{"title":"Scaffold Fiber Architecture and Uniaxial Stretch Differentially Regulate Cell and Nuclear Morphology in Human Dermal Fibroblasts.","authors":"Maria I Echeverria Molina, Kyriakos Komvopoulos","doi":"10.1177/19373341261466919","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341261466919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cellular and nuclear morphology, together with directional alignment, are fundamental determinants of cell function and play critical roles in the formation, organization, and maintenance of functional fibrous connective tissues. In tissue-engineered systems, these characteristics emerge from the combined influence of scaffold microarchitecture and mechanical loading, which regulate cellular mechanosensing, cytoskeletal organization, and extracellular matrix remodeling, thereby directly affecting tissue regeneration outcomes. In this study, the coupled effects of scaffold fiber architecture and uniaxial stretching on scaffold organization and cell morphology were investigated using bilayer electrospun scaffolds composed of an aligned-fiber layer (AFL) that gradually transformed into a random-fiber layer (RFL). Scaffold morphology and strain-induced fiber alignment were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and two-dimensional fast Fourier transform analysis at elongation levels of 0%, 10%, and 20%. Adult human dermal fibroblasts were cultured on both AFL and RFL scaffold surfaces, and cellular and nuclear morphologies were quantified using shape descriptors under both unstretched conditions and sustained uniaxial stretching of 10%. Uniaxial stretching promoted alignment of initially random fibers while preserving the orientation of pre-aligned fiber architectures. At the cellular level, nuclear morphology exhibited little dependence on scaffold architecture under unstretched conditions but showed pronounced sensitivity to applied strain. In contrast, cell morphology was governed primarily by fiber alignment and displayed only limited sensitivity to sustained mechanical loading. These findings indicate that scaffold architecture and mechanical stretching regulate structural organization (from scaffold microstructure to cellular and nuclear morphology) through distinct yet complementary mechanisms. The ability to independently and complementarily control structural and mechanical cues offers an effective design strategy for bilayer or graded scaffolds intended for the regeneration of complex tissue interfaces, where both isotropic and anisotropic cellular organization are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"657-667"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148632691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Endothelial Cells Increase Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation in Scaffold-Free 3D Vascular Tissue\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/19373341261486611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19373341261486611","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"19373341261486611"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149066721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Walid K Bibi, Lauren E Kemp, Celine J Agnes, Abhinay V Adlooru, Antonia F Chen, David E Greenberg, Alexander M Tatara
{"title":"The Impact of Staphylococcal Immune-Evasive Genes on Orthopedic Device Infection.","authors":"Walid K Bibi, Lauren E Kemp, Celine J Agnes, Abhinay V Adlooru, Antonia F Chen, David E Greenberg, Alexander M Tatara","doi":"10.1177/19373341261486730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19373341261486730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infection of orthopedic devices is a major source of device failure and patient morbidity. Immunotherapy is an intriguing strategy to prevent and treat <i>S. aureus</i> device infection. Understanding mechanisms of bacterial immune evasion in device infection is a fundamental gap that must be addressed to better engineer immune-based strategies. In this study, <i>S. aureus</i> genes involved in three different immune-evasive pathways (<i>spa</i>, <i>isdB</i>, and <i>hla</i>) were studied in a well-established murine model of chronic femoral device infection. Mice underwent implant placement without infection, with infection caused by wild-type methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> strain JE2, or infection with three transposon insertion mutants for each of the genes of interest. Implants were harvested 28 days after infection to enumerate bacterial burden. Serum cytokines were assayed at Days 7 and 28, and splenic immune populations and antibody titers were assessed at Day 28 to probe host immunity. Device infection resulted in early host upregulation of Th17-associated cytokines followed by upregulation of Th1-, Th2-, and T-regulatory-associated cytokines in the chronic period, regardless of <i>S. aureus</i> genotype. Infection was associated with the expansion of splenic myeloid populations and increased anti-<i>S. aureus</i> antibody titers, although antibody production was decreased with disruption to <i>spa</i>. While all infected devices maintained a persistent bacterial burden, <i>S. aureus</i> lacking functional <i>spa</i> resulted in significantly lower bacterial burden compared with wild type infection. These results give insight into the role of bacterial immune-evasive genes and underscore the tenacity of <i>S. aureus</i> device infection. While still able to establish infection, strains lacking functional <i>spa</i> were unable to have the same burden as wild-type and <i>hla</i> mutant strains. These findings suggest that targeting these pathways and redundancies along the same immune-evasive mechanisms may assist in new immune-based therapies for <i>S. aureus</i> device infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"19373341261486730"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149013322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihao Wang, Jianwei Zhu, Wenxuan Chen, Yi Lu, Suxin Jiang, Yuhong Li, Hao Chen, Hongcan Shi
{"title":"Synergy of Vacuum and Trypsin Confers Ideal Properties to Decellularized Tracheal Scaffolds.","authors":"Zhihao Wang, Jianwei Zhu, Wenxuan Chen, Yi Lu, Suxin Jiang, Yuhong Li, Hao Chen, Hongcan Shi","doi":"10.1177/19373341261487070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19373341261487070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-segment tracheal defect repair remains an intractable clinical challenge. Here, we developed a vacuum-assisted trypsin decellularization strategy for rabbit tracheal scaffolds, comparing 0.25-1.00% trypsin groups with a nonvacuum 1.00% control. The 1.00% trypsin group achieved efficient decellularization within 24 h: residual DNA was reduced to 59.73 ± 4.86 ng/mg (approaching the <50 ng/mg clinical standard); major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I/II expression was significantly suppressed (MHC-I integrated optical density [IOD]: 30,399.33 ± 9,224.11; MHC-II IOD: 40,538.00 ± 10,627.08), both far below native levels (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Key extracellular matrix (ECM) components were well preserved: collagen content was 0.431 ± 0.050 μg/mg, and sulfated glycosaminoglycans were 1.671 ± 0.051 μg/mg, with no significant differences from native tissue (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Vacuum assistance markedly enhanced decellularization efficiency: the non-vacuum 1.00% group retained 165.85 ± 37.27 ng/mg DNA, significantly higher than the vacuum group (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Mechanical testing revealed a concentration-dependent decline in compressive load at 50% strain, with the 1.00% group exhibiting 0.058 ± 0.028 N, representing an 88.7% loss compared with native tissue (0.514 ± 0.071 N, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <i>In vitro</i> cytocompatibility (CCK-8) confirmed superior cell activity (day 5 optical density: 1.679 ± 0.036), while <i>in vivo</i> subcutaneous implantation showed minimal inflammatory cell infiltration and CD68-positive macrophage accumulation (nuclear area fraction: 0.10 ± 0.06%; CD68 IOD: 37,172.67 ± 5,454.95). In conclusion, vacuum-assisted 1.00% trypsin treatment yields decellularized tracheal scaffolds with thorough cell removal, preserved ECM, and favorable biocompatibility, although the mechanical properties require further reinforcement for clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"19373341261487070"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148992568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rozalin Shamasha, Alexander Larsson, Ivana Rinklake, Savvini Gkouma, Annika Starkenberg, My Hedhammar, Jonathan Rakar, Gunnar Kratz, Johan Junker
{"title":"Full-Thickness Wounds Treated with FN-Silk to Improve Healing Outcome: An <i>In Vivo</i> Study in Porcine Wounds.","authors":"Rozalin Shamasha, Alexander Larsson, Ivana Rinklake, Savvini Gkouma, Annika Starkenberg, My Hedhammar, Jonathan Rakar, Gunnar Kratz, Johan Junker","doi":"10.1177/19373341261488789","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341261488789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integrity of the skin is essential for protecting the body against external threats and maintaining physiological homeostasis. While several clinical strategies exist for epidermal regeneration, effective methods for dermal regeneration remain limited, often resulting in scar formation and impaired tissue function. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of fibronectin (FN)-silk, a recombinant spider silk protein functionalized with an FN-derived cell adhesion motif and formulated as a fibrillar foam, in comparison with MatriDerm<sup>®</sup>, a clinically available collagen-based dermal matrix, for the treatment of full-thickness wounds. An <i>in vivo</i> porcine wound healing model was used to assess healing outcomes, mechanical properties, and tissue responses following treatment with FN-silk, MatriDerm<sup>®</sup>, or NaCl control. A total of 72 wounds were randomly assigned to the three treatment groups. FN-silk foam was extruded to fill the excised wound void, while MatriDerm<sup>®</sup> was cut into customized shapes to match each wound. Neither treatment induced signs of tissue toxicity or significant inflammatory responses. FN-silk accelerated early wound healing, demonstrating significantly increased re-epithelialization after 1 week (49% coverage compared to 23% in untreated controls and 34% in MatriDerm<sup>®</sup>). Furthermore, FN-silk-treated wounds exhibited significantly higher net elasticity (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating improved mechanical properties of the regenerated tissue. Noninvasive measurements revealed comparable skin hydration and temperature across treatment groups, although FN-silk-treated wounds showed a higher melanin index at 12 weeks (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Histological analysis demonstrated gradual FN-silk degradation, with only minor remnants present at the final time point. No significant differences were observed in epidermal thickness or rete ridge formation. Together, these findings indicate that FN-silk is a promising biomaterial for dermal regeneration, promoting accelerated wound healing and favorable mechanical outcomes compared to MatriDerm<sup>®</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"19373341261488789"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148992636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shohini Banerjee, Nane Manukyan, Kimberly M Stroka
{"title":"Fibrotic Substrate Stiffness Enhances Endometriotic Epithelial Cell Motility.","authors":"Shohini Banerjee, Nane Manukyan, Kimberly M Stroka","doi":"10.1177/19373341261486719","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341261486719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibrosis is a common pathological feature of inflammatory conditions across various organ systems, leading to a marked increase in matrix stiffness. The effects of substrate stiffness on benign epithelial cells in fibrotic microenvironments remain less well characterized compared with malignant cell types. We used an endometriotic epithelial cell line and polyacrylamide hydrogels with tunable stiffness to model mechanically driven single-cell and multicellular migration. We identified a biphasic relationship between substrate stiffness and epithelial migration, where substrates of intermediate stiffness best promoted cell speed, actin stress fiber formation, focal adhesion presentation, and spheroid expansion compared with the soft and very stiff gel substrates. Increasing cellular contractility on the soft substrate and decreasing contractility on the fibrotic stiffness substrate led to an increase and decrease in cell speed, respectively. These findings suggest a role for how fibrosis as a biomechanical state regulates epithelial cell migration during the pathogenesis of benign yet invasive conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"19373341261486719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148921946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bile Duct Regeneration Using a Gelatin Hydrogel Nonwoven Fabric-Based Artificial Bile Duct in Pigs.","authors":"Daichi Nakamura, Takahiro Nishio, Yusuke Uemoto, Yukinori Koyama, Kojiro Taura, Yoshihiko Kurata, Shuhei Kanda, Keisuke Okura, Makoto Kurimoto, Yuichi Takamatsu, Yutarou Hori, Rei Toda, Motohiko Satou, Tomoaki Yoh, Hiroto Nishino, Satoshi Ogiso, Yoichiro Uchida, Takamichi Ishii, Keiko Iwaisako, Yasuhiko Tabata, Etsuro Hatano","doi":"10.1177/19373341251395079","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251395079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bile duct jejunal anastomosis is a standard reconstruction method following bile duct resection. Nevertheless, this procedure is technically intricate and carries significant postoperative risks. This study evaluated bile duct regeneration in pigs using artificial bile ducts (ABDs) made of gelatin hydrogel nonwoven fabric (GHNF).</p><p><strong>Experiment: </strong>An ABD composed of polyglycolic acid (PGA) as the inner layer and GHNF as the outer layer was implanted in the defect of the bile duct in pigs. After a 105-day implantation period, tissue samples were analyzed via histology, immunohistochemistry, and RNA sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The implantation of the ABD promoted fibroblast infiltration, extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, and bile duct epithelial regeneration in the site of the bile duct defect by postoperative day 105. Histological analysis revealed complete absorption and replacement of GHNF by collagen-rich ECM. Immunohistochemistry studies indicated the presence of CK19-positive bile duct epithelial cells in the ABD area, suggesting the successful regeneration of the entire bile duct structure. Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed gene expression patterns analogous to those observed in native bile ducts, showing a similarity with a significant correlation coefficient between the regenerated and the native bile ducts. Differentially expressed genes related to ECM formation, such as COL3A1, SPARC, and COL1A1, were highly expressed, along with growth factors such as FGF1, FGF7, FGF18, FGF22, TGFβ1, and TGFβ3.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The experimental findings demonstrated the successful regeneration of bile duct tissue by the ABD made of GHNF implanted in pigs, thereby signifying its potential for future clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"616-629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145574943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrogel Containing Caviar Extract Effect on Skin Regeneration.","authors":"Fatemeh Sadat Seyedi, Seyed Mohammad Atyabi, Yasamin Moradi, Shiva Irani, Fereshteh Sharifi","doi":"10.1177/19373341251398819","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251398819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skin aging involves changes in extracellular matrix components, such as wrinkles and pigmentation. Caviar extract (CE) is a promising compound for skin rejuvenation, but effective topical delivery requires optimized carriers. This study evaluated polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl chitosan (PVA/CMC) hydrogels loaded with CE at concentrations of 2%, 3.5%, and 5% as scaffolds to influence the epithelial differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). Hydrogels were synthesized using a freeze-thaw method and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, swelling and degradation tests, and mechanical analysis. Biocompatibility and cell migration were assessed using MTT and scratch assays; at the same time, expression of cytokeratin-18 (<i>CK-18</i>) and pan-cytokeratin (pan-CK) was measured via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry (ICC), respectively. FTIR confirmed successful CE incorporation, and SEM revealed a porous structure. Hydrogels with 3.5% and 5% CE demonstrated a good balance between swelling and degradation over 336 h. The biocompatibility tests showed that 5% CE supported enhanced long-term cell growth. The scratch assay indicated improved cell migration, and transcriptional analysis revealed significantly higher <i>CK-18</i> levels in ADMSCs treated with PVA/CMC/CE 5% (<i>p</i> < 0.001). ICC results showed significantly higher pan-CK expression at 3.5% CE (41.82%) and 5% CE (48.16%), suggesting that CE promotes repair processes. These findings suggest that 5% CE-loaded PVA/CMC hydrogel could be an effective option for skin regeneration and antiaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"639-650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145643020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Holly M Poling, Akaljot Singh, Supasek Kongsomros, Maulee Sheth, Maksym Krutko, Abid A Reza, Kalpana Srivastava, James M Wells, Michael A Helmrath, Leyla Esfandiari
{"title":"Promoting Human Intestinal Organoid Formation and Stimulation Using Piezoelectric Nanofiber Matrices.","authors":"Holly M Poling, Akaljot Singh, Supasek Kongsomros, Maulee Sheth, Maksym Krutko, Abid A Reza, Kalpana Srivastava, James M Wells, Michael A Helmrath, Leyla Esfandiari","doi":"10.1177/19373341251396119","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251396119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human organoid model systems have changed the landscape of developmental biology and basic science. They serve as a great tool for human-specific interrogation. In order to advance our organoid technology, we aimed to test the compatibility of a piezoelectric material with organoid generation, because it will create a new platform with the potential for sensing and actuating organoids in physiologically relevant ways. We differentiated human pluripotent stem cells into spheroids following the traditional human intestinal organoid (HIO) protocol atop a piezoelectric nanofiber scaffold. We observed that exposure to the biocompatible piezoelectric nanofibers promoted spheroid morphology 3 days sooner than with the conventional methodology. At day 28 of culture, HIOs grown on the scaffold appeared similar. Both groups were readily transplantable and developed well-organized laminated structures. Graft sizes between groups were similar. Upon characterizing the tissue further, we found no detrimental effects of the piezoelectric nanofibers on intestinal patterning or maturation. Furthermore, to test the practical feasibility of the material, HIOs were also matured on the nanofiber scaffolds and treated with ultrasound, which lead to increased cellular proliferation which is critical for organoid development and tissue maintenance. This study establishes a proof of concept for integrating piezoelectric materials as a customizable platform for on-demand electrical stimulation of cells using remote ultrasonic waveforms in regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"604-615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145574955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinna Bai, Shuping Peng, Zhangui Tang, Cijun Shuai, Tiantian He
{"title":"The Effect of Pore Size on Cell Ingrowth in PLLA/HA Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering.","authors":"Xinna Bai, Shuping Peng, Zhangui Tang, Cijun Shuai, Tiantian He","doi":"10.1177/19373341251392176","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251392176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In bone regenerative medicine, scaffolds play a pivotal role in promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Among the various materials employed for creating scaffolds, mixed materials composed of poly-l-lactic acid and hydroxyapatite (PLLA/HA) have emerged as a favored option owing to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and ability to support cellular activities. Our research has delved into the optimization of PLLA/HA scaffold design, with a particular focus on pore size, as it significantly influenced cellular behavior. We have found that PLLA/HA scaffolds with the pore size of 400 µm, created using selective laser sintering, exhibited the most favorable conditions for cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, flow field environment simulation showed that scaffolds with the pore size of 400 µm possessed a more balanced flow field distribution, which was beneficial to cells. This finding provides research support for the pore size selection of bone scaffold in advanced treatment strategies for bone tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"592-603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147635260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}