{"title":"Ameliorating textile effluent phytotoxicity in Vigna radiate through biosynthesized Fe/Zn bimetallic nanoparticles: sustainable approach for environmental remediation","authors":"F. Batool, F. Mahmood, T. Shahzad, S. Hussain","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06632-w","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Discharging of untreated textile effluents, rich in toxic heavy metals, dyes, and other harmful pollutants, poses threats to aquatic ecosystems and agricultural quality and productivity. Nanotechnology being an emerging field, provides solutions for the remediation of the environment. However, this study examines the potential of bimetallic Fe/Zn NPs in treating textile effluent and their effect on the growth and biochemical parameters of <i>Vigna radiata</i> L. under effluent stress. The Fe/Zn NPs were novelly synthesized using <i>Conocarpus erectus</i> L. leaf extract, characterized by Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and optimized at 0.5 mg mL<sup>−1</sup> for effluent treatment and 50 ppm for <i>Vigna radiata</i> growth, outperforming other concentrations. The optimized Fe/Zn NPs dosage effectively treated the effluent, reducing total dissolved solids (40.4%), phosphate (85.9%), sulfate (87.8%), color intensity (92.8%), chemical oxygen demand (97.5%), and hexavalent chromium (95.6%). Additionally, the application of Fe/Zn NPs as nano fertilizers and treated effluent significantly improved growth (root and shoot length, weight), photosynthetic (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids), and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) levels, while reducing oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxidase and malondialdehyde) in <i>Vigna radiata</i>, compared to untreated textile effluent. These key findings suggested the application of bimetallic Fe/Zn NPs as an environment friendly and sustainable approach to mitigate the toxicity of textile effluent and offering a promising solution for environmental remediation and agriculture sustainability.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 15","pages":"15355 - 15370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-025-06632-w","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Discharging of untreated textile effluents, rich in toxic heavy metals, dyes, and other harmful pollutants, poses threats to aquatic ecosystems and agricultural quality and productivity. Nanotechnology being an emerging field, provides solutions for the remediation of the environment. However, this study examines the potential of bimetallic Fe/Zn NPs in treating textile effluent and their effect on the growth and biochemical parameters of Vigna radiata L. under effluent stress. The Fe/Zn NPs were novelly synthesized using Conocarpus erectus L. leaf extract, characterized by Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and optimized at 0.5 mg mL−1 for effluent treatment and 50 ppm for Vigna radiata growth, outperforming other concentrations. The optimized Fe/Zn NPs dosage effectively treated the effluent, reducing total dissolved solids (40.4%), phosphate (85.9%), sulfate (87.8%), color intensity (92.8%), chemical oxygen demand (97.5%), and hexavalent chromium (95.6%). Additionally, the application of Fe/Zn NPs as nano fertilizers and treated effluent significantly improved growth (root and shoot length, weight), photosynthetic (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids), and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) levels, while reducing oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxidase and malondialdehyde) in Vigna radiata, compared to untreated textile effluent. These key findings suggested the application of bimetallic Fe/Zn NPs as an environment friendly and sustainable approach to mitigate the toxicity of textile effluent and offering a promising solution for environmental remediation and agriculture sustainability.
期刊介绍：
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (IJEST) is an international scholarly refereed research journal which aims to promote the theory and practice of environmental science and technology, innovation, engineering and management.
A broad outline of the journal''s scope includes: peer reviewed original research articles, case and technical reports, reviews and analyses papers, short communications and notes to the editor, in interdisciplinary information on the practice and status of research in environmental science and technology, both natural and man made.
The main aspects of research areas include, but are not exclusive to; environmental chemistry and biology, environments pollution control and abatement technology, transport and fate of pollutants in the environment, concentrations and dispersion of wastes in air, water, and soil, point and non-point sources pollution, heavy metals and organic compounds in the environment, atmospheric pollutants and trace gases, solid and hazardous waste management; soil biodegradation and bioremediation of contaminated sites; environmental impact assessment, industrial ecology, ecological and human risk assessment; improved energy management and auditing efficiency and environmental standards and criteria.
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