In Vitro Efficacy of Foam Hand Sanitizers Against Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses

IF 4.1 2区 农林科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Francis Torko, Kristen E. Gibson
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Abstract

Enveloped and non-enveloped virus transmission can occur via person-to-person contact and potentially through contaminated surfaces with human hands. Establishing the efficacy of hand sanitizers, including gel and foam formats, is crucial in reducing the transmission of viruses of human health concern, yet foam hand sanitizers are generally underexplored despite being widely used. Following American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E1052-20, the efficacy of foam-based hand sanitizers—one non-alcohol-based hand sanitizer and four alcohol-based hand sanitizers with benzalkonium chloride and ethanol as active ingredients, respectively—were explored using bacteriophage phi6 (Φ6) as a surrogate for enveloped viruses and bacteriophage MS2 (Emesvirus zinderi) and Tulane virus (TuV) as surrogates for non-enveloped viruses. Significant differences in log reduction were observed among viruses (P ≤ 0.05). After a 10 s exposure, a 5.23 ± 1.64 log reduction was observed for Φ6 while MS2 remained resistant (0.04 ± 0.08 log10 reduction). Conversely, significant log reductions (P ≤ 0.05) were observed for TuV across all foam-based hand sanitizer products ranging from 0.07 ± 0.1 to 1.09 ± 0.22. An exposure time of 10 s (i.e., the typical rubbing time in real-world scenarios following hand sanitizer application) is likely sufficient for enveloped virus inactivation based on the inactivation of bacteriophage Φ6 by the tested commercially available products. However, longer exposure times or different hand sanitizer formulations may be required to achieve similar log reductions against non-enveloped viruses such as human norovirus based on the surrogates (MS2, TuV) tested.

包膜和非包膜病毒可通过人际接触传播,也可能通过人的手接触受污染的表面传播。确定洗手液(包括凝胶和泡沫形式)的功效对于减少人类健康问题病毒的传播至关重要,然而泡沫洗手液尽管被广泛使用,但通常尚未得到充分开发。根据美国材料试验协会(ASTM) E1052-20,以噬菌体phi6 (Φ6)作为包膜病毒的替代品,噬菌体MS2 (Emesvirus zinderi)和杜兰病毒(TuV)作为非包膜病毒的替代品,研究了泡沫基洗手液(一种非酒精基洗手液和四种以苯扎氯铵和乙醇为有效成分的酒精基洗手液)的功效。不同病毒间的对数减少量差异有统计学意义(P≤0.05)。暴露10 s后,Φ6降低5.23±1.64对数,而MS2保持抗性(0.04±0.08 log10)。相反,在所有泡沫洗手液产品中,TuV的对数显著降低(P≤0.05),范围为0.07±0.1至1.09±0.22。根据经测试的市售产品对噬菌体Φ6的灭活效果,10秒的暴露时间(即使用洗手液后实际情况下的典型摩擦时间)可能足以使包膜病毒灭活。然而,根据测试的替代物(MS2, TuV),可能需要更长的暴露时间或不同的洗手液配方来达到对非包膜病毒(如人类诺如病毒)的类似对数降低。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Food and Environmental Virology
Food and Environmental Virology ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-MICROBIOLOGY
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
2.90%
发文量
35
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: Food and Environmental Virology publishes original articles, notes and review articles on any aspect relating to the transmission of pathogenic viruses via the environment (water, air, soil etc.) and foods. This includes epidemiological studies, identification of novel or emerging pathogens, methods of analysis or characterisation, studies on survival and elimination, and development of procedural controls for industrial processes, e.g. HACCP plans. The journal will cover all aspects of this important area, and encompass studies on any human, animal, and plant pathogenic virus which is capable of transmission via the environment or food.
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