Food and Environmental Virology最新文献

{"title":"Development of Fit-for-Purpose, High Quality Proficiency Samples for Interlaboratory Evaluation of RT-PCR Detection of HPAI H5N1 in Milk","authors":"Emily L. Smith,&nbsp;Yuhan Jin,&nbsp;Megan R. Miller,&nbsp;Kirstin Frost,&nbsp;Jodie Ulaszek,&nbsp;Sarah M. Nemser,&nbsp;Laura B. Goodman,&nbsp;Steffen Uhlig,&nbsp;Anja Schlierf,&nbsp;Karina Hettwer,&nbsp;Matthew Kmet,&nbsp;Andriy Tkachenko,&nbsp;Olgica Ceric,&nbsp;Gregory H. Tyson,&nbsp;Ravinder Reddy","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09699-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09699-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increased demand for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) testing in milk highlights the critical need for well-characterized samples that enable meaningful evaluation of current detection methods. In this study, we focus on the development and rigorous characterization of artificially contaminated spiked milk samples, forming the foundation for reliable assessment of assay performance. By using reverse transcriptase digital PCR (RT-dPCR), we obtained precise genome copy (GC) measurements of our virus stock and of spiked samples, producing accurate quantification even at low viral loads. In parallel, the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratories’ (USDA-NVSL’s) influenza A matrix gene (IAV M) real-time reverse transcriptase (rRT-PCR) assay was employed as the main detection assay, serving as a tool to validate the sample preparation methodology. The goal of this work is to show that robust, reproducible, and analytically traceable samples can be generated to support HPAI method evaluation in proficiency exercises (PEs) distributed nationwide. Low between-sample standard deviations, ranging from 0 to 0.10 rRT-PCR Ct values for replicate samples, fall below the theoretical threshold indicative of heterogeneity, along with RT-dPCR determinations of sample GCs affirm the homogeneity of the developed samples. Parallel analysis of corresponding milk-based and phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-based samples showed no indication of a matrix effect. No significant shifts of Ct value or of measured GCs were observed over time, proving samples to be stable for at least 28 days when stored at -80 °C. The defined assay sensitivity, expressed as the level of detection 50% (LOD_50%), of the USDA-NVSL’s IAV M rRT-PCR assay was determined to be 3.2 GCs/rRT-PCR reaction for milk samples and 5.5 GCs/rRT-PCR reaction for PBS samples, but this difference is not significant. This work sets the basis for determining laboratory competency, providing confidence in HPAI testing results for ongoing and future surveillance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-026-09699-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic Modelling of the Decay of Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV) Facilitated a Robust Wastewater-Based Surveillance for RSV","authors":"Yuqing Long,&nbsp;Jiayi Liu,&nbsp;Xiuyuan Shi,&nbsp;Xueling Yang,&nbsp;Yongyan Long,&nbsp;Jinzhou Xiao,&nbsp;Xinxin Han,&nbsp;Songzhe Fu","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09701-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09701-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a promising tool for monitoring respiratory pathogens, yet the rapid in-sewer decay of viruses limits its application in low-incidence settings. This study investigates the decay rates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in wastewater under various conditions to enhance the utility of WBE for forecasting RSV outbreaks. Laboratory-scale recirculating sewer systems were employed to simulate in-sewer decay of RSV at different temperatures, organic concentrations, and total suspended solids (TSS) levels. A first-order decay model revealed a significant temperature dependence, with the decay rate increasing approximately 30-fold from 4 to 35 °C. Conversely, higher TSS concentrations provided substantial protection to RSV particles, extending the T₉₀ by up to sevenfold, whereas SCOD exhibited minimal impact. Based on these findings, a multiple linear regression model was established to identify key predictors. This study underscores the importance of understanding RSV decay kinetics for accurate WBE and highlights the value of kinetic modelling in correcting in-sewer viral loss for optimized wastewater surveillance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148173207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Viruses of Public Health Importance in Wastewater Samples Using Conventional PCR Techniques and a Targeted Enrichment Whole Genome Sequencing Panel","authors":"Gonzalo M. Castro,&nbsp;Florencia Mallou,&nbsp;Gisella Masachessi,&nbsp;María C. Frutos,&nbsp;Verónica E. Prez,&nbsp;Tomás Poklepovich,&nbsp;Silvia V. Nates,&nbsp;María B. Pisano,&nbsp;Viviana E. Ré","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09700-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09700-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wastewater-based epidemiology is an effective approach for monitoring viruses of public health relevance in the community. PCR/qPCR are widely used for targeted detection, while NGS with targeted enrichment panels has emerged as a complementary strategy for broader viral detection and genomic characterization. This study comparatively evaluated PCR/qPCR and a targeted enrichment whole-genome sequencing Viral Surveillance Panel (VSP, Illumina) for virus detection in wastewater. Fifty-two wastewater samples collected between 2017 and 2023 from a wastewater treatment plant in Córdoba, Argentina, were concentrated by PEG precipitation and pooled by season and year, reaching 14 pools. Each pool was analyzed in parallel by PCR/qPCR for eight human viruses of public health importance and by the VSP, targeting 66 viral species, sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 platform, and analyzed with the DRAGEN pipeline. Detection frequencies for each virus using PCR/qPCR and VSP were Rotavirus A 100%/14.3%; Norovirus 100%/14.3%; Aichivirus 50%/42.9%; SARS-CoV-2 14.3%/0%; HAV 42.9%/0%; HEV 14.3%/0%; JCPyV 35.7%/85.7%; BKPyV 28.6%/71.4%, respectively. In addition, VSP detected the genomes of Astrovirus (71.4%), Salivirus (21.4%), Coxsackievirus A19 (14.3%), Rotavirus C (14.3%), and Merkel Cell virus (7.1%), and enable the recovery of 16 near complete genomes of Aichivirus, JCPyV, BKPyV, Salivirus and Astrovirus. PCR provided the sensitivity and speed necessary for viral screening of the main human pathogens of public health concern, while the VSP generated valuable genomic information on understudied viruses. According to these results, PCR/qPCR panels would represent a more practical, sensitive and cost-effective alternative for wastewater key public health viruses’ surveillance purposes in our region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148100802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Clinical and Environmental Surveillance Provides the First Evidence of Aichi Virus Circulation in Córdoba, Argentina","authors":"Ariana Mariela Cachi,&nbsp;María De Los Ángeles Marinzalda,&nbsp;Evangelina Peano,&nbsp;Gonzalo Manuel Castro,&nbsp;Paola Sicilia,&nbsp;María Beatriz Isa,&nbsp;Remigio Arteaga,&nbsp;Verónica Emilse Prez,&nbsp;Silvia Nates,&nbsp;Gisela Masachessi","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09698-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09698-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human Aichi virus (AiV-A1), a member of the <i>Kobuvirus</i> genus associated with viral gastroenteritis, remains largely underdiagnosed in Latin America due to the absence of routine testing and limited epidemiological data. This study provides the first molecular evidence of AiV-A1 circulation in Argentina to date, based on the analysis of wastewater and pediatric stool samples collected in Córdoba between 2012 and 2019. A total of 93 untreated wastewater samples from the main wastewater treatment plant and 155 stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) were screened using a validated nested RT-PCR targeting the 3CD region, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. AiV-A1 was detected in 58% of wastewater samples, demonstrating continuous, year-round circulation without a defined seasonal pattern. Among clinical AGE cases, AiV-A1 was identified in 21.5%, including 10.3% as monoinfections. Inclusion of AiV-A1 in the diagnostic panel within this study, increased the overall viral detection rate from 62% to 69%, suggesting that its incorporation into routine diagnostics could improve the detection of virologically confirmed diarrhea cases. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that all Argentine strains clustered within genotype B, forming two intragenotypic lineages and exhibiting high nucleotide identity (94.8%–99.6%) between environmental and clinical isolates. Together, these findings provide the first evidence of endemic AiV-A1 circulation in Argentina, highlight its potencial role in pediatric gastroenteritis, and establish a baseline for future regional epidemiological studies while offering relevant insight into the burden, transmission, and molecular epidemiology of AiV-A1 in the country.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148004274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Evaluating Nanotrap Microbiome Particles as A Wastewater Viral Concentration Method","authors":"Marlee Shaffer,&nbsp;Devin North,&nbsp;Kyle Bibby","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09697-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09697-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13194239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147979972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Wastewater in Costa Rica","authors":"Bradd Mendoza-Guido,&nbsp;Taimy Calvo,&nbsp;Luis Chacón,&nbsp;María Belén Pisano,&nbsp;Gisela Masachessi,&nbsp;Luz Chacón","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09696-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09696-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, with both human-restricted (genotypes 1 and 2) and zoonotic lineages (genotypes 3 and 4). However, information regarding HEV circulation in Central America remains limited. In this study, wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance was conducted in San José, Costa Rica, during 2025 to investigate the presence of HEV in the main wastewater treatment plant serving approximately one million inhabitants. A total of 54 influent and effluent samples were analyzed. HEV RNA was not detected by quantitative RT-PCR; however, RT-nested PCR targeting the ORF1 region identified three positive influent samples. Sequencing yielded two high-quality partial ORF1 sequences suitable for phylogenetic analysis. Both Costa Rican sequences clustered together and showed a close relationship to genotype 3 sequences. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of HEV detected in wastewater in Costa Rica and the first scientific report of environmental detection in Central America. These findings highlight the value of wastewater-based surveillance for identifying circulating viral pathogens in regions where routine clinical testing is limited.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147969470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transkingdom Interactions Between Viruses and Bacteria: Implications for Wastewater Treatment Efficiency","authors":"Justin C. Greaves,&nbsp;Christopher M. Robinson","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09695-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09695-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human enteric viruses frequently encounter diverse microbial communities in wastewater, where interactions with bacteria and other microorganisms can profoundly influence their environmental persistence and transmission. Increasing evidence demonstrates that bacteria can bind and stabilize enteric viruses, thereby enhancing thermal inactivation and prolonging infectivity. These interactions not only shape viral fate during wastewater treatment but also may affect the sensitivity and interpretation of wastewater-based epidemiology, an essential tool for public health surveillance. Yet significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the molecular mechanisms that govern bacterial-viral interactions and their roles in broader wastewater microbiomes. Together, advancing our understanding of transkingdom interactions in wastewater is essential for improving treatment processes, strengthening environmental surveillance, and reducing the risk of virus transmission through contaminated water systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-026-09695-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147938880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Wastewater Monitoring is Helping to Investigate a Hepatitis A Outbreak Linked to Oysters’ Consumption","authors":"F. S. Le Guyader,&nbsp;J. Figoni,&nbsp;J. Ollivier,&nbsp;A. Chaghouri,&nbsp;S. Parnaudeau,&nbsp;A. Nisavanh,&nbsp;C. Le Mennec,&nbsp;J. Normand,&nbsp;A. Deslandes,&nbsp;M. Martel,&nbsp;S. Erouart,&nbsp;A.-M. Roque-Afonso","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09694-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09694-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In April 2024, two cases of hepatitis A (HA) were linked to the consumption of oysters produced in the same region, which triggered a multidisciplinary study. A network was quickly set up in a one-health approach including epidemiological and clinical data, as well as analysis of locally collected shellfish and wastewater samples. By the end of the outbreak, up to 17 HA cases met the case definition: all shared a same genotype IA strain and have eaten oysters. The prompt response enabled the identification of oyster samples positive for the HAV genome at the start of the monitoring period; these oyster samples subsequently tested negative during the following two months of the sampling campaign. Monitoring three nearby wastewater treatment plants revealed that the contamination was limited to a single area, allowing for more effective monitoring of shellfish. None of the identified cases lived in the area served by the treatment plant, and no clinical cases were detected among the local population, either before or after the outbreak. The decline of HAV concentration in sewage signed the end of the outbreak. While predicting contamination of shellfish growing areas is complicated, sewage surveillance can help establishing an alert system to prevent shellfish contamination, which is an important issue for silent diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-026-09694-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147925208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Viral Pollution in Wastewater and Mediterranean Ecosystems","authors":"Pablo Puchades-Colera,&nbsp;Inés Girón-Guzmán,&nbsp;Enric Cuevas-Ferrando,&nbsp;Azahara Díaz-Reolid,&nbsp;Irene Falcó,&nbsp;Rosa Aznar,&nbsp;Marinella Farré,&nbsp;Marta Llorca,&nbsp;Alba Pérez-Cataluña,&nbsp;Gloria Sánchez","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09693-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09693-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Increasing water scarcity and climate-related extremes are amplifying the need for safe water reuse, however, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may not fully remove viral pathogens, posing potential risks to freshwater environments. This study assessed human enteric and respiratory viruses using (RT)-qPCR, along with faecal indicators using culture-based methods, at WWTPs in two Mediterranean protected areas (Albufera Natural Park and the Ebro River region) across three campaigns. A total of influent (<i>n</i> = 33), reclaimed wastewater (<i>n</i> = 33), biosolids (<i>n</i> = 32), surface water (<i>n</i> = 33), and sediment (<i>n</i> = 29) samples were analysed. Influent wastewater contained a wide range of viral and faecal indicators, with biosolids showing similar levels. Although reclaimed water demonstrated reductions in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and somatic coliphages, these reductions remained below the ≥ 5 and ≥ 6 Log₁₀ threshold required under EU water reuse regulations, respectively. In surface waters, human enteric viruses were detected at low concentrations, with human norovirus genogroup II (HuNoV GII) showing the highest incidence (36.36%). SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 15.15% of samples, while influenza A virus (IAV) was found in only one sample. Sediments yielded viral signals in 10–35% of samples, whereas <i>E. coli</i> and somatic coliphages were detected in 6.9% and 10.3% of samples, respectively. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3f exhibited a clear winter trend, whereas faecal indicators were consistently detected across matrices. In contrast, <i>E. coli</i> and somatic coliphages showed no correlation with viral detections. As the first comprehensive survey of viral presence in these Mediterranean systems, this study provides a baseline for monitoring and managing viral contamination risks during and after extreme climate events, which may exacerbate pathogen mobilization and dissemination. Additionally, the detection of zoonotic viruses, including IAV and HEV, highlights the value of wastewater and environmental surveillance (WES) in biodiversity-rich environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-026-09693-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo Assessment of the Potential Protective Effects of Traditional Kumis Against SARS-CoV-2 in a Transgenic Mouse Model","authors":"Bilal Kocaman,&nbsp;Hatice Nur Aydin,&nbsp;Fatih Ramazan Istanbullugil,&nbsp;Mitat Sahin,&nbsp;Irem Abaci Bayraktar,&nbsp;Arzu Tas Ekiz,&nbsp;Ozge Aksoy Yaman,&nbsp;Hivda Ulbegi Polat","doi":"10.1007/s12560-026-09692-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12560-026-09692-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explores the antiviral potential of kumis, a traditional fermented mare’s milk beverage, against SARS-CoV-2 using K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Kumis samples fermented in leather, wood, and plastic containers were tested to assess their immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. Mice were intranasally infected with live SARS-CoV-2 and orally administered kumis daily for five consecutive days, starting one day prior to viral challenge, and monitored for a total of 15 days. Kumis-treated mice exhibited significantly reduced weight loss at specific time points (days 12 and 15 post-infection; <i>p</i> = 0.0310). Survival was numerically higher in kumis-treated groups (Plastic 5/6, Wooden 5/6, Leather 4/6) compared to controls (3/6), but this difference did not reach statistical significance (<i>p</i> = 0.6649). Histopathological and virological analyses supported the protective effects, with the plastic-fermented sample showing the most pronounced benefit. The study also highlights the importance of fermentation environments on the microbial composition and therapeutic efficacy of kumis. Although kumis is not a direct antiviral drug, it can serve as a supportive food that enhances immunity and provides protection during viral illnesses.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":563,"journal":{"name":"Food and Environmental Virology","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-026-09692-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}