%, emerged as the most reliable maturity indicator. Hybrid AI models achieved predictive accuracies exceeding R² = 0.99, while CIELab colorimetric methods demonstrated strong correlations with maturity indicators (R² = 0.83–0.87). These findings confirm that optimal composting performance emerges from the coordinated integration of reactor design, environmental control, IoT supervision, and AI-based prediction rather than from any single technology in isolation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149035052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioremediation of environmental media contaminated with emerging organic contaminants: biodegradation pathways, by-products, indicators, and end-points","authors":"N. Chaukura,&nbsp;J. Machingura,&nbsp;C. Gufe,&nbsp;L. Sawunyama,&nbsp;J. Marumure,&nbsp;Z. Makuvara,&nbsp;A. Oluwalana-Sanusi,&nbsp;W. A. Munzeiwa,&nbsp;T. M. Masilompane,&nbsp;D. Halabowski,&nbsp;A. M. Lipińska,&nbsp;W. Gwenzi","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07470-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07470-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to their widespread production and subsequent release into the environment and their associated ecological and public health risks, emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) continue to attract global research and societal focus. Bioremediation is ecofriendly and sustainable compared to chemical and physical methods; thus, it has been extensively reported in literature. A mechanistic understanding of the bioremediation of EOCs, particularly the biodegradation mechanisms, by-products and their health risks, and indicators and end-points, is critical for the uptake and upscaling of the bioremediation technology. However, currently missing on the bioremediation of EOCs is a critical analysis of (1) the biodegradation pathways, (2) the nature, ecotoxicology, and human health hazards of biodegradation by-products, and (3) indicators and endpoints of bioremediation. Therefore, this review addresses this gap and contributes novel insights on the bioremediation of various EOCs. The biodegradation mechanisms, including evidence on metabolic pathways, are presented. Several microbial species, including fungi and bacteria, and their consortia and associated enzymes such as laccases, control the biodegradation of EOCs. Consequently, several biodegradation by-products are produced, and their ecotoxicology and human health hazards relative to parent compounds are discussed. Notably, the ecotoxicity of some of the by-products is similar to, and sometimes even higher than that of the parent compounds. A critique of conventional bioremediation indicators and endpoints, and their capacity to capture the efficacy of bioremediation across ecological scales is presented. Further, future perspectives are presented to guide future research. Addressing these gaps is critical for the advancement and application of bioremediation technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-026-07470-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149035028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond pollution: exploring microplastics and plants in plant-based soil and water remediation for toxic metals and organics through genetic engineering","authors":"H. Adamu,&nbsp;U. Bello,&nbsp;B. L. Muhammad,&nbsp;S. D. Abdul,&nbsp;V. C. Ugboaja,&nbsp;M. Sillanpää","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07443-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07443-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The remediation of soil and water co-contaminated with toxic metals and organic pollutants demands innovative approaches, as conventional phytoremediation faces significant limitations when addressing complex pollutant mixtures. This hypothesis-driven perspective review proposes a conceptual triad strategy that integrates microplastics (MPs), genetic engineering, and plants to potentially enhance phytoremediation efficacy. The perspective review presents evidence that MPs, despite being established pollutants, could potentially be leveraged to enhance the bioavailability of co-contaminants through their high surface area and adsorptive properties, acting as concentrators that deliver pollutants to plant roots. When coupled with genetic engineering, it can create plants with hyper-efficient uptake transporters, robust detoxification pathways, and enhanced ability to stimulate pollutant-degrading microbes; thus, this MP-facilitated mobilization could potentially be transformed into a targeted cleanup mechanism. The perspective review emphasizes that this triad strategy is presented as a testable hypothesis and research agenda, not as an established remediation technology. While no studies have demonstrated inherent MP degradation in plants, the perspective review argues for a conceptual reorientation that re-conceptualizes MPs from being viewed solely as a pollution problem to potentially being harnessed for their physical role in a sophisticated, plant-based remediation system. However, the perspective review cautions that the intentional use of MPs carries substantial risks of secondary contamination through additive leaching, trophic transfer, and ecosystem alteration, necessitating comprehensive risk assessment before any consideration of practical application. Hence, this multidisciplinary approach promises a revolutionary, low-carbon pathway for the effective restoration of water and soil environments co-contaminated with complex cocktails of MPs, toxic metals, and organic pollutants, provided that its key hypotheses are systematically validated through rigorous experimental investigation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced modeling of cyclophosphamide and ibuprofen removal by an activated carbon-based mesoporous nanocomposite: kinetic, equilibrium, and machine-learning","authors":"A. Gouran,&nbsp;A. Ahmadpour,&nbsp;M. Mohadesi","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07474-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07474-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The removal of cyclophosphamide and ibuprofen from aqueous solutions was investigated through adsorption-photocatalytic experiments combined with kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and artificial neural network modeling. Nonlinear kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo-second-order model was more reliable for cyclophosphamide (R² = 0.9954), while the pseudo-first-order model showed better agreement for ibuprofen (R² = 0.9898) with 95% confidence intervals for the estimated parameters. Equilibrium results indicated that cyclophosphamide removal was well described by the Temkin model (R² = 0.9770), with the Langmuir model also showing good agreement (R² = 0.9740), whereas ibuprofen removal was better represented by the Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.9960), suggesting heterogeneous surface interactions. Thermodynamic parameters revealed spontaneous and endothermic overall removal processes, characterized by negative ΔG° and positive ΔH° (138.37 kJ mol⁻¹ for cyclophosphamide and 83.76 kJ mol⁻¹ for ibuprofen) with confidence intervals indicating reliable estimation. A multilayer perceptron artificial neural network was developed to predict removal efficiency using operational variables as inputs. The optimized networks contained 14 and 18 hidden neurons for cyclophosphamide and ibuprofen, respectively. The network demonstrated excellent predictive performance, with overall correlation coefficients of 0.99839 and 0.99587 and low prediction errors. Robustness was confirmed through repeated 5-fold cross-validation, yielding mean R values of 0.99141 ± 0.00669 for cyclophosphamide and 0.97944 ± 0.02108. Comparison with support vector regression demonstrated the superior predictive capability of the ANN on the test datasets. The strong agreement between predicted and experimental results highlights the reliability of the proposed framework for modeling pharmaceutical removal under irradiated conditions and optimizing treatment processes for emerging contaminants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics as pesticide vectors in soil: bridging aqueous insights to terrestrial co-contamination risks and ecosystem impacts","authors":"M. N. Hanif,&nbsp;N. K. Abbood,&nbsp;M. Babur,&nbsp;M. Akhtar,&nbsp;H. Sun,&nbsp;K. Azam,&nbsp;M. N. Akhtar,&nbsp;Q. ul Ain","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07459-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07459-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) have emerged as pervasive soil contaminants with significant potential to alter the environmental fate and ecological impacts of co-occurring pesticides. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on MNP-pesticide interactions in terrestrial systems, bridging mechanistic insights from aquatic studies to soil-specific processes. We critically evaluate how MNP properties (polymer type, size, aging state) and environmental conditions (pH, temperature, organic matter) govern pesticide sorption through hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π electron donor–acceptor forces, and electrostatic mechanisms. The review demonstrates that MNPs generally enhance pesticide persistence in soil, with aged MNPs exhibiting stronger vector effects than pristine particles. Ecotoxicological evidence reveals that MNP-pesticide co-exposure often exacerbates adverse effects on soil organisms through amplified oxidative stress, metabolic disruption, and altered bioaccumulation patterns, though outcomes are highly context-dependent. Critical knowledge gaps persist regarding field-realistic aging processes, size-specific adsorption isotherms under environmentally relevant conditions, and long-term impacts on plant health and food security. Future research must prioritize standardized methodologies for combined toxicity assessment, predictive modeling of co-contaminant transport, and development of risk assessment frameworks that account for the dynamic nature of weathered MNPs as pesticide vectors in agricultural ecosystems.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}