International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Review of sanitation with a single-treatment approach of septic wastewater produced in decentralised areas","authors":"K. Petrušková,&nbsp;M. Carnevale Miino,&nbsp;P. Hlavínek,&nbsp;V. Torretta,&nbsp;P. Hlustik","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07428-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07428-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The proper management of septic wastewater in rural and peri-urban areas is vital for ensuring both environmental sustainability and public health. This review examines the composition of septic wastewater and the challenges associated with treatment through a single-treatment approach, evaluating different processes, and providing a comparative analysis to guide their selection. Different technologies have been investigated in the literature, namely sequencing batch reactors with floccular or granular sludge, membrane bioreactors in aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, focusing on their mechanisms, operational efficiencies, and applicability. This paper highlights advantages, limitations, and design considerations for each technology, emphasizing their suitability for different wastewater compositions and flow rates. The results highlight that sequencing batch reactors are ideal for direct decentralised applications due to their flexibility and versatility, while membrane bioreactors and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors can be seen as an upgrade of wastewater treatment plants that have reached the full capacity, to allow the treatment of additional septic wastewater brought from decentralised areas. This review provides a valuable resource for researchers and engineers seeking sustainable solutions for decentralised wastewater treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-026-07428-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of ensemble and parametric statistical learning frameworks for air quality risk assessment in Abuja metropolis","authors":"Oladapo Oladoja,&nbsp;Elizabeth Oladejo","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07399-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07399-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution poses a significant threat to global public health, particularly in urban centres. In Abuja, Nigeria’s capital, residents face high exposure risks due to the absence of an effective real-time air quality monitoring and early warning system. Existing predictive frameworks often rely on traditional statistical approaches, which lack the flexibility and convenience required to process high-dimensional, non-linear environmental data effectively. This study aims to develop and evaluate robust predictive models for Abuja’s air quality by leveraging advanced machine learning techniques. Eight classification algorithms were trained and assessed using comprehensive feature selection and hyperparameter optimisation. Results demonstrated the superiority of ensemble methods where Random Forest achieved the highest performance with 77.84% accuracy and a 0.7509 F1 score. Quantitative analysis further revealed extreme seasonality, where <span>(PM_{2.5})</span> concentrations during the dry season were four to five times higher than those recorded in the rainy season. Ultimately, these findings justify the application of advanced Artificial Intelligence for modelling intricate meteorological-pollutant relationships. The study provides specific hyperparameter recommendations for practitioners and underscores the necessity of analysing sub-seasonal patterns to develop instrumental early warning systems for urban environmental management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of soil quality around Lake Fetzara (northeast Algeria): analysis of physicochemical characteristics and fertility levels","authors":"F. Fekrache,&nbsp;I. Feraguena,&nbsp;S. Cedah","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07462-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07462-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil salinization and degradation represent major threats to the world’s wetland ecosystems. The Mediterranean region is not exempt from this issue, particularly Fetzara Lake, a high-value ecological site designated as a Ramsar site. The purpose of this work is to study vertically the main soil physical and chemical characteristics and to evaluate its fertility and quality by using a set of indices. For this objective, 50 soil profiles were dug, and 150 samples were analyzed at three different depths: 0–30 cm, 30–50 cm, and 50–80 cm. The main soil properties such as texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, nutrient content, and cation exchange capacity were analyzed by classical methods and analyzed using classical statistics and fertility and soil quality indices. The results showed an increase in clay content and electrical conductivity, as well as a significant decrease in organic matter content with increasing depth, whereas the lowest layer showed an average depth-related pattern. The surface layer contains an average of 15.71% organic matter, whereas the lowest layer contains an average of 8.89% organic matter. Inversely, electrical conductivity increased from 1.91 dS/m in the surface layer to 2.49 dS/m in the lowest layer. Fertility and soil quality decrease with increasing depth. The deeper layers of the soil in Mediterranean wetlands are less fertile. These changes are explained by the decrease in organic matter and microbiological activity, along with the increase in salts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogeochemically active vermiculite filters for decentralised greywater reuse: field-scale performance and nitrogen cycling mechanisms","authors":"H. Mbiza,&nbsp;M. Scholz,&nbsp;M. Dinka","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07425-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07425-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the field-scale performance and mechanistic behaviour of exfoliated vermiculite as a biogeochemically active filter medium for decentralised greywater treatment in a low-income urban setting. A gravity-fed filtration system containing unmodified, thermally exfoliated vermiculite was operated for 12 months in Southlea Park, Harare, Zimbabwe, using real greywater from communal bathrooms. Physicochemical monitoring showed high early-stage removal of turbidity, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, while phosphate was reduced to below detectable levels across sampling cycles. In contrast, total nitrogen increased in the effluent during warmer months, indicating that nitrogen behaviour was governed by transformation rather than simple removal. This response was attributed to ammonium desorption driven by cation exchange reversibility, biofilm-mediated nitrification and microbial mineralisation of organic nitrogen. The findings reposition exfoliated vermiculite from a passive sorbent to a reactive bio-mineral medium capable of supporting physical filtration, ion exchange and microbial transformation without chemical dosing or engineered aeration. A conceptual model is proposed to explain multiscale mineral-microbial interactions across structural zones within the filter column. The study provides field evidence for vermiculite-based filtration as a low-cost decentralised greywater treatment option with implications for water reuse, nutrient recovery and adaptive sanitation design in infrastructure-constrained settlements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-026-07425-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superior resilience of non-axenic biogranules over axenic strains for robust biomineralization under environmental stress","authors":"M. Soluk,&nbsp;Y. Ç. Erşan","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07471-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07471-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) typically relies on axenic cultures and single metabolic pathways. Non-axenic cultures which can perform multiple microbial pathways and form resilient biofilms, are a promising alternative. Despite this, the superiority of non-axenic cultures’ MICP performance under varying environmental conditions remains insufficiently explored. This study evaluates the resilience of biogranules that can simultaneously conduct urea hydrolysis and nitrate reduction pathways under varying dissolved oxygen concentrations (anoxic to aerobic), temperatures (10–45 °C), and salinities (0.02–35 g.L⁻¹ NaCl). In micronutrient-limited environment (0.05 g.L⁻¹ yeast extract), biogranule performance was compared against well-studied ureolytic (<i>Sporosarcina pasteurii</i>), nitrate-reducing (<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>), and biogranule-derived isolates. Fresh biogranules achieved superior, consistent MICP performance across all stress conditions, maintaining complete calcium precipitation even when individual pathways were environmentally suppressed. Notably oven-dried biogranules successfully resuscitated and induced biomineralization, whereas desiccation stopped activity in all axenic cultures. <i>S. pasteurii</i> showed high short-term activity. Its performance was contingent on pre-synthesized enzymes and only 8% urea hydrolysis occurred when the culture was grown under anoxic and micronutrient scarce conditions. Biogranules showed robust metabolic compensation, where accelerated urea hydrolysis offset temperature induced declines in nitrate reduction. These findings highlight that the granular structure and microbial diversity provide protective niche and functional redundancy, offering a robust biomineralization performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Mg–Al LDO/Fe2O3 and serpentine/Fe2O3 composites for iron removal from water: experimental study","authors":"D. Gamal,&nbsp;A. M. Ahmed,&nbsp;A. Abd-Elkhalek,&nbsp;M. Shaban,&nbsp;G. H. Abd El-Aziz,&nbsp;M. A. Abdelkawy,&nbsp;F. Mohamed","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07411-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07411-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the efficiency of two composite adsorbents—iron oxide-loaded Mg–Al layered double oxide (Mg–Al LDO/Fe₂O₃) and iron oxide-loaded serpentine (Serpentine/Fe₂O₃) for the removal of iron (Fe) ions from aqueous solutions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful integration of iron oxide into both Mg–Al LDO and serpentine. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed functional groups that contribute to adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images displayed nanosheet-like structures for Mg–Al LDO and fibrous structures for Serpentine. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to assess the effects of pH, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and initial Fe concentration. The optimal adsorption pH was found to be near neutral (pH ≈ 7), with both composites achieving high Fe removal efficiencies exceeding 90%, and Mg–Al LDO/Fe₂O₃ reaching over 99%. Increasing the adsorbent dosage improved Fe uptake until saturation at 0.1 g/50 mL. Due to saturation of the available adsorption sites, adsorption capacity rose with initial Fe concentrations up to 60 mg/L before approaching a plateau at higher concentrations. Isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir model provided the highest correlation with the experimental data; however, the negative Langmuir constants indicated limitations in the applicability of the model assumptions to the studied adsorption systems. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit to the kinetic data, suggesting that adsorbate–adsorbent interactions governed the adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Notably, Mg–Al LDO/Fe₂O₃ outperformed Serpentine/Fe₂O₃ in both efficiency and reusability, achieving removal percentages of 74.66% and 65.96%, respectively, after six cycles. Overall, the study indicates that Mg–Al LDO/Fe₂O₃ is a promising adsorbent for pollution control, particularly in treating industrial wastewater. Future research could explore the application of this composite in different pollutant removal scenarios, expanding its potential use in environmental remediation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mint-assisted green synthesis of cerium oxide-based hydroxyapatite–alginate nanocomposite for cefazolin degradation","authors":"M. Sangsefidi,&nbsp;S. Hallajian,&nbsp;N. Motakef-Kazemi,&nbsp;K. Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi,&nbsp;M. Miri","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07375-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07375-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cefazolin, a widely used first-generation cephalosporin, is frequently found in hospital wastewater (10–1000 μg/L), raising environmental concerns. However, sustainable and reusable photocatalytic systems based on green-synthesized CeO₂ nanoparticles and ternary composites for its removal remain underexplored. This study developed a green synthesis approach for cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) using Mint (<i>Mentha spicata</i>) and <i>Mentha pulegium</i> extracts to efficiently remove cefazolin from contaminated water. The specific phytochemicals responsible for Ce³⁺ reduction—including rosmarinic acid and luteolin in Mint, and pulegone-associated flavonoids in Mentha pulegium—were identified and their mechanistic role in nanoparticle formation is discussed. To enhance degradation efficiency, ultraviolet (UV) radiation was combined with a CeO₂ nanoparticle/hydroxyapatite/calcium alginate nanocomposite, creating a powerful and reusable photocatalytic system. The synthesized nanomaterials were extensively characterized by FESEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, EDX, and ICP-OES. The average crystallite size was 16.2 nm (Scherrer equation) and particle sizes ranged from 30 to 80 nm. Scavenger experiments confirmed ·OH radicals as the dominant reactive oxygen species. Pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics were observed (k = 0.089 min⁻¹ for Mint-CeO₂), and Langmuir isotherm modeling yielded a maximum adsorption capacity of 48.3 mg/g. The optimal removal efficiency of 96% was achieved under the following conditions: 30-min incubation, 0.8 g CeO₂ NPs, 0.6 g Mentha pulegium NPs, pH 7.5, and a 20 ppm cefazolin concentration. These results highlight the remarkable potential of UV-activated CeO₂-based nanocomposites as a highly efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly strategy for eliminating antibiotic contaminants from water sources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mining waste into environmental remediation: sustainable Mg/Fe-LDH derived from Amazonian copper residues for efficient Congo red removal","authors":"R. S. Ferreira,&nbsp;R. S. Nascimento,&nbsp;O. Almeida,&nbsp;J. R. A. Silva,&nbsp;E. M. S. Rodrigues,&nbsp;J. A. M. Correa","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07466-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07466-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The improper disposal of mining residues poses significant environmental challenges, particularly in ecologically sensitive regions such as the Amazon. In this study, Amazonian copper mining residues (ACMR) were employed as a sustainable source of ferric iron (Fe³⁺) for the synthesis of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides (Mg/Fe-LDH). Chemical and mineralogical analyses revealed elevated concentrations of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃, with partial acid dissolution of iron-bearing minerals facilitating Fe³⁺ recovery. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a highly crystalline Mg/Fe-LDH phase with rhombohedral symmetry (R-3 m space group). Scanning electron microscopy and BET analyses revealed a plate-like morphology and a mesoporous structure with a specific surface area of 49.8 m² g⁻¹. The environmental performance of the synthesized material was assessed through Congo red (CR) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The pseudo-second-order model best described adsorption kinetics, and equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm, yielding a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 435.19 mg g⁻¹ at 313.15 K, a value that surpasses most inorganic and hybrid adsorbents reported in the literature. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. This study demonstrates an environmentally sustainable pathway for converting mining waste into a high-performance adsorbent, highlighting the potential of Mg/Fe-LDH derived from ACMR as a cost-effective material for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-026-07466-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scenario-based remote sensing analysis for soil erosion hazard assessment","authors":"S. P. Nainiva,&nbsp;A. Fazlollahi,&nbsp;S. Sajadi Jajarm,&nbsp;M. Heydari","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07469-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07469-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The testability of soil erosion models is crucial for ensuring the reliability of predictions. This study investigated the influence of the spatial resolution of remote sensing input data on soil erosion estimation using the ICONA qualitative model, with a focus on model testability and sensitivity to changes in resolution. Eight combinatorial scenarios were designed by varying the spatial resolutions of slope (DEM), vegetation density, and land use. Erosion hazard estimates were then evaluated through composite data analysis and statistical comparison of scenarios. Results showed that, on average, 879 km² of the watershed are exposed to high and very high erosion hazard. Sensitivity analysis revealed distinct impacts of input resolution: increasing vegetation density resolution from 30 to 10 m raised the high-hazard area by 5.35%; decreasing land use resolution from 10 to 100 m reduced it by 8.07%; while reducing DEM accuracy lowered the high-hazard proportion by only 3.38%. Resolution changes mainly shifted areas between low and high hazard classes: vegetation cover at 10 m had the most decisive influence at the High level, land use drove the most significant changes at the Low level, and slope variations mainly affected Low and Moderate classes with lower intensity. These findings confirm the model’s responsiveness to spatial resolution changes, while indicating that this sensitivity is not dramatic, and provide a reliable basis for selecting optimal spatial scales in qualitative soil erosion modeling. They also offer a scientific foundation for improving soil conservation and natural resource management strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights on calculations of biochemical methane potential for the gravimetric method","authors":"B. Weber,&nbsp;R. Campuzano,&nbsp;M. D. Durán-García","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07433-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07433-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biochemical methane potential is a widely used technique in research laboratories to determine anaerobic biodegradability, assess substrate valorization potential, and evaluate kinetics. The gravimetric method provides reliable and reproducible results with simple procedures, even when biogas leaks occur. This study developed biochemical methane potential calculation procedures using two gravimetric methods tested with cellulose and avocado pomace. Method 1 followed conventional daily gas measurements, whereas Method 2 is proposed as a novel alternative supported by mass determination only when starting and finishing the experiment. Advantages are that using only initial and final measurements avoids cumulative errors and improves weighing precision. Both gravimetric methods were compared and validated using a typical volumetric method, and this is the first time that the literature reports the calculations used in Method 2 and the development of a hypothetical biogas model. This “hypothetical” biogas release model serves as an exact reference for different scenarios. Results showed biogas/headspace volume ratio and water content in biogas are essential factors in the gravimetric method. Biochemical methane potential from cellulose was 361.3 ± 9%, 368.4 ± 8% and 362.6 ± 5% mL_N g⁻¹ <i>SV</i> for Gravimetric Method 1, Gravimetric Method 2 and Volumetric Method, respectively. These results enabled the validation of the three methods according to validation criteria. In contrast, avocado pomace resulted between 253 and 275 mL_N g⁻¹ SV with standard errors less than 7%. The absence of statistical differences between methods indicates that gravimetric determinations provide reliable BMP tests for solid samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}