Brain Behavior and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Motor Control of the Wet Dog Shake Behavior in Rats.","authors":"Alexander Popov, Oleg Gorskii, Pavel Musienko","doi":"10.1159/000548010","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Wet dog shake (WDS) is a motion in mammals and birds, consisting in vigorous and rapid rotations of the head and trunk around the spinal axis, which allows them to dry themselves. WDS requires fine balance control. To date, motor control in WDS has not been studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, for the first time, we investigated the trunk and limbs muscle EMG activity and correlated it with the kinematics of body movement and ground reactions force during WDS in rats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Strict reciprocity was revealed between the forelimb muscle on the right and left sides despite bipedal hindlimb position. Reciprocal activity was observed between the lumbar and the thoracic segments. The hindlimb muscle activity exhibited two distinct muscle synergies with strict reciprocity and atypical co-activity of flexors and extensors, which were previously observed in paw shaking behavior. These two synergies correlate with the two muscle groups of the pelvic fins of fish. The absence of typical postural responses of the hindlimb was revealed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>(1) It is likely that WDS and paw shaking share a common nervous control. (2) The absence of typical postural responses may indicate that body balance in WDS is maintained by perfectly matched frequency and strength of the trunk muscle contractions. (3) In the hypothesis about the origin of WDS, based on the revealed characteristics, we compare it with the S-start response behavior in fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"49-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of \"Spinal Enlargements\" Correlating with Paired and Unpaired Fins in Zebrafish.","authors":"Ryo Takaoka, Hanako Hagio, Naoyuki Yamamoto","doi":"10.1159/000548184","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Introduction: Cervical and lumbar enlargements involving several spinal segments are present in the spinal cord of tetrapods, reflecting the heavy motor and sensory innervation of limbs. Such spinal enlargements are not apparent in teleost fishes. However, teleosts possess paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are homologous to forelimbs and hindlimbs, respectively, and modest spinal enlargements might be present in teleosts as well.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, therefore, we have investigated the innervation of different fins by spinal nerves in zebrafish. We then investigated the changes in transverse sectional areas of the spinal cord and gray matter, referring to the levels of spinal cord innervating different fins.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>These analyses revealed that enlargements of the spinal cord and gray matter are indeed present for pectoral and pelvic fins that are paired appendages like limbs in tetrapods. In addition, enlargements are also present for the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study thus suggests that spinal enlargements are present also in teleosts, although they are modest and can only be detected by analyses at the histological level. The present study also indicates that enlargements can be formed not only for paired fins that are homologous to limbs of tetrapods but also for unpaired fins. That is, spinal enlargements are present for all appendages or fins in teleosts. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144980352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary Expression of the Orthopedia Transcription Factor in the Alar Hypothalamus: Implications for Amygdala Formation across Vertebrates.","authors":"Daniel Lozano, Ruth Morona, Adrián Chinarro, Jesús M López, Nerea Moreno","doi":"10.1159/000546877","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study analyzes the expression of the transcription factor orthopedia (Otp) in the alar hypothalamus and its evolutionary relationship with the amygdaloid complex.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Immunofluorescence analysis was used in several representative vertebrates, including sarcopterygians (mice, chickens, turtles, anuran amphibians, and lungfish) and actinopterygian fish (teleosts and polypteriforms).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We reveal highly conserved Otp expression in all species used, supporting its critical role in hypothalamic regional specification and in the development of neuroendocrine cells and the amygdaloid complex. Our results show that hypothalamic radial migration of Otp contributes to amygdaloid populations, particularly in those with subpallial origin, in a highly conserved manner from basal actinopterygians.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Differences between sarcopterygians and actinopterygians in the Otp expression patterns in cells migrated to the pallial amygdala highlight an evolutionary divergence, particularly in the complexity and cellular composition of this region, tracing its evolutionary emergence by using the studied species as reference. Moreover, present results emphasize the evolutionary and functional importance of hypothalamic-amygdaloid interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rose in Any Other Context: Context Alters the Responses of Both Birds and Rodents to Novel Objects.","authors":"Chelsey C Damphousse, Kruti Joshi, Jana Abu-Alhaija, Diano F Marrone","doi":"10.1159/000547763","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The detection of novelty is a cognitive ability that is fundamental to survival. Following detection, a decision must be made to either approach (neophilia) or avoid (neophobia) the novel stimulus. The tendency to choose one strategy over the other is referred to as an animal's neotic preference. To date, the bulk of research reports that mammals are neophilic, while birds tend to be neophobic. These data, however, are differentiated not only by the class of animal (i.e., Mammalia vs. Aves), but also by the testing methods used, namely the context in which testing occurs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To disentangle these factors, we assessed the reaction to novelty in two commonly used domesticated species, rats and pigeons, within two different contexts, a novel testing arena (common for mammals) and within the home cage (common for birds).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here, we show that both rats and pigeons show neophobia in the home cage and neophilia in a testing arena, demonstrating that some degree of the differences previously reported are likely due to testing protocols. Moreover, individual scores in one testing protocol did not predict testing scores in the other.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results limit the ability to: (a) compare findings across these paradigms and (b) conceive of neotic preference as a single stable trait across multiple (especially novel) contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"64-72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144786046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic Development of the Inner Ear of the Catshark <italic>Scyliorhinus canicula</italic>.","authors":"Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes, Santiago Pereira-Guldrís","doi":"10.1159/000547364","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The inner ear is a complex three-dimensional structure responsible for the detection of sound, balance, and acceleration. Detailed knowledge about the development of the inner ear of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) comes from studies in bony fishes and tetrapods, but comparable information about this process in chondrichthyans, the oldest gnathostome radiation, is lacking. This study describes for the first time the embryonic development of the inner ear and its innervation in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>By using molecular markers of proliferating cells, migrating neuroblasts, and early differentiating neurons and genes expressed in placode-derived sensory neurons (NeuroD) and inner ear sensory patches (Sox2), we have established the spatiotemporal developmental pattern of the catshark inner ear also observed with micro-CT, and we have characterized developing sensory patches and described the establishment of the inner ear innervation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The development of the catshark inner ear takes place by invagination of the otic placode, as revealed by the expression of NeuroD at very early stages. From the very simple initial epithelial structure, the otic epithelium gradually grows and subdivides to form a complex three-dimensional labyrinth already recognizable at early stage 32. At this stage, the anterior semicircular canal and the horizontal semicircular canal of the catshark meet and fuse over the utricular concurrently with the beginning of the maturation of the inner ear sensory organs. We also show that the endolymphatic duct is formed as consequence of the invagination process; that the primary neurons of the statoacoustic ganglion originate by delamination from the otic epithelium, as in other vertebrates; that inner ear innervation starts when fibers immunoreactive to DCX link the otic cup to the brain at stage 20; and that the innervation pattern is completed at stage 32.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Present results provide cytological data on developmental changes that may be helpful for comparison with the development of this sensory system in other vertebrates and thus to gain knowledge on the evolution of the development of the inner ear.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"17-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144638810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Myeloarchitecture of Subfields of the Mammalian Auditory Cortex: A Comparative Approach.","authors":"Simran Singh, Daniel A Llano","doi":"10.1159/000549931","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The mammalian auditory cortex can be parcellated into multiple functional subfields, with each subfield making a distinct contribution to sound processing. For example, primary fields consisting of primary auditory cortex and anterior auditory field are the first to receive information from the thalamus, and the neurons in each of these fields have different properties in terms of latency and response duration. Non-primary auditory fields consist of secondary auditory cortex, which is involved in object recognition and emotional conditioning, while dorsal auditory fields are more responsive during locomotion and spatial tasks. What is currently unknown is how the structure of each auditory cortical subfield relates to function. Thus, it is imperative to understand how anatomical substrates that make up each field contribute to function.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In this review, we suggest that myelin may serve as a structural anchor for the organization of auditory cortical subfields. Myelination patterns among mammals that have been studied (primates, carnivores, rodents, and bats) show that primary auditory cortical fields are more heavily myelinated than non-primary auditory cortical fields, and upper cortical layers are less myelinated than middle and deep layers. Myelin also demonstrates experience-dependent plasticity and can be measured with a variety of invasive and noninvasive methods, and demyelination has been linked to cognitive decline. Conversely, the archicortex is lightly myelinated, and we speculate that because myelin inhibits axonal and synaptic plasticity, it would not be advantageous for the archicortex to be myelin-dense, as it has greater requirements for flexibility for learning and memory.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>This is the first review, to our knowledge, that uses a comprehensive comparative approach across mammals to determine the distribution of myelin across auditory cortical subfields. We argue that a detailed map of the myeloarchitecture of the auditory cortex must be directly aligned to the functional maps of the auditory cortex to account for individual variability and identify subfields accurately. Furthermore, myelin maps need to be compared with other anatomical markers as well to improve our understanding of the role of myelin. Finally, a detailed histological myelin map can serve as a ground truth for comparisons to noninvasive measures of myelin.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zebrin II Expression in the Cerebellum of a Passerine Bird Species: Zebra Finch (<italic>Taeniopygia castanotis</italic>).","authors":"Douglas R Wylie, Cristián Gutiérrez-Ibáñez, Clara J J Vicera, Andrew N Iwaniuk, Douglas L Altshuler","doi":"10.1159/000548700","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Zebrin II (ZII) is a glycolytic enzyme that is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. In both mammals and birds, ZII is expressed heterogeneously, such that there are sagittal stripes of Purkinje cells with a high ZII expression (ZII+) alternating with stripes of Purkinje cells with little or no expression (ZII-). To date, ZII expression studies examined at least one species from most of the major branches of the avian phylogeny including Paleognatha (tinamous, kiwi), Galloanseres (chicken), Columbaves (pigeon), and Elementaves (hummingbird). In this regard, the most glaring omission is that a species from Telluraves, a clade that contains 75% of all avian species, has not been studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this paper, we examined ZII expression in the zebra finch Taeniopygia castanotis (order Passeriformes). Given that Telluraves have evolved sophisticated hindlimb movements associated with the jump to arboreality, we hypothesized that ZII expression would differ in those areas of the cerebellum that have a strong representation of the hindlimbs, namely folia II-V and IX.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Contrary to our prediction, we found that the pattern of ZII expression in the cerebellum is highly similar to that observed in other bird species. In folium I, all Purkinje cells are ZII+. In the rest of the anterior lobe (folia II-V) there are 4 pairs of ZII+/- stripes. In the posterior lobe, folia VI-VII all Purkinje cells are ZII+, in folia VIII-IXcd there are 5-7 pairs of ZII+/- stripes, and in folium X all Purkinje cells are ZII+. Moreover, the expression of ZII+ in Purkinje cell terminals in the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei was similar to that observed in other species.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data indicate that the pattern of heterogeneous expression of ZII in cerebellar Purkinje is likely conserved across the entirety of the avian phylogenetic tree.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145194031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cocoon of the Developing Emerald Jewel Wasp (Ampulex compressa) Resists Cannibalistic Predation of the Zombified Host.","authors":"Kenneth C Catania","doi":"10.1159/000540971","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540971","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;To reproduce, the parasitoid emerald jewel wasp (Ampulex compressa) envenomates an American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and barricades it in a hole with an egg on the host's leg. The larval wasp feeds externally before entering the host and consuming internal organs before forming a cocoon inside the host carcass.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The vulnerability of jewel wasp larvae to predation by juvenile cockroaches was investigated, and data were recorded with time-lapse videography.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Cockroaches were found to be predators of parasitized hosts. When parasitized cockroaches were exposed to hungry cockroaches on days 0-8 of development, the developing larva was killed. Eggs were dislodged or consumed, larvae on the leg were eaten, and larvae inside the host were eaten along with the host. On day 9, 80% of the wasp larvae were killed and eaten along with the host. Conversely, on day 10, 90% of the larvae survived. On developmental day 11 or later, the wasp larva always survived, although the host carcass was consumed. Survival depended entirely on whether the cocoon had been completed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The results highlight the vulnerability of larvae to predation and suggest the cocoon defends from insect mandibles. This may explain the unusual feeding behavior of the jewel wasp larvae, which eat the host with remarkable speed, tapping into the host respiratory system in the process, and consuming vital organs early, in contrast to many other parasitoids. Results are discussed in relation to larval wasp behavior, evolution, and development, and potential predators are considered.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;To reproduce, the parasitoid emerald jewel wasp (Ampulex compressa) envenomates an American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and barricades it in a hole with an egg on the host's leg. The larval wasp feeds externally before entering the host and consuming internal organs before forming a cocoon inside the host carcass.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The vulnerability of jewel wasp larvae to predation by juvenile cockroaches was investigated, and data were recorded with time-lapse videography.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Cockroaches were found to be predators of parasitized hosts. When parasitized cockroaches were exposed to hungry cockroaches on days 0-8 of development, the developing larva was killed. Eggs were dislodged or consumed, larvae on the leg were eaten, and larvae inside the host were eaten along with the host. On day 9, 80% of the wasp larvae were killed and eaten along with the host. Conversely, on day 10, 90% of the larvae survived. On developmental day 11 or later, the wasp larva always survived, although the host carcass was consumed. Survival depended entirely on whether the cocoon had been completed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The results highlight the vulnerability of larvae to predation and suggest the cocoon d","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11878412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142382571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Rodents and Primates: Uncovering Cortical Astrocyte Diversity across Mammals.","authors":"Carmen Falcone, Giulio Pistorio, Carmen Falcone","doi":"10.1159/000546178","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Astrocytes, a type of glial cell in the brain, show remarkable morphological and functional diversity across mammalian species.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review explores astrocyte biology beyond the commonly studied rodent and primate models, focusing on nontraditional species to uncover evolutionary and adaptive features.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>By examining astrocytes in marsupials, monotremes, chiropterans, artiodactyls, carnivorans, and cetaceans, we highlight species-specific variations in astrocyte morphology, distribution, and molecular markers. These adaptations are linked to ecological demands, such as echolocation in bats or diving in cetaceans, and underscore the evolutionary pressures shaping astrocyte specialization. Additionally, we explore unique astrocytic subtypes, such as interlaminar astrocytes and their distribution across mammalian lineages, as well as the expression of connexins, GFAP, and other key markers across species. This comparative review provides insights into the evolutionary trajectory of astrocytes and their contributions to neural health and disease, emphasizing the need for broader taxonomic representation in astrocyte research.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"263-280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Behavioral and Neurobiological Response to Sound Stress in Salmon.","authors":"Frode Oppedal, Luke T Barrett, Thomas W K Fraser, Tone Vågseth, Guosong Zhang, Oliver G Andersen, Lea Jacson, Marie-Aida Dieng, Marco A Vindas","doi":"10.1159/000539329","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Noise associated with human activities in aquatic environments can affect the physiology and behavior of aquatic species which may have consequences at the population and ecosystem levels. Low-frequency sound is particularly stressful for fish since it is an important factor in predator-prey interactions. Even though behavioral and physiological studies have been conducted to assess the effects of sound on fish species, neurobiological studies are still lacking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we exposed farmed salmon to low-frequency sound for 5 min a day for 30 trials and conducted behavioral observations and tissue sampling before sound exposure (timepoint zero; T0) and after 1 (T1), 10 (T2), 20 (T3), and 30 (T4) exposures, to assess markers of stress. These included plasma cortisol, neuronal activity, monoaminergic signaling, and gene expression in 4 areas of the forebrain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that sound exposure induced an activation of the stress response by eliciting an initial startle behavioral response, together with increased plasma cortisol levels and a decrease in neuronal activity in the hypothalamic tubercular nuclei (TN). At T3 and T4 salmon showed a degree of habituation in their behavioral and cortisol response. However, at T4, salmon showed signs of chronic stress with increased serotonergic activity levels in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial pallium, the preoptic area, and the TN, as well as an inhibition of growth and reproduction transcripts in the TN.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Together, our results suggest that prolonged exposure to sound results in chronic stress that leads to neurological changes which suggest a reduction of life fitness traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"11-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140961279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}