Brain Behavior and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Functional Differentiation along the Rostro-Caudal Axis of the Avian Hippocampal Formation.","authors":"Karina Santiago Gonzalez, Timothy Boswell, Tom Victor Smulders","doi":"10.1159/000542207","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Different functional domains can be identified along the longitudinal axis of the mammalian hippocampus. We have recently hypothesized that a similar functional gradient may exist along the longitudinal axis of the avian hippocampal formation (HF) as well. If the 2 gradients are homologous, we would expect the caudal HF to be more responsive to acute stress than the rostral HF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We restrained 8 adult Dekalb White hens in a bag for 30 min under red-light conditions and compared FOS-immunoreactive (FOS-ir) cell densities in different hippocampal subdivisions to control hens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although we could find no evidence of an activated stress response in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the restrained birds, we did find a significant increase in FOS-ir cell densities in the rostral HF of the restrained birds compared to controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We speculate that the HF response is not due to an acute stress response, but instead, it is related to the change in spatial context that was part of taking the birds and restraining them in a different room. We see no activation in the caudal HF. This would be consistent with our hypothesis that the longitudinal axis of the avian HF is homologous to the long axis of the mammalian hippocampus.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"67-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142585372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Expanded Role of Astrocytes in Primate Brain Evolution via Changes in Gene Expression.","authors":"Katherine Rickelton, Courtney C Babbitt, Courtney Babbitt","doi":"10.1159/000544004","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000544004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Astrocytes are a subtype of glial cells, which are non-neuronal cells that do not produce action potentials. Rather, astrocytes are involved in various functions vital to a functioning brain including nutrient supply to neuronal cells, blood-brain barrier maintenance, regulation of synaptic transmission, and repair following CNS injury.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>While astrocytes have been examined extensively in rodents, it is now clear that there is a large amount of astrocyte heterogeneity and increased complexity in mammals and primates. Astrocytes have expanded in the human lineage with respect to density, soma volume, and the ratio of astrocytes to total glial cells. The human prefrontal cortex also possesses an overall increased glia:neuron ratio relative to other primates, coinciding with allometric expectations based on overall brain size.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>What are the underlying changes in astrocytes in primate evolution? For this review, we will focus on the evolution of gene expression and gene regulation in astrocytes as a read out of the phenotypic changes seen in cellular morphology. This is an exciting time to understand this cell type in a more dynamic and complex way with new technologies such as induced pluripotent stem cells and single-cell RNA sequencing. Furthermore, understanding the evolution of astrocytes across primates will help explain their role in neurological disease as alterations in astrocyte function are implicated in many neurodegenerative states such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"200-208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12322146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular Scaling Rules for Brains of the Galliform Birds (Aves, Galliformes) Compared to Those of Songbirds and Parrots: Distantly Related Avian Lineages Have Starkly Different Neuronal Cerebrotypes.","authors":"Martin Kocourek, Yicheng Zhang, Lucie Sandberg, Patrik Stehlík, Alexandra Polonyiová, Seweryn Olkowicz, Barbora Straková, Zuzana Pavelková, Tomáš Hájek, Tomáš Kušta, Radek K Lučan, Kristina Kverková, Pavel Němec, Pavel Němec","doi":"10.1159/000545417","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Introduction: Songbirds, especially corvids, and parrots are remarkably intelligent. Their cognitive skills are on par with primates and their brains contain primate-like numbers of neurons concentrated in high densities in the telencephalon. Much less is known about cognition and neuron counts in more basal bird lineages. Here, we focus on brain cellular composition of galliform birds, which have small brains relative to body size and a proportionally small telencephalon and are often perceived as cognitively inferior to most other birds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We use the isotropic fractionator to assess quantitatively the numbers and distributions of neurons and nonneuronal cells in 15 species of galliform birds and compare their cellular scaling rules with those of songbirds, parrots, marsupials, insectivores, rodents, and primates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, the brains of galliforms contain about half the number of neurons found in parrot and songbird brains of the same mass. Moreover, in contrast to these birds, galliforms resemble mammals in having small telencephalic and dominant cerebellar neuronal fractions. Consequently, galliforms have much smaller absolute numbers of neurons in their forebrains than equivalently sized songbirds and parrots, which may limit their cognitive abilities. However, galliforms have similar neuronal densities and neuron counts in the brain and forebrain as equally sized non-primate mammals. Therefore, it is not surprising that cognitive abilities of galliforms are on par with non-primate mammals in many domains.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Comparisons performed in this study demonstrate that birds representing distantly related clades markedly differ in neuronal densities, neuron numbers, and the allocation of brain neurons to major brain divisions. In analogy with the concept of volumetric composition of the brain, known as the cerebrotype, we conclude that distantly related birds have distinct neuronal cerebrotypes. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"183-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143756234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Plasticity in Brain Morphology.","authors":"Caleb J Axelrod, Helen Stec, Stephanie M Tran, Dora C Donacik, Nathan M Francis, Nimisha Gautam, Madelyn Rhodes, Neha Viswanathan, Swanne P Gordon, Caleb Axelrod","doi":"10.1159/000544711","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000544711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brain morphology is a critical trait influencing animal performance that has been shown to demonstrate phenotypic plasticity in response to a variety of environmental cues. Further, plasticity itself has consistently been recognized as a trait that can be selected upon and evolved.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>There has been limited research examining how evolution and selection act on plasticity in brain morphology. Here, we review the environmental factors that have been shown to cause plasticity in brain morphology across animal taxa.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>We further propose a framework for examining the evolution of brain morphology plasticity, including four hypothesized patterns of selection that may cause the evolution of plasticity in this critical trait. Finally, we outline potential ways these hypotheses can be tested to build our understanding of the evolution of brain morphology plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"209-218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12401525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143415958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thalamus of Reptiles and Mammals: Some Significant Differences.","authors":"Michael B Pritz","doi":"10.1159/000542100","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Most studies comparing forebrain organization between reptiles and mammals have focused on similarities. Equally important are the differences between their brains. While differences have been addressed infrequently, this approach can highlight the evolution of brains in relation to their respective environments.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review focuses on three key differences between the dorsal and ventral thalamus of reptiles and mammals. One is the organization of thalamo-telencephalic interconnections. Reptiles have at least three circuits that transmit information between the dorsal thalamus and telencephalon, whereas mammals have just one. A second is the number and distribution of local circuit neurons in the dorsal thalamus. Most reptilian dorsal thalamic nuclei lack local circuit neurons, whereas these same nuclei in mammals contain varying numbers. The third is the organization of the thalamic reticular nucleus. In crocodiles, at least, the neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus are heterogeneous with two separate nuclei each being associated with a different circuit. In mammals, the neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus, which is a single structure, are homogeneous.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Transcriptomics and development are suggested to be the most likely approaches to explain these differences between reptiles and mammals. Transcriptomics can reveal which neuron types are \"new\" or \"old\" and whether neurons and their respective circuits have been re-purposed to be used differently. Examination of the development and connections of the dorsal and ventral thalamus will determine whether their formation is similar or different from what has been described for mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"49-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142482052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organization of the Perioral Representation of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex in Prairie Voles (<italic>Microtus ochrogaster</italic>).","authors":"Carlos R Pineda, Chris Bresee, Mary K L Baldwin, Adele M H Seelke, Leah Krubitzer, Leah Krubitzer","doi":"10.1159/000543248","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are one of the few mammalian species that are monogamous and engage in the biparental rearing of their offspring. Biparental care impacts the quantity and quality of care the offspring receives. The increased attention by the father may translate to heightened tactile contact the offspring receives through licking and grooming.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the current study, we used electrophysiological multiunit techniques to define the organization of the perioral representation in the primary somatosensory area (S1) of prairie voles. Functional representations were related to myeloarchitectonic boundaries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results show that most of S1 is occupied by the representation of the contralateral mystacial whiskers and the lower and upper lips. The mystacial vibrissae representation encompassed a large portion of the caudolateral S1, while the representation of the lower and upper lips occupied a large portion of the rostrolateral aspect of S1. We found that neuronal populations representing the perioral structures tended to have small receptive fields relative to other body part representations on the head and that the representation of the mystacial whiskers and perioral structures was coextensive with cytoarchitectonically defined barrel fields that extend from the caudolateral to a rostrolateral aspect of S1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The relative magnification of the perioral representation in S1 reflects the importance of these regions for sensory-mediated behaviors such as tactile interactions in biparental care and social bonding. This highlights how environmental and behavioral factors shape S1 organization through brain-body synergy, suggesting that relatively small changes in experience can drive adaptive cortical plasticity that, over subsequent generations, drives the cortical phenotypic diversity across the rodent clade and mammals in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"139-155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142973487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 44th Annual Meeting of the J.B. Johnston Club for Evolutionary Neuroscience and the 36th Annual Karger Workshop in Evolutionary Neuroscience.","authors":"Andrew Iwaniuk","doi":"10.1159/000541040","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>N/A.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":"99 3","pages":"187-198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular Necessities: A Neuroethological Perspective on Vertebrate Visual Development.","authors":"Jasper Elan Hunt, Kara Geo Pratt, Zoltán Molnár","doi":"10.1159/000536035","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>By examining species-specific innate behaviours, neuroethologists have characterized unique neural strategies and specializations from throughout the animal kingdom. Simultaneously, the field of evolutionary developmental biology (informally, \"evo-devo\") seeks to make inferences about animals' evolutionary histories through careful comparison of developmental processes between species, because evolution is the evolution of development. Yet despite the shared focus on cross-species comparisons, there is surprisingly little crosstalk between these two fields. Insights can be gleaned at the intersection of neuroethology and evo-devo. Every animal develops within an environment, wherein ecological pressures advantage some behaviours and disadvantage others. These pressures are reflected in the neurodevelopmental strategies employed by different animals across taxa.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Vision is a system of particular interest for studying the adaptation of animals to their environments. The visual system enables a wide variety of animals across the vertebrate lineage to interact with their environments, presenting a fantastic opportunity to examine how ecological pressures have shaped animals' behaviours and developmental strategies. Applying a neuroethological lens to the study of visual development, we advance a novel theory that accounts for the evolution of spontaneous retinal waves, an important phenomenon in the development of the visual system, across the vertebrate lineage.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>We synthesize literature on spontaneous retinal waves from across the vertebrate lineage. We find that ethological considerations explain some cross-species differences in the dynamics of retinal waves. In zebrafish, retinal waves may be more important for the development of the retina itself, rather than the retinofugal projections. We additionally suggest empirical tests to determine whether Xenopus laevis experiences retinal waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"96-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11152017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140051148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Roots of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: What Are the Evolutionary and Neural Bases of Human Mathematics and Technology?","authors":"Bernard J Crespi","doi":"10.1159/000537908","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000537908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neural exaptations represent descent via transitions to novel neural functions. A primary transition in human cognitive and neural evolution was from a predominantly socially oriented primate brain to a brain that also instantiates and subserves science, technology, and engineering, all of which depend on mathematics. Upon what neural substrates and upon what evolved cognitive mechanisms did human capacities for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and especially its mathematical underpinnings, emerge? Previous theory focuses on roles for tools, language, and arithmetic in the cognitive origins of STEM, but none of these factors appears sufficient to support the transition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this article, I describe and evaluate a novel hypothesis for the neural origins and substrates of STEM-based cognition: that they are based in human kinship systems and human maximizing of inclusive fitness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The main evidence for this hypothesis is threefold. First, as demonstrated by anthropologists, human kinship systems exhibit complex mathematical and geometrical structures that function under sets of explicit rules, and such systems and rules pervade and organize all human cultures. Second, human kinship underlies the core algebraic mechanism of evolution, maximization of inclusive fitness, quantified as personal reproduction plus the sum of all effects on reproduction of others, each multiplied by their coefficient of relatedness to self. This is the only \"natural\" equation expected to be represented in the human brain. Third, functional imaging studies show that kinship-related cognition activates frontal-parietal regions that are also activated in STEM-related tasks. In turn, the decision-making that integrates kinship levels with costs and benefits from alternative behaviors has recently been shown to recruit the lateral septum, a hub region that combines internal (from the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and other regions) and external information relevant to social behavior, using a dedicated subsystem of neurons specific to kinship.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that kinship systems and kin-associated behaviors may represent exaptations for the origin of human STEM.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139900938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food for Thought: The Effects of Feeding on Neurogenesis in the Ball Python, Python regius.","authors":"Hannah Bow, Christina Dang, Katherine Hillsbery, Carly Markowski, Michael Black, Christine Strand","doi":"10.1159/000539052","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pythons are a well-studied model of postprandial physiological plasticity. Consuming a meal evokes a suite of physiological changes in pythons including one of the largest documented increases in post-feeding metabolic rates relative to resting values. However, little is known about how this plasticity manifests in the brain. Previous work has shown that cell proliferation in the python brain increases 6 days following meal consumption. This study aimed to confirm these findings and build on them in the long term by tracking the survival and maturation of these newly created cells across a 2-month period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated differences in neural cell proliferation in ball pythons 6 days after a meal with immunofluorescence using the cell-birth marker 5-bromo-12'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). We investigated differences in neural cell maturation in ball pythons 2 months after a meal using double immunofluorescence for BrdU and a reptilian ortholog of the neuronal marker Fox3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We did not find significantly greater rates of cell proliferation in snakes 6 days after feeding, but we did observe more new cells in neurogenic regions in fed snakes 2 months after the meal. Feeding was not associated with higher rates of neurogenesis, but snakes that received a meal had higher numbers of newly created nonneuronal cells than fasted controls. We documented particularly high cell survival rates in the olfactory bulbs and lateral cortex.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Consuming a meal stimulates cell proliferation in the brains of ball pythons after digestion is complete, although this effect emerged at a later time point in this study than expected. Higher rates of proliferation partially account for greater numbers of newly created non-neuronal cells in the brains of fed snakes 2 months after the meal, but our results also suggest that feeding may have a mild neuroprotective effect. We captured a slight trend toward higher cell survival rates in fed snakes, and survival rates were particularly high in brain regions associated with olfactory perception and processing. These findings shed light on the relationship between energy balance and the creation of new neural cells in the brains of ball pythons.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"144-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140875050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}