Functional Composite Materials最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating the sustainability of lightweight drones for delivery: towards a suitable methodology for assessment","authors":"Sinéad Mitchell,&nbsp;Juliana Steinbach,&nbsp;Tomás Flanagan,&nbsp;Pouyan Ghabezi,&nbsp;Noel Harrison,&nbsp;Simon O’Reilly,&nbsp;Stephen Killian,&nbsp;William Finnegan","doi":"10.1186/s42252-023-00040-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-023-00040-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Drone technology is widely available and is rapidly becoming a crucial instrument in the functions of businesses and government agencies worldwide. The demand for delivery services is accelerating particularly since the Covid-19 pandemic. Both companies and customers want these services to be efficient, timely, safe, and sustainable, but these are major challenges. Last-mile delivery by lightweight short-range drones has the potential to address these challenges. However, there is a lack of consistency and transparency in assessing and reporting the sustainability of last-mile delivery services and drones. This paper critically reviews published papers on Life Cycle Assessments of drones to date. The study reveals a lack of comprehensive studies, and a need to examine composite and battery manufacturing developments and provides key considerations for future study development.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-023-00040-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4783467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical conduction investigation of pre-stressed carbon/epoxy fabric laminates heated by ampere-level currents","authors":"Gang Zhou,&nbsp;Ewa Mikinka,&nbsp;Xujin Bao,&nbsp;Weiwei Sun","doi":"10.1186/s42252-023-00041-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-023-00041-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A study on electrical conduction of carbon/epoxy laminates has so far been conducted in an ad hoc nature without a standardised method, involving many extrinsic factors. How these factors affect electrical conduction of carbon/epoxy laminates has not been well established. The objectives of this work are to ascertain the effects of electrical currents, temperatures, and clamping torques on the anisotropic electrical conduction of carbon/epoxy laminates. Two-probe method with solid electrodes was developed with machined carbon/epoxy laminate specimens of various dimensions. The contributions of elevated temperatures and clamping pressures to electrical conduction were investigated. Various contact conditions with or without conductive paint were examined. The relationship of electrical resistance correlating with temperature and clamping pressure was developed to aid an analysis of data trends. From the average test results of 18 groups, aided with qualitative predictions, the milliampere-to-ampere increases of current led to significant reductions in electrical conductivities in both in-plane and through-the-thickness directions. The rises of temperatures resulted in the similar reductions in electrical conductivity due to the increased resistance. The increase in clamping torque increased the electrical conductivity values in both directions. Applying conductive paint to the contact faces did not appear to affect the contact resistance. Thus, the enhanced values of electrical conductivity from the painted specimens were attributed to their lower body temperatures, as the conductive paint at the contact faces soaked up the substantial amount of the electrical energies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-023-00041-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4854097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of conductive smart composite polymeric materials for potential applicationsin structural health monitoring and strain detection","authors":"Olalla Sanchez-Sobrado,&nbsp;Daniel Rodriguez,&nbsp;Ricardo Losada,&nbsp;Elena Rodriguez","doi":"10.1186/s42252-023-00039-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-023-00039-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The presented work collects results from the evaluation of electrical response to mechanical deformation and formation of defects presented by different polymeric based composite materials with potential for applications in Structural Health Monitoring and Strain Detection. With the aim of showing the variety of key materials in sectors like civil aviation, wind energy, automotive or railway that present this ability, specimens of very different nature have been analyzed: a) thermoplastic commercial 3D printing filaments loaded with carbonic fillers; b) epoxy resin loaded with Carbon Nanotubes and c) long carbon fiber reinforced resin composite. Measurements of electrical properties of these materials were taken to evaluate their capability to detect the presence of structural defects of different sizes as well as its spatial location. On the other hand, simultaneous measurements of electrical resistivity and mechanical strain during tensile tests were performed to analyze the potential of materials as strain detectors. All composites studied have shown a positive response (modification of electrical performance) to external mechanical stimulus: induced damage and deformations.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-023-00039-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5013277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient removal of safranin from aqueous solution using a new type of metalated highly self-doped polyaniline nanocomposite","authors":"Hammed H. A. M. Hassan,&nbsp;Marwa Abdel Fattah","doi":"10.1186/s42252-023-00038-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-023-00038-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report the chemical synthesis of poly(<i>aniline-co</i>-<i>aniline-2,5-disulfonic acid)</i>) and its composite containing L-hexuronic acid and metallic Ag/SiO₂ nanoparticles as a new thermally stable anionic polyelectrolyte for removing safranin dye. The composite was characterized by IR, UV, cyclic voltammetry, SEM, TEM, TGA, DSC, EDXS and elemental analyses. Microscopic images exhibited intensified spherical particles dispersed over almost the entire surface. The XRD exhibited peaks of the partially crystalline material at many 2θ values, and their interatomic spacing and sizes were calculated. The cyclic voltammograms exhibited characteristic redox peaks relative to the quinoid ring transition states. The uptake rates up to 82.5% adsorption were completed within 75 min and the equilibrium time was 45 min. The isotherm of dye adsorption interprets the interaction with the adsorbent and explain the relationship between the dye removal capacity and the initial dye concentration. In the current, the Langmuir isotherm model was the optimum to interpret both the dye/copolymer and the dye/composite interactions. The uptake of safranin by copolymer/SiO₂@Ag nanocomposite was well defined by pseudo second order model with rate constant K₂ = 0.03 g^− 1 mg^− 1 min^− 1 for 19 mg safranin. A comparison of safranin adsorption efficiency of the synthesized material with other reported material in the same domain suggested that the present composite has a higher adsorption rate and capacity. The ongoing research is devoted to improving the removal percentage of the dye by using 1,3,5-triazine based sulfonated polyaniline/Ag@ SiO₂ nanocomposite.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-023-00038-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4530936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoplastic elastomer composite strips with damage detection capabilities for self-healing elastomers","authors":"Antonia Georgopoulou,&nbsp;Henry Korhonen,&nbsp;Anton W. Bosman,&nbsp;Frank Clemens","doi":"10.1186/s42252-022-00037-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-022-00037-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Self-healing materials can increase the lifetime of products and improve their sustainability. However, the detection of damage in an early stage is essential to avoid damage progression and ensure a successful self-healing process. In this study, self-healing sensor composite strips were developed with the embedding of a thermoplastic styrene-based co-polymer (TPS) sensor in a self-healing matrix. Piezoresistive TPS sensor fibers composites (SFCs) and 3D printed sensor element composites (SECs) were fabricated and embedded in a self-healing matrix by lamination process to detect damage. In both cases, the value of the initial resistance was used to detect the presence of damage and monitor the efficiency of healing. A higher elongation at fracture could be achieved with the extruded sensor fibers. However, for the composite strips the SECs could achieve a higher elongation at fracture. Mechano-electrical analysis revealed that the strips maintained a monotonic, reproducible response after the healing of the matrix. The SFCs had significantly lower drift of the sensor signal during cyclic mechanical analysis. Nevertheless, on a tendon-based soft robotic actuator, the SECs obtained a drift below 1%. This was explained by the lower deformation (e.g.) strain in comparison to the tensile test experiments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-022-00037-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84608440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature dependence of thermophysical properties of carbon/polyamide410 composite","authors":"Kasahun Niguse Asfew,&nbsp;Jan Ivens,&nbsp;David Moens","doi":"10.1186/s42252-022-00036-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-022-00036-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the temperature dependence of the carbon/polyamide 410 composite's heat capacity, thermal expansion, density, and thermal conductivity was investigated. The results demonstrated that the specific heat capacity of the C/PA410 composite increases with temperature, with major transitions observed at the glass transition (Tg) and melting (Tm) temperatures. Due to the presence of fibers, the CTE values in the fiber direction of C/PA410 specimens were one order of magnitude smaller than in the transverse direction. The density measurements reveal that as temperature rises, volume increases, causing density to decrease. The heat diffusivity of the C/PA410 composite was measured using the laser flash technique, which was then used to calculate thermal conductivity. The results show that the average thermal conductivity in the fiber direction increases linearly with temperature, while in the transverse direction it increases linearly with temperature up to 50 °C and then becomes constant between 50 °C and 100 °C.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-022-00036-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88239128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional rubber composites based on silica-silane reinforcement for green tire application: the state of the art","authors":"Jeevanandham Neethirajan,&nbsp;Arshad Rahman Parathodika,&nbsp;Guo-Hua Hu,&nbsp;Kinsuk Naskar","doi":"10.1186/s42252-022-00035-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-022-00035-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silica is the rubber industry’s most essential and cost-effective reinforcing filler after carbon black. The silica reinforcement mechanism with a non-polar elastomer is complicated by the presence of polar functional groups on the silica surface. This polar nature of silica causes filler-to-filler interaction by forming hydrogen bonds. Therefore, sizeable non-dispersed silica clusters remain in a non-polar rubber matrix. To avoid these strong filler-filler interactions and improve rubber/silica compatibility, the silica surface needs to be modified. This can be done using a coupling agent which has functional groups capable of linking both the rubber and silica. It has been discovered that when silica/silane coupling agents are present, the critical properties like rolling resistance and wet grip in the magic triangle of tire tread balance out better than carbon black formulations, bringing the system closer to the green tire goal. In this review article, the efforts made by both the rubber formulation development and chemistry to fully exploit the potential of silica/silane reinforcement for automotive tires are retrospected. Highlights on how compounding ingredients, process technology, functionalized elastomer, novel silanes, and the variant of silicas can enhance the magic triangle and silica-silane reaction mechanism are provided. In addition, the kinetics of silanization and measurements for the degree of silanization is also highlighted. Future research directions in this area are also touched upon. Hopefully, this review can stimulate future silica/silane scientific and technology developments for both academic and industrial-oriented requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-022-00035-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79979984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of functionalized S–SBR on silica–filled rubber compound properties","authors":"Chigusa Yamada,&nbsp;Atsushi Yasumoto,&nbsp;Tadashi Matsushita,&nbsp;Anke Blume","doi":"10.1186/s42252-022-00034-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-022-00034-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Styrene–butadiene–Rubber, SBR, is most often used in tread compounds in order to improve the Rolling Resistance (RR). The functionalized SBRs are used to increase the polymer–filler interaction in the compound to improve RR. In this study, the effect of different types of functional groups in SBR was investigated. Several types of functionalized S–SBR’s were synthesized by anionic polymerization: (i) SBR with an amine group at one end of the polymer chain, (ii) SBR with an alkoxy silane group at one end (iii) SBR with an amine group at one end and an alkoxy silane group at the other end of the polymer chain. A model reaction of silanization was conducted in a solvent to estimate how the amine functional group affects the silanization. Silica filled compounds were prepared with these SBR types. Payne effect and bound rubber measurement were done. The model silanization reaction of TESPT (Bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide) with silica in the presence of amine shows that a higher amount of ethanol (EtOH) is released from TESPT compared to the amine free system. This result indicates that the silanization reaction can be accelerated by the presence of an amine functional group at the SBR polymer chain used in silica–filled compounds. The amine functionalized SBR and the alkoxy silane functionalized SBR show less Payne effect of the compounds which indicates that both functional groups can decrease the filler–filler interaction. More chemical bound rubber was obtained in branched SBRs compared to the corresponding linear SBRs. A branched polymer chain has a higher molecular weight compared to the linear type. Therefore, when one branched polymer chain reacts with silica or creates a silica–silane–polymer bond, more bound rubber can be obtained for the branched than for the linear type. The compound of the SBR with the alkoxy–silane functional group shows lower tan δ compared to the non–functionalized SBR and the amine functionalized SBR compounds. The influence of the type of functionalization of the SBR on tan δ at 70 °C was more significant in branched SBRs than in linear SBRs, due to the before–mentioned effect of the functional group on silanization and bound rubber.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-022-00034-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80933056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behavior of stretchable conductive materials based on elastomeric core: experimental and theoretical simulation","authors":"Avia J. Bar,&nbsp;Joey Mead,&nbsp;Hanna Dodiuk,&nbsp;Samuel Kenig","doi":"10.1186/s42252-022-00033-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-022-00033-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mechanical behavior of braided carbon nanotube yarns (CNTYs) on an elastomeric core to produce stretchable conductive materials were theoretically modeled and experimentally studied under tension. The elastomeric core served as the stretchable spring and the CNTYs braiding, with shape changing capabilities, as the conductive shell. A variety of samples were produced having various braiding angles on an elastomeric core and subsequently loaded in tension, and their stress–strain behavior was characterized. The model predicts the stress–strain behavior of the composite as a function of the initial braiding angle and the number of pitches. The innovative aspect was included in the model related to the friction between the braid and the core. Results indicated good agreement between the theoretical simulations and the experimental results which was not discussed in previous studies. Since the rate of the diameter decrease of the CNTYs braid was higher than that of the elastomeric core diameter, squeezing out of the core through the braid inter yarn space occurred. This limited the maximum potential extension of the braid. Thus, a critical strain was defined where the braid came into contact with the core. The addition of the friction stresses made a significant contribution to the overall stresses and the accuracy of the theoretical simulation, and its agreement with the experimental results. An apparent friction coefficient was proposed to account for the effect of the elastomer core/braid interactive restriction and squeezing out of the elastomer through the braiding, as observed in experimental results. As the CNTYs are conductive, a stretchable conductive composite was obtained having a resistivity of 9.05 × 10^–4 Ohm*cm, which remained constant throughout the tensile loading until failure and under cyclic loading.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-022-00033-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73382367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular sieving through 'layer-by-layer' self-assembly of polyelectrolytes and highly crosslinked graphene oxide","authors":"Subhasish Maiti,&nbsp;Suryasarathi Bose","doi":"10.1186/s42252-022-00032-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42252-022-00032-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lack of access to potable water and abating levels of ground water level demands the reuse of unconventional water sources after remediating it in a sustainable way. In this context, purifying brackish, land and sea water seems a feasible solution to the ever-growing population.</p><p>In this work, a novel composite membrane was fabricated by 'layer-by-layer' self-assembly of poly-dopamine (PDA) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) supported on a highly crosslinked graphene oxide (GO) membrane to sieve ions to purify contaminated water as well as enhance the resistance towards chlorine. This GO membrane was sandwiched between layers of various nanoporous polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes obtained by selectively etching out the PMMA component from the demixed blends. The blend membranes were designed following the melt-extrusion process and subsequent quenching to facilitate confined crystallization of PVDF and selective etching of PMMA. The membranes with different pore sizes were tuned on varying the composition in blends and a gradient in microstructure was achieved by stitching the membranes. Pure water flux, salt rejection, dye removal, and antibacterial activity were performed to study the membrane's efficiency. The GO membrane was chemically crosslinked with methylenediamine to impart dimensional stability and to enhance rejection efficiency through the nanoslits that GO offers. Besides effective rejection, the sandwiched membrane was modified with ‘layer-by-layer’ self-assembly of polyelectrolytes on the surface to improve the chlorine tolerance performance. This strategy resulted in an excellent salt (about 95% and 97% for monovalent and divalent ion, respectively) and dye rejection (100% for both cationic and anionic dye), besides facilitating excellent chlorine tolerance performance. Moreover, this modified membrane showed superior antifouling properties (flux recovery ratio is more than 90%) and excellent antibacterial performance (near about 3 log reduction).</p><p>Thus the concept of using layer-by-layer self-assembly of polycations (PDA) and polyanions (PSS) onto a hierarchical chemically modified GO sandwiched PVDF membrane proved to be a productive strategy to purify contaminated water. Thus the membrane can be a potential candidate for domestic as well as industrial application.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":576,"journal":{"name":"Functional Composite Materials","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://functionalcompositematerials.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42252-022-00032-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76493562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}