Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences最新文献

The “Nuclear Winter” Hypothesis and a Responsible Nuclear Policy 核冬天 "假设与负责任的核政策

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331624010015

A. S. Ginzburg, N. A. Samoylovskaya

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B.N. Chicherin: The Crimean War as a Reflection of the Crisis of the Russian Empire B.N. Chicherin：反映俄罗斯帝国危机的克里米亚战争

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331623090071

A. I. Narezhnyi

{"title":"B.N. Chicherin: The Crimean War as a Reflection of the Crisis of the Russian Empire","authors":"A. I. Narezhnyi","doi":"10.1134/s1019331623090071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1019331623090071","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Based on the works of a prominent representative of the liberal pro-Western trend in Russian social thought B.N. Chicherin, his views on the causes and unsuccessful for Russia outcome of the Crimean War are examined. The components of the author’s concept are revealed, which were formulated by him in identifying the main trends of European politics in the first half of the 19th century and assessing the political consequences of the formation of the Holy Alliance and the activities of its participants, aimed at preserving the monarchical principle in European countries by any means. Particular attention is paid to Chicherin’s analysis of the reasons for the conservative turn in the foreign and domestic policies of the government of Nicholas I and the author’s substantiation of the thesis that the European choice of Peter I did not guarantee progressive advance in the development of Russia but only opened opportunities, the implementation of which depended on the policy of the imperial authorities. In this context, such features of the system of autocratic governance of the country are considered as the predominance of the personal principle and the lack of opportunities and mechanisms for representatives of society to influence the decisions, which were defined by Chicherin as major factors that contributed to the establishment of a protective course in foreign and domestic policy. The author considers the “European loneliness” of Russia and stagnation in socioeconomic development to be a consequence of this policy, which determined the country’s defeat in the Crimean War, which, however, is considered by Chicherin not only as evidence of the crisis of the existing system but also as an incentive for renewal based on a program in the development of which he actively participated.</p>","PeriodicalId":56335,"journal":{"name":"Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences","volume":"2018 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139988029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Mobilization of Science: St. Petersburg University during the Crimean War 科学的动员：克里米亚战争期间的圣彼得堡大学

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331623090137

T. N. Zhukovskaya

{"title":"Mobilization of Science: St. Petersburg University during the Crimean War","authors":"T. N. Zhukovskaya","doi":"10.1134/s1019331623090137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1019331623090137","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The attitude of university intellectuals to the events of the Eastern War of 1853–1856 and the degree of involvement of the university community in helping the front are discussed based on archival sources and published memoirs. Back at the very beginning of the war, military formation training was introduced in higher education institutions and gymnasiums in Russia, and lectures on artillery and fortification began at St. Petersburg University. The memoirs of F.N. Ustryalov and the diary of A.V. Nikitenko convey the reaction of representatives of the “learned class” to the events in the theaters of war, as well as to the forced transformation of the educational process. The materials of the university and departmental records contain information about the size and forms of material assistance of educational institutions to the front, such as collecting donations to the “heroes of Sevastopol” and the widows and families of the victims. According to sources of personal origin, the dynamics of sentiments in the university environment can be traced—from patriotic enthusiasm and readiness of the students to join the army to public pessimism caused by the military defeat of the Russian Empire. Let us add that in the summer and fall of 1854, St. Petersburg and Moscow universities were used as a place to accommodate British sailors captured in the Black Sea, who were considered by Nicholas I as mediators in search of a diplomatic settlement or mitigation of the conflict.</p>","PeriodicalId":56335,"journal":{"name":"Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Medical Services of Russia, France, and Britain in the Crimean War, 1853–1856 1853-1856 年克里米亚战争中俄罗斯、法国和英国的医疗服务

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331623090083

Yu. A. Naumova

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“The New Crisis”: Russian Monetary Circulation and the Crimean War "新危机"：俄罗斯货币流通与克里米亚战争

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331623090095

P. K. Romanov

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The Topical Past: Instrumentalization of the Historical Memory of 1812 during the Crimean War of 1853–1856 专题往事：1853-1856 年克里米亚战争期间 1812 年历史记忆的工具化

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331623090113

D. V. Timofeev

{"title":"The Topical Past: Instrumentalization of the Historical Memory of 1812 during the Crimean War of 1853–1856","authors":"D. V. Timofeev","doi":"10.1134/s1019331623090113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1019331623090113","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The main methods and forms of updating the historical memory of the events of 1812–1814 in legislative acts, periodicals, brochures, and books are presented. The complex of historical sources on this issue includes manifestos, rescripts, appeals, and letters of Alexander I, citing which contemporaries demonstrated the similarities between the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Eastern (Crimean) War of 1853–1856; a set of issues of the newspaper <i>Severnaya Pchela</i> (Northern Post) (March 1854); and book editions <i>The General Militia of Russia for the Faith, the Tsar, and the Fatherland</i> and <i>The 40th Anniversary of the Russians’ Entry into Paris on March 19, 1814</i>, directly devoted to the comparison of the events of 1812 and 1853–1856. As a result of a comparative contextual analysis of texts of different origins and genre and stylistic features, three content blocks were identified through which the historical memory of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of the Russian army was updated in the public space of the Russian Empire during the Crimean War. The first problem–thematic block is represented by texts the authors of which, using historical analogies, showed the contradictory nature of the alliance of England, France, and Turkey against Russia; the disparity between the figures of Napoleon Bonaparte and Napoleon III; and the “true” goals of the Allies’ participation in the war. The content of the texts conditionally grouped into the second problem–thematic block clearly demonstrates the variety of genres and rhetorical techniques used to justify Russia’s intentions and actions in the comparative retrospective of the two wars. The third problem–thematic block of texts has made it possible to identify the main ways of updating the memory of the conflict that had happened forty years before to show the reader the continuity of generations and the readiness of the entire society to sacrifice themselves to achieve common goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":56335,"journal":{"name":"Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139987980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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The Crimean War and the Kingdom of Sardinia 克里米亚战争与撒丁王国

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331623090101

A. I. Rupasov

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The Crimean (Eastern) War of 1853–1856 in Modern Russian Historiography 现代俄罗斯史学中的 1853-1856 年克里米亚（东方）战争

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331623090125

L. V. Vyskochkov

{"title":"The Crimean (Eastern) War of 1853–1856 in Modern Russian Historiography","authors":"L. V. Vyskochkov","doi":"10.1134/s1019331623090125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1019331623090125","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Modern Russian historiography of the Crimean (Eastern) War of 1853–1856 is analyzed with an emphasis on research of the last decade and historiographic reviews of previous periods (V.E. Bagdasaryan, S.G. Tolstoi, V.I. Sheremet, O.V. Pavlenko, S.S. Kurochkin, etc.). In 2013–2014, the 160th anniversary of the beginning of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol was celebrated, and the works of Crimean historians replenished Russian historiography not only de facto but also de jure. Where necessary, references are given to earlier basic works, as well as the latest publications of sources. Apart from the articles published in the period 2014–first half of 2023, about 30 collections of documents, monographs, and dissertation abstracts were published from 2014 through the first half of 2023, covering various aspects of the study of the Crimean War. This historiographical review is structured according to a thematic principle. Studies are consistently analyzed on such topics as the influence of the Eastern question (the dispute over the “Holy Places”) in the diplomatic outbreak of the war; the state of the armed forces of Russia and the European coalition consisting of Great Britain, France, Sardinia (Piedmont), and the Ottoman Empire; military operations in various theaters of war; the role of individual military leaders; the results of the war; public opinion; humanitarian aspects (medicine, charity); the influence of the war on literature and art; and historical memory of the war. The analysis of modern historiography makes it possible to conclude that there is a gradually emerging discourse that the extent of Russia’s defeat in the war was previously significantly exaggerated, that it was not a “catastrophe” for Russia. Despite the admission of defeat, Russia remained a great power and was able to begin reforms and modernization of its entire socioeconomic structure, gradually strengthening its position in the changing world.</p>","PeriodicalId":56335,"journal":{"name":"Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Lessons of History: Appealing to the Experience of the Crimean War on the Pages of the Military Press during the Revolutionary Crisis of 1905–1907 历史的教训：在 1905-1907 年革命危机期间的军事报刊上呼吁吸取克里米亚战争的经验

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331623090034

A. Yu. Fomin

{"title":"Lessons of History: Appealing to the Experience of the Crimean War on the Pages of the Military Press during the Revolutionary Crisis of 1905–1907","authors":"A. Yu. Fomin","doi":"10.1134/s1019331623090034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1019331623090034","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>An attempt is undertaken to analyze the controversy that unfolded among Russian officers around the results of the Russo–Japanese War. In the context of the stated topic, special attention is paid to the consideration of the discussion participants’ appeals to the experience of the Crimean War and its historical memory. The comparison of these two military conflicts seemed very relevant to contemporaries owing to the similar historical context and their results, disappointing for Russia. However, while the defeat in the Crimean War, according to the ideas established in the historical memory of that time, covered Russian weapons with glory, in the events of the war in the Far East, contemporaries found little reason to console wounded national pride. After all, this time Russia was defeated not by a powerful European coalition but by an Asian country that until recently had not been perceived as an equal subject in international relations. In addition to heroic mythology, the memory of the Crimean War was also closely linked with the subsequent Great Reforms of Emperor Alexander II. The hope for national revival, which was supposed to begin after the humiliating defeat that clearly demonstrated the internal crisis, was the pragmatic political meaning of turning to the memory of the Crimean War for many Russian officers who survived the Russo–Japanese War.</p>","PeriodicalId":56335,"journal":{"name":"Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139988310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Literature Review in Turkish on Crimean War and the Ottomans’ War Finance 关于克里米亚战争和奥斯曼战争财政的土耳其语文献综述

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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331623090046

F. Yılmaz, A. Müderrisoğlu

{"title":"Literature Review in Turkish on Crimean War and the Ottomans’ War Finance","authors":"F. Yılmaz, A. Müderrisoğlu","doi":"10.1134/s1019331623090046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1019331623090046","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The Crimean War not only affected the Ottoman Empire politically, but also caused it to suffer economically. Although the war originated as an Ottoman-Russian war, there were essentially two sides of the war, Russian and British. France also supported the Ottoman Empire in order to protect both its domestic policy and foreign interests in the face of Russian expansionism. Britain, who adopted a policy of neutrality at the beginning of the war, perceived the Russian advance as a great threat to British interests in the following months and built a foreign policy to preserve the territorial integrity of the Ottomans. For the Ottoman Empire, even if the war was won, it started a great financial collapse. Because the Ottoman Empire had attempted to borrow foreign debt for the first time in its history. The foreign debts borrowed from Britain and France were almost the turning point for the future collapse of the Ottoman finance. On the other hand, when the researches on the Crimean War are examined, it is seen that important works have been revealed in the Turkish literature written on the war in almost the last twenty years. In our study, we will give priority to these works and introduce them briefly, and then we will try to examine the economic collapse caused by the war for the Ottomans in the context of foreign borrowing.</p>","PeriodicalId":56335,"journal":{"name":"Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0